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Oral soft-tissue myxomas of the oral cavity have been sparsely cited in the medical literature worldwide. This could be due to other clinically and/or histologically similar lesions requiring accurate differential diagnosis by experienced physicians and pathologists. Although myxomas are benign and do not metastasise, they have higher rates of recurrence and deserve proper attention and to be reported as well. Soft-tissue myxomas of the oral cavity are extremely rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. The article describes a soft-tissue myxoma in a male patient in his 40s and review of published cases.

Russell-Silver syndrome is a unique disorder characterised by intrauterine growth retardation before and after birth, large-sized head, a triangular facial appearance, a protuberant forehead, asymmetry and feeding difficulties. This extensive spectrum of features varies in both occurrence and gravity from one individual to another. Congenital muscular torticollis or commonly known as wry neck is one of the common presenting complaints in the outpatient department. It is characterised by rotational deformity of the cervical spine and consequently secondary tilting of the head.

Background Developmental dental anomalies are seen as abnormalities in tooth size, shape, position, and structure due to multiple reasons during various stages of tooth development. These anomalies can create disturbances in dental arch lengths and occlusions. Hence, it is very important to treat, recognise and perform proper treatment. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence and distribution of selected developmental anomalies in shape, size and position of teeth in the Saudi population of Taif Region. Design and methods The study was based on the clinical examination of 2481 adults who are Saudi nationals came for dental treatment from September 2019 to February 2020, at Taif University Dental Hospital, Saudi Arabia. These patients were examined clinically for developmental dental anomalies affecting shape, size and position. Results We found that a total of 512 individuals (20.63%) had developmental anomalies and out of which 386 persons (15.56%) had at least one developmental dental anomaly. The frequency and distribution of anomalies of shape and size, number and position were 46.8%, 26.9% and 42.9% respectively. In the present study, 15.56% individuals exhibited at least one anomaly, 8.54% subjects had more than one anomaly and 79.36%.did not any developmental anomaly. On comparison, statistically significant results were seen between different groups of anomalies. Conclusions The present study had varying results for the prevalence rate of selected dental anomalies. This variation in results might be due racial differences or discrepancy in sample size or/and diagnostic or inclusion criteria. Treatment of developmental anomalies necessitates a multidisciplinary approach and mostly may comprise of orthodontic correction or prosthetic replacement.

The present study was conducted to assess whether atorvastatin (ATV) alone could improve periodontal parameters and reduce inflammation and bone resorption in generalized chronic periodontitis (gCP) patients with hyperlipidemia. One hundred and two subjects were classified into three groups: Group I included 34 gCP patients with hyperlipidemia and maintained on a daily dose of 20 mg atorvastatin at least for 6 months. Group II comprised 34 gCP patients with hyperlipidemia and not taking any hypolipidemic drugs. Group III consisted of 34 normolipidemic individuals with gCP. The periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded and compared. Unstimulated whole saliva and blood samples were harvested from all subjects. Salivary levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand (RANKL) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The blood samples were used to assess the lipid profile for all patients including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). The results demonstrated significantly greater decrease of periodontal parameters and salivary IL-1β and RANKL levels in group I compared to other groups. BOP, PD and CAL were positively correlated with the levels of salivary IL-1β, TC, TG and LDL-C whereas HDL-C measurements were negatively associated with BOP, PD and CAL. In conclusion, ATV could be a viable therapeutic modality in gCP management, due to its anti-inflammatory and antiosteopathic effects. Salivary IL-1β and RANKL could serve as reliable biomarkers in periodontal disease.

