Search

Cet ouvrage propose une réflexion renouvelée autour du thème de la pauvreté au Moyen Âge en Europe méditerranéenne (ixe-xve siècle) afin de saisir les phénomènes économiques et sociaux la caractérisant. Les travaux, ici réunis, de médiévistes français, espagnols et italiens, visent à dépasser les problématiques étudiées dans les années 1960-1980 par Michel Mollat. Les processus d’appauvrissement, la pauvreté laborieuse, les attitudes institutionnelles et personnelles face à la pauvreté et la culture matérielle qui lui sont associées forment le fond des études proposées. Sont également questionnés les rapports que la pauvreté entretient avec le travail, les liens qu’elle contraint à nouer ou à dénouer et quelles stratégies de survie sont développées par celles et ceux qui, pour une raison ou pour une autre, y sont tombés. This book proposes a new approach to the topic of poverty in the Middle Ages in Mediterranean Europe (9th-15th centuries) in order to understand the economic and social phenomena that characterized it. The studies gathered here, by French, Spanish and Italian medievalists, aim to go beyond the problems studied in the 1960s and 1980s by Michel Mollat. The process of impoverishment, working poverty, institutional and personal attitudes towards poverty and the material culture associated with it form the basis of the proposed studies. Also examined are the relationships that poverty has with work, the bonds that it forces to form or break and the survival strategies developed by those who, for one reason or another, have fallen into it. Este libro propone una reflexión renovada sobre el tema de la pobreza en la Edad Media en la Europa mediterránea (siglos ixe-xve) para comprender los fenómenos económicos y sociales que la caracterizan. Los trabajos aquí reunidos, a cargo de medievalistas franceses, españoles e italianos, pretenden ir más allá de los problemas estudiados en los años sesenta y ochenta por Michel Mollat. Los procesos de empobrecimiento, la pobreza laboral, las actitudes institucionales y personales ante la pobreza y la cultura material asociada a ella constituyen la base de los estudios propuestos. También se examinan las relaciones entre pobreza y trabajo, los vínculos que obliga a establecer o romper y las estrategias de supervivencia desarrolladas por quienes, por una u otra razón, han caído en ella.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Extended data for figure 3 and 4. Uncropped Western blot images showing A PDGFR-β and related actin; B cleaved caspase-3 and related actin; C eNOS and VEGF with related actin; D Tie2, ANGPT1 and related actin. Boxed areas correspond to cropped regions shown in figure 3C and 3E. Specific target bands were selected according to the molecular weight reported in antibodies’ datasheets. Table S1: raw RPPA data.

I cambiamenti climatici globali e la carestia che seguirono l’eruzione del vulcano indonesiano Samalas stimolarono il comune di Pavia a sviluppare un sistema di registrazioni e di accertamenti annonari necessari a mitigare gli effetti della crisi granaria. Le misure, modellate prendendo spunto da pratiche emergenziali già utilizzate, stimolarono la creazione di sistemi di accertamento, registrazione e controllo più pervasivi e capillari delle disponibilità granarie e delle loro movimentazioni, richiedendo uno sforzo notevole in termini di capacità progettuali, risorse economiche e umane impiegate. Le pratiche, sperimentate durante la crisi, rimasero come patrimonio acquisito per l’amministrazione del comune che poté adottarle anche in seguito in caso di necessità., Global climate change and famine that followed the eruption of Indonesian volcano Samalas stimulated the comune of Pavia to develop a system of registration and assessments necessary to mitigate the effects of the crisis. The measures, modelled using cues from emergency practices already used, stimulated the creation of systems for ascertaining, recording and controlling the availability of grains and their movements, requiring a considerable effort in terms of design skills, economic and human resources used. The practices, tested during the crisis, remained as an acquired patrimony for the administration of the comune, which could also adopt them later in case of need.