Objectives There are only a limited number of studies on cyclin D1 and p63 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and leukoplakia. This study compared cyclin D1 and p63 expression in leukoplakia and OSCC to investigate the possible correlation of both markers with grade of dysplasia and histological grade of OSCC. Materials and methods The study included a total of 60 cases, of which 30 were diagnosed with OSCC and 30 with leukoplakia, that were evaluated immunohistochemically for p63 and cyclin D1 expression. Protein expression was correlated based on grades of dysplasia and OSCC. Results Out of 30 cases of OSCC, 23 cases (76.7%) were cyclin D1 positive and 30 cases (100%) were p63 positive. Out of 30 cases of leukoplakia, 21 cases (70.0%) were cyclin D1 positive and 30 (100%) were p63 positive (P Conclusion The overall expression of cyclin D1 and p63 correlated with tumor differentiation, and increases were correlated with poor histological grades, from well-differentiated to poorly-differentiated SCC. Increased cyclin D1 and p63 expression was associated with the severity of leukoplakia. Based on these results cyclin D1 and p63 products can be a useful tool for improved leukoplakia prognosis.

The attitude, behavior and the oral hygiene of health care providers reflect their understanding of the importance of preventive dental procedures and improving the oral health of their patients. These findings differ among the students pursuing various programs and such studies are very important in the present global trend of standardization of dental education and require inclusion of oral health promotion in dental practice. Students of health care are the future professionals who are expected to be teacher of hygiene as well as role models of self-care regimens for their patients. There is very little information or research about the oral hygiene attitude and behavior or practices that influence oral health among university students of various programs from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Hence, this study was aimed to add to the limited literature documenting the oral hygiene practices and attitudes among students pursuing programs in various streams of medical and allied sciences at Taif University, KSA. A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire study was carried out among 500 students of streams of Medical, Dental, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Nursing colleges at Taif University, KSA, with the English version of the preformed set of modified questionnaire consisting of 27 questions as per Hiroshima University- Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI). A quantitative estimate of oral health attitude and behavior is provided by the total of the appropriate responses. The data was computerized and analyzed. Differences in responses were assessed using chi-square. The level of significance was set at P< 0.05. The responses were recorded and analysed. The difference in responses to all the questions was statistically significant (P &nbsp

Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is a rare fibro-osseous lesion of the jaw occurs at the early age of onset frequently under 15 years with a propensity to recur. It appears as a unilobulated/multilobulated lesion at an early stage followed by radiopaque appearance surrounded by radiolucent rimming at advanced stages. The psammomatous type of JOF (PsJOF) principally involves the bones of the orbit and paranasal sinuses. However in some cases, maxilla or rarely the mandible may be pretentious. Here, we report a challenging case of PsJOF in a 6-year-old child with a complaint of swelling imitating a cystic lesion in left back region of the lower jaw for 2 months. The authors propose that a careful examination and correlations of clinical, radiological, and histopathological features are essential to arrive at correct diagnosis and play a vital role in management of such patients.

Malignancy of melanocytes, a pigment-producing cell, is referred as malignant melanoma (MM) which occur basically on skin and oral mucous membrane, but as well found in ears, eyes, gastrointestinal tract and genital mucosa. Oral melanomas has propensity to metastasise and invade more voluntarily than other malignant counterparts. Here we present a case of 52-year-old male patient with a chief symptom of blackening of gums in the upper front tooth region. In dental history, the patient revealed history of faulty artificial prosthesis fixed in the same region since 6 months. On the basis of a through clinical assessment, a provisional opinion of oral malignant melanoma, was prepared. On histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis with S-100 and homatropine methylbromide 45 the diagnosis of MM was confirmed.

The developing dentition is used to assess maturity and estimate the age in many disciplines including anthropology, archeology, forensic science, pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. There is evidence that dental development is less effected than skeletal development by malnutrition and hormonal disorders. There are two methods of dental age assessment, radiographically and by clinically visualization of eruption of teeth. The clinical method to assess dental age is based on the emergence of teeth in the mouth. This method is more suitable since it does not require any special equipment, expertise and is more economical. Tooth formation is the best choice for estimating the age as variations are less as compared to other development factors. Eruption of teeth is one of the changes observed easily among the various dynamic changes that occur from the formation of teeth to the final shedding of teeth. The times of eruption of teeth are fairly constant and this can be made use of in ascertaining the average age of eruption of the tooth. Assessment of age of an individual by examination of teeth is one of the accepted methods of age determination.

Eagle's syndrome is not an uncommon condition, but less known to physicians, where an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament compresses the adjacent anatomical structures leading to orofacial pain. Diagnosis is made with appropriate radiological examination. Nonsurgical treatment options include reassurance, analgesia, and anti.inflammatory medications; and the surgical option includes a transoral or external approach. Here, we present a case report of a male patient, of age38 years, with a chief complaint of unilateral atypical orofacial pain on the right side of his face radiating to the neck region, for the last two months.

Lipoma is a tumour of soft tissue with rare occurrence in oral cavity accounting for only 1–4% of benign oral tumours. Most common sites of involvement are the buccal mucosa, tongue and floor of the mouth with typical presentation of an asymptomatic, soft, smooth-surfaced, nodular and yellowish mass. Histopathologically, a classical lipoma resembles normal adipose tissue and it has multiple variants which are less commonly seen except fibrolipoma. The article presents a case report of a relatively large oral classical lipoma in a 60-year-old man on a rare site, mandibular buccal vestibule, along with a review of the literature and special emphasis on its various histopathological variants.

Hamartoma is a tumour-like malformation appearing as a focal overgrowth of normal cells. Leiomyomatous hamartomas (LHs) are rare in the oral cavity and commonly seen in the Japanese and less than 40 cases have been reported in the Japanese and English literature. The clinical differential diagnoses are irritational (traumatic) fibroma and congenital epulis. It has to be differentiated histopathologically from its neoplastic counterparts and mesenchymomas. Hence, we report such a case of LHs, which presented as a sessile gingival growth occurring in the midline in a 15-year-old girl. The final diagnosis was based on the histopathological appearance which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of various markers. A review of the literature of previous cases was also carried out.

Brown tumor is one of the lesions that develop in patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and represents the terminal stages of bone remodeling process. Any of the skeletal bones can be affected including the craniomaxillofacial ones. Many a times, brown tumor was detected after a final diagnosis of HPT is made. However, on occasions, brown tumor can be the first clinical sign of the disease. Primary HPT is an uncommon systemic disease usually caused by hyperplasia or adenoma of the parathyroid glands. It causes overproduction of parathormone, which may affect the entire skeleton, causing bone resorption appear as cyst-like lesions called osteitis fibrosa cystica or brown tumors. Here, we report such a rare case in which multiple radiolucent lesions were noticed in the ramus part of the mandible and premolar region bilaterally, as the initial signs of primary HPT are presented in this report.

Taurodontism can be defined as a change in tooth shape caused by the failure of Hertwig’s epithelial sheath diaphragm to invaginate at the proper horizontal level. An enlarged pulp chamber, apical displacement of the pulpal floor, and no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction are the characteristic features. Although per manent molar teeth are most commonly affected, this change can also be seen in both the permanent and deciduous dentition, unilaterally or bilaterally, and in any combination of teeth or quadrants. Whilst it appears most frequently as an isolated anomaly, its association with several syndromes and abnormalities has also been reported. Despite the clinical challenges, taurodontism has received little attention from clinicians. Because of the prevalence of taurodontism in modern dentitions and the critical need for its true diagnosis and management, this review addresses the etiology, clinical and radiographic features of taurodontism, its association with various syndromes and anomalies, as well as important considerations in various areas of expertise dental treatments of such teeth.

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM) is an unusual disease that affects diverse localised areas of the mouth, where the connective tissue undergoes focal degeneration. It was described for the first time by Tomich in 1974. It presents as an asymptomatic pedunculated or sessile growth, commonly on the gingiva, with most cases being in women. Its pathogenesis is linked to overproduction of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts during collagen production, ensuing in focal myxoid degeneration. It has no characteristic features and diagnosis depends on histological scrutiny. We report a rare case of oral focal mucinosis affecting a 54-year-old man who presented with a sessile gingival growth mimicking a common tumour-like lesion.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic, granulomatous, mucocutaneous infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi . The infection is non-contagious and sporadic in humans. The site most commonly affected is the mucous membrane of the nose and nasopharynx, followed by the oropharynx, trachea, bronchi, ear, eye, and genitourinary tract. It can also spread to other areas through blood and lymph. Here, we report a case of rhinosporidiosis affecting the palate in a 60-year-old female patient.

Background: Biopsy is an important diagnostic tool used in the diagnosis of lesions ranging from simple non-neoplastic, tumor-like lesions to malignancies, and is often the only way to diagnose oral lesions and diseases. The gingiva is the most common site for some kind of irritation or low-grade injury, resulting in localized overgrowths that are considered to be reactive and non-neoplastic lesions. This aim of this study is to analyze the frequency and distribution of gingival lesions in the Gujarati population. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, gingival biopsies submitted for a period of five years were included. Microscopic slides of all the cases were reviewed by two observers for confirmation of the diagnosis. Results: Among the 106 cases of gingival biopsies, the most frequent category of lesions encountered was the non-neoplastic category, which accounted for 73.58% of the cases. Both benign and malignant neoplasms constituted 26.42% of the cases. Among the non-neoplastic lesions, Pyogenic granuloma was the most frequent lesion (38.46%), followed by fibrous hyperplasia (20.51%), inflammatory hyperplasia (19.23%), and Epulis (8.97%). Neoplasms accounted for 26.42% of the gingival biopsies (92.85% benign and 7.15% malignant). Among the benign neoplastic lesions, Fibroma (30.76%) and Fibrolipoma (26.92%) were the most frequent, followed by peripheral ossifying fibroma (23.08%) and peripheral giant cell granuloma (11%). Conclusion: It is difficult to compare studies carried out in various countries due to differences in people's attitudes toward oral health and the accessibility of various population groups to biopsy services. Nevertheless, this study has provided some information about the frequency and distribution of biopsied gingival lesions in the Gujarati population over a period of five years.

Osteochondroma (OC) is one of the most common benign condylar tumours having both chondroma and osteoma. However, this tumour is most frequently found on the metaphyses of long bones and is unusual on the skull. When it affects the mandibular condyle, the cause could be due to trauma to the tempero mandibular joint (TMJ). Here, in this report we present a rare case of osteochondroma of left condyle region in a 36-year-old man. The patient had noticed pain in the left TMJ for six months. The lesion is surgically removed and histologically evaluated which composed of chondrocytes dispersed in hyaline matrix along with a rim of calcified bone at one end.

Lymphangioma is considered as benign as well as a hamartomatous lesion of the lymphatic vessels that shows a marked predilection for the head and neck region. The most common site for intraoral lymphangiomas is the anterior two-thirds on the dorsal surface of tongue resulting in macroglossia. Such patients have a tendency of speech disturbances, poor oral hygiene, and bleeding from tongue following a trauma. A child with markedly enlarged tongue presents a unique challenge to the clinicians. Aesthetic, occlusal, functional and psychosocial problems may arise as a result of this condition. The indexed patient presented with an enlarged tongue. Wide excision of the lesion was done as a treatment.

Impacted teeth are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Apart from their symptomatic nature and the probable functional disruption they can cause, impacted teeth have the potential to cause more severe and serious problems such as development of dentigerous cysts and other complications due to their proximity to the nasal and oral cavity. In this report, we highlight a series of four cases involving maxillary second premolars, teeth that are not often impacted.

Intraoral swellings involving alveolar ridges in edentulous patients are clinically diagnosed as residual cysts, traumatic bone cysts, Stafne's jaw bone cavity, ameloblastoma and metastatic tumours of the jaw. This case report describes a residual cyst in a 68-year-old edentulous male patient which was enucleated and histopathologically confirmed as a unicystic ameloblastoma.

Erythema multiforme, (EM) an u ncommon, acute inflammatory reactive mucocutaneous disorder and primary allergies confined to the oral mucosa. However the subsequent attacks can produce more severe forms of EM involving the skin. Manifestations of EM are varied and Present a diagnostic dilemma because infections (particularly herpes simplex and mycoplasma pneumoniae) and drugs seem to predispose towards development of EM. We report two cases of erythema multiforme in which drugs (Dioclofenac sodium & Amoxycilline) seems to be precipitating factor. In addition, the article reviews various aspects of EM as relevant to dental practice and highlight the associated potential etiologic agents, pathogenic mechanisms and therapies.

Purpose: Synodontia or fusion is a developmental anomaly of shape of tooth formed by union of two independently developing primary or secondary teeth. Prevalence of tooth fusion is estimated at 0.5-2.5% in the primary dentition and less in permanent dentition. The bilateral type of fusion in the primary dentition is rare and is about 0.02%. This paper describes a rare case of bilateral fusion of primary mandibular lateral and canine teeth. Case description: An 8 year old girl had a complaint of unusually large sized teeth in her mandible. After physical examination and use of periapical radiographs and study models bilateral fused teeth in the mandibular lateral incisor and canine region was diagnosed. Conclusion: The bilateral fusion of primary mandibular lateral and canine teeth is a rare condition and should be carefully evaluated to diagnose any associated pathology.

The 47,XYY syndrome is an aneuploidy (abnormal number) of sex chromosomes, where a human male receives an extra Y chromosome, making 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. Individuals with 47,XYY are usually physically normal and tend to be tall and thin. They are not at increased risk of mental retardation and cardiovascular diseases. They may have speech delay, hyperactivity and normal/decreased IQ level. Behavioural problems are not common in 47,XYY individuals. There have been reports that suggest the tooth-size increase in 47,XYY males is due to a direct genetic effect. The patient presented with multiple over-retained deciduous, unerupted permanent teeth and increased incidence of carious lesions may be attributed to decreased oral hygiene maintenance. The present article describes the medical and dental history along with the clinical management of oral health issues in an 18-year-old male patient with 47,XYY syndrome having normal physical structure and development.

Necrotising sialometaplasia is a benign, necrotising, self-healing inflammatory condition categorised as idiopathic disease of salivary glands. This condition holds diagnostic importance because of its clinical and histopathological presentation, which is ambiguous, and can be misdiagnosed as carcinoma particularly squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This report describes a case of bilateral necrotising sialometaplasia occurring in a 38-year-old male patient.

A 21-year-old man presented with pain in the right posterior region of the jaw for 10–15 days. The pain was mild, dull and non-radiating in nature, beginning with slight pressure and relieved within seconds. Clinically, the patient was healthy with an unremarkable medical history. On inspection, the patient had congenitally missing mandibular molar teeth along with absence of clinical swelling intraorally. Panoramic radiograph showed an amorphous, dense, irregularly shaped radio-opacity surrounded by a well-defined radiolucency in the apical region of 46, 47 and 48, which extended …

Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is an expansile intra-osseous lesion of the jaw that emulate odontogenic lesions frequently seen in patients under 15 years of age. They are histologically characterized by the presence of fibrous stromal cells along with mineralized tissues. Clinically, these are characterized by early age of onset, histological patterns, high rate of recurrence and the aggressive local behavior. The differential diagnosis of JOF with other fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw should be made along with an essential microscopic examination and be largely based on the character of the calcified products of the tumor. The purpose of this article is to present a rare clinical case of the trabecular type of JOF and to describe its clinical, radiological and histological characteristics. The clinician should be aware of this type of lesion in order to be able to distinguish this it from other fibrous lesions if encountered in routine practice and for appropriate treatment to be carried out.

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is an uncommon benign tumor of odontogenic origin composed of odontogenic epithelium in a variety of histopathological patterns. These lesions are usually solid but are occasionally cystic. AOT has been reported to occur in association with odontogenic cysts. Very few cases have been described that arise in association with a dentigerous cyst. A systematic search of the English-language medical literature in PubMed and Medline search (keywords adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, dentigerous cyst) data bases revealed only ten such cases. The present case is very unique, exceptional and first of this kind that occurred in the posterior mandible associated with an impacted lower first premolar in a 19-year old female patient. The intraosseous follicular AOT, as this case reported here, frequently resemble dentigerous cysts. There is an uncertainty whether the lining of an associated cyst represents a true dentigerous cyst, cystic change within an AOT or may represent a distinct entity. We believe that this case represents an odontogenic cyst with neoplastic change. Hence, in such cases, the final diagnosis should be made on the basis of histological examination of extensive tissue sampling of entire excised tissue specimen. Further studies to determine whether the AOT derived from an odontogenic cyst could represent a distinct variant are to be done.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess and compare the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 in selected benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Study Design: A total of 50 cases of buffered formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues of previously diagnosed cases of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors from the archives of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India, were taken for the study. The immunohistochemical staining procedure was performed using monoclonal anti Bcl-2 antibody, as directed by the manufacturer. Results: Thirty six cases (72%) out of 50 cases showed a positive expression for Bcl-2. Benign salivary gland tumors showed a positive expression in 8 out of 14 cases (~57%) and malignant salivary gland tumors in 28 out of 36 cases (~78%). The staining was intense in the normal lymph node, which is used as a positive control. Bcl-2 expression was seen in both benign and in malignant salivary gland tumors taken for the study except in "canalicular adenoma". Conclusion: The immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 was greater and more intense in malignant salivary gland neoplasms, suggesting a high survival rate of tumor cells in malignant neoplasms. © Medicina Oral S. L.

Adenomatoidni odontogeni tumor (AOT) rijedak je benigni tumor odontogenog podrijetla sastavljen od odontogenog epitela. Histopatološka slika je različita. U nedavnim klasifikacijama SZOa uvedeno je nekoliko je promjena u vezi s tom novotvorinom. Prema posljednjoj je klasificirana kao odontogeni tumor epitelnog podrijetla. U britanskoj literaturi nabrojeno je vrlo malo slučajeva toga tumora povezanog s odontogenom cistom. Opisali smo adenomatoidni odontogeni tumor nastao kod dvanaestogodišnjeg dječaka iz odontogene ciste smještene perikoronarno oko donjeg očnjaka koji još nije izniknuo. Klinički je bila postavljena dijagnoza odontogene ciste. Histolološka pretraga pokazala je područja nalik na odontom. Takav isti zabilježen je u samo još dva slučaja. Pretpostavljamo da opisani slučaj predstavlja odontogenu cistu s neoplastičnim promjenama epitelnog i mezenhimalnog podrijetla. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se adenomatoidni odontogeni tumor nastao iz odontogene ciste mogao potvrditi kao zasebna hibridna novotvorina., Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is an uncommon benign tumor of odontogenic origin composed of odontogenic epithelium in a variety of histopathological patterns. Recently, the WHO classification of odontogenic tumors has been revised and few changes have been made. According to WHO, the AOT is reclassified as an epithelial odontogenic tumor. Very few cases of AOT associated with a dentigerous cyst have been reported in the available literature. We present an additional case of an AOT arising from a dentigerous cyst around the crown of an unerupted lower canine in a 12-year-old boy, which was clinically diagnosed as a dentigerous cyst. Histologically, our case showed ‘odontoma-like’ areas which have been described in only two other previous case reports. We believe that this case represents an odontogenic cyst with neoplastic change containing both epithelial and mesenchymal components. Further studies to determine whether the AOTs derived from an odontogenic cyst could represent a distinct ‘hybrid’ variant (different from the three variants described so far) are to be done.

Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumours composed mainly of mature adipose tissue. Histological variants of lipomas have been named according to the type of tissue present and they include fibrolipoma, angiolipoma, osteolipoma, chondrolipoma and others. Osteolipoma, a classic lipoma with osseous metaplasia, is a very rare histological variant. Owing to the rarity of oral osteolipomas, we report an uncommon case of osteolipoma located on the floor of the mouth of a 20-year-old female patient and include a review of the literature.

Today's practice in medicine has reached remarkable change mainly due to the advances in the field. Odontogenic tumors represent a spectrum of lesions ranging from hamartomas to benign and malignant neoplasms. Rarely, odontogenic tumors pose a challenge due to varied histological features. But appropriate and accurate diagnosis is crucial for further treatment and follow-up as these have an influence on the prognosis. In such situations, immunohistochemical. (IHC) markers play a significant role in the differentiating various lesions. Within its palette of histology, there are multiple histopathological presentations, many a times these features come in an intermixed pattern simulating different origin. We here, report such a case presented in a 70-year-old female came with a complaint of swelling in the posterior maxilla. The microscopic findings were indicative of a benign neoplasm. To know the nature of the lesion and arrive at a diagnosis, many IHC markers were used. Based on all these findings, a final diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma was arrived.

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a relatively uncommon benign lesion of odontogenic origin mainly affecting females in second decade of life, having a predilection for the anterior region of the maxilla. Histologically, it is composed of odontogenic epithelium in a variety of histopathological patterns in a mature, fibrous connective tissue stroma and characterized by slow but progressive growth. Very few cases of AOT associated with a dentigerous cyst have been reported in the literature. PubMed and Medline data showed a total of 11 cases of AOT associated with a dentigerous cyst in the literature. We present an additional case of an AOT arising from a dentigerous cyst around the crown of an unerupted upper canine in a 20-year-old female, which was clinically diagnosed as a dentigerous cyst. Histologically, the case showed proliferation of odontogenic epithelium in the form of whorls and islands typical of AOT associated with dentigerous cyst appearing thin reduced enamel like epithelium lining the cystic cavity, described previously. However, it is unclear whether this entity has a more aggressive potential.

Background: Collagen is a part of structural connective tissue in every organ of the body. Study of collagen brings into focus the current knowledge of biosynthesis and degradation as a complex mechanism. One of the major aspects of tumor cell invasion and metastasis is the interaction between cancer cells and extracellular matrix component. Property of picrosirius red to enhance the birefringence is the result of basic protein nature of collagen molecules. There exists a direct relationship between the presence of type IV collagen and degree of differentiation in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells as they lose their capability to form the basement membrane. Materials and Methods: Thirty cases of oral SCC (OSCC) were evaluated for standard staining protocol of picrosirius red to analyze collagen fibers in different grades of OSCC under polarizing microscopy. Results: In this study, moderately to poorly differentiated OSCC cases showed a gradual change in polarizing colors from yellowish orange to greenish yellow particularly in the vicinity of invading tumor islands. Thick collagen fibers forming bundles in parallel disposition were found around the neoplastic areas in discontinuous fashion. Type I collagen fibers of different lengths were strongly birefringent and swirl pattern, parallel orientation was evident. Conclusion: An observable stromal change with the progression of neoplasm was evinced with picrosirius red stain in different thickness of collagens with a significant change in the arrangement from the early stage to the advanced stage according to tumorogenesis.

Background: Dental identification has been used since long time for disaster victim identification protocol. There is a difference of opinion regarding whether ethnicity influences dental morphology or not. Few studies have shown the associations between these dental features and crown traits in humans using quantitative methods. The present study is an attempt to find correlation of occlusal morphology of Gujarati population with forensic Odontology. Aim: To study different occlusal morphology of permanent mandibular first and second molars in Gujarati Population. Materials and Methods: This study comprised of a total of 100 participants of Gujarati origin, selected by random sampling method. Total number of cusps and groove patterns of mandibular first and second molar were examined clinically and photographs of the same were taken. A descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and Student t-test were used for analysis of data. Results: Mandibular first molar with 5 cusps in 71%, 4 cusps in 18% and 6 cusps in 11% were noted in the study. Mandibular first molars with “+” groove pattern in 39.5% and “Y” groove pattern in 60.5% were recorded. Mandibular second molar with 5 cusps in 6.5% and 4 cusps in 93.5% were recorded in the study. Mandibular second molars with “+” groove pattern in 93.5% and “Y” groove pattern in 6.5% were recorded. Conclusion: The most common occlusal morphology in permanent mandibular first molar is “5 cusp” and “Y” groove pattern in about 47% and for second molar is “4 cusp” and “+” groove pattern in 88.5% of Gujarati population. It may be concluded that variation in degree of expression and frequency of teeth in dentitions of different populations is different, which may help in forensic identification.

Odontomas and dentigerous cysts are common findings for practicing dental professionals. However, simultaneous occurrence of pathologies like odontoma and dentigerous cyst are uncommon and their diagnosis based on the radiographic appearance alone is a challenge to overcome. They together are a potential for complications like attaining large size, root resorption, destruction of the jaw bones and sometimes neoplastic changes like ameloblastoma. This paper presents a case of complex odontoma associated with dentigerous cyst in relation to a retained deciduous tooth in the maxillary anterior region and confirming its diagnosis histopathologically.

Osteoma is a benign osteogenic neoplasm microscopically consisting of proliferation of cancellous or compact bone. Peripheral osteomas (PO) arise from the periosteum and are quite uncommon in the jaw bones. POs of mandible are considered as rare entity and very few cases have been reported in the literature. The pathogenesis of PO is unclear. Some investigators consider it a true neoplasm, while others believe it as a developmental anomaly, a reactive mechanism due to trauma or infection. The purpose of this article is to present the clinical, radiographic, surgical and histological features of a solitary peripheral osteoma of the mandible in a 43-year-old woman and to review the literature for PO located in the mandible.

Cancer is a disease involving complex multiple sequential irreversible dysregulated processes showing metastasis that results in morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a complex biological course that begins with detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor, spreading into the distant tissues and/or organs, invading through the lymphovascular structures followed by their survival in the circulation. Metastatic tumors to the oro-facial region are uncommon and may occur in the oral soft tissues or jawbones. The clinical presentation of metastatic tumors can be variable, which may lead to erroneous diagnosis or may create diagnostic dilemma. Therefore, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory and reactive lesions that are common to the oral region. Most of the literature on oral metastases involves either single case reports or reviews of these reported cases from scattered geographical areas. Hence this present article is an attempt to provide a detailed review of pathogenesis, epidemiological details including clinical and radiographic presentations, microscopic features and treatment of metastatic tumors to the jaws and oral cavity.

The incidence of ectopic teeth has increased. In many cases, the etiology of ectopic teeth cannot be identified. Ectopic tooth in deciduous dentition period is very rare and information is limited about its causes and characteristics. The conditions commonly associated with an increased prevalence of ectopic teeth include cleft lip and palate, cleidocranial dysplasia, and Gardner syndrome. The diagnosis is made by the clinical and radiological examinations. The indication for extraction in ectopic teeth cases is in general determined by the presence of symptomatology, or by the need for preventing future complications. We present a case of an ectopic maxillary tooth in a 4 year-old boy. In addition, this report also addresses a young patient with a tooth in the oropharynx with the objective of non traumatic etiology, and such a clinical presentation is extremely rare. The authors believe the case presented here is the first documented case of an ectopic supernumerary tooth seen in the oropharynx.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) commonly presents as non-tender, enlarged lymph nodes, accompanied by diffuse symptoms of fatigue and low-grade intermittent fever and it is derived predominantly from the cells of the B lymphocyte series. NHL cases occur extra-nodally and in 3% of these cases the initial presentation may be in the oral cavity. Though extra-nodal NHL of the oral cavity is a rare finding, patients with oral lesions of NHL commonly present at the dental clinic in the first instance. A careful clinical evaluation supported by histopathological and other laboratory investigations will help in identifying the disease at an early stage, resulting in better prognosis. Any delay in diagnosis has important implications on the morbidity and mortality of the condition. Due to the rarity of intraoral NHL, we present one such a case with a complaint of tumor-like mass on the gingiva of lower molar region. The lesion was clinically thought as pyogenic granuloma and later diagnosed as extra nodal NHL of the oral cavity.

Although developmental anomalies of tooth number are quite common in permanent dentition, concomitant occurrence of hypohyperdontia is a very rare mixed numeric anomalous condition of teeth. Very few cases of this condition have been reported in the English literature. Here we report such a rare case noted in a 26 year-old male dental graduate with no other associated systemic condition or syndrome.