Le campagne lombarde del primo Trecento sono state spesso considerate in passato come un caso «eccezionale» rispetto al panorama europeo, impegnate in una lunga «transizione» verso i modelli di sviluppo quattrocenteschi e poco toccate dalla cosiddetta «crisi del Trecento». Le ricerche sul tema si sono scontrate però con una complessiva scarsità di fonti archivistiche, con la loro difforme distribuzione e con la grande varietà di paesaggi presenti nel territorio lombardo che hanno impedito ogni tentativo di generalizzazione. Il presente lavoro vuole riaprire la riflessione su questo tema, a partire da quei fattori che sono stati individuati come punti chiave nel permettere il «decollo» delle campagne lombarde. Presi nel loro insieme questi elementi hanno marcato una discontinuità con la situazione del secolo precedente, tuttavia la loro affermazione non fu né omogenea, né generalizzata e i progressi fatti registrare non furono esenti da difetti o da momenti di disequilibrio o di vera e propria crisi. Lombard agriculture in the beginning of fourteenth century was considered as an “exceptional” case by scholars compared to the European panorama: engaged in a long “transition” towards the fifteenth-century models of development and not touched by the so-called “fourteenth century crisis”. However, research on the topic, clashed with a lack of sources, with their unequal diffusion and with the great variety of landscapes present in the Lombard territory that prevented any attempt at generalization. The present work aims to reopen the reflection on this theme, starting from those factors that have been identified as key points in allowing the “take-off” of the Lombardy countryside. All these elements marked a discontinuity with the situation of the previous century, but their affirmation was neither homogeneous nor generalized and the progress made was not free from defects or moments of disequilibrium or crisis.

I decenni che precedettero la terribile epidemia di “Peste Nera” del 1348 in Europa sono stati a lungo presentati univocamente come un periodo di gravi difficoltà, dovute all’instabilità politica e, soprattutto, all’eccessiva crescita della popolazione rispetto alle risorse agricole, il cui aumento era frenato dalle scarse tecnologie disponibili. Questa ricostruzione è stata oggetto negli ultimi anni di una profonda revisione, con una rinnovata attenzione allo sviluppo della commercializzazione, anche a lungo raggio, dei prodotti alimentari e agli investimenti nelle campagne, rivelatisi tutt’altro che ininfluenti. Rispetto alle grandi panoramiche finora dominanti nel dibattito, questo volume presenta una serrata analisi di una realtà regionale – la Lombardia dalla fine del XIII secolo alla metà del XIV – considerata sotto molteplici punti di vista, dalla storia rurale a quella delle manifatture, dei prestiti e dei commerci, dagli aspetti fiscali e monetari a quelli militari e dell’assistenza. Ne esce un ritratto articolato, che senza negare gli elementi di difficoltà, mette in luce la sostanziale “tenuta” del sistema produttivo e sociale lombardo prima delle grandi epidemie del 1348 e del 1361.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Gating strategy to determine PD-1 and PD-L1 expression by DPSCs. DPSCs were identified by FSC and SSC (1) then live cells were gated by SSC/dead staining dot plot (2). Afterwards CD3neg CD4neg cells were selected (3) and fluorescence intensities in FITC and PECy7 channels shown by histograms. The mean percentage of adherent DPSCs in the FSC/SSC gating was 93.5% �� 2.2%. Figure S2. Gating strategy to determine PD-1 and PD-L1 expression by PBMCs pre-activated by CD3/CD28 linking. PBMCs were identified by FSC and SSC (1) then live cells were gated by SSC/dead staining dot plot (2). Afterwards CD3+CD56neg cells (T lymphocytes) were selected (3). CD4+ and CD4neg cells were further gated (4) and fluorescence intensities in FITC and PECy7 channels shown by histograms. Figure S3. Real Time PCR analysis of caspase 3 in PBMCs. Caspase 3 mRNA levels were evaluated in rPBMCs and aPBMCs alone, aPBMCs after DPSCs co-culture with and without PD-L1 inhibitor. Statistically significant increase of mRNA levels of caspase 3 was detected in aPBMCs after DPSCs co-culture with and without the addition of PD-L1 inhibitor (��P < 0.05 vs aPBMCs).

The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of PEMFs on maintenance over time of chondrocyte phenotype of conditioned Mesenchimal Stem Cells (MSCs), in presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-ß1). MSCs, taken from bone marrow, were pellet-cultured in medium conditioning towards the chondrogenic lineage. Two targets were pursued: the first was to standardize the method to obtain chondrocyte pellets in terms of type/amount of withdrawal, time/degree of differentiation and amount of extracellular matrix production; the second was to extend over time chondrocyte differentiation, checking the phenotype maintenance, after adding pro-inflammatory IL-ß1 cytokine in culture medium with/without the application of PEMFs (device provided by IGEA-Carpi). The pellets obtained were coltured for different times (21, 28, 34 days), verifying the presence of type-II collagen (as index of chondrocyte differentiation) both by means of TEM analysis and immunoreaction. The best differentiation was obtained after 28 days of culture; in such pellets the studies were performed in triplicate for 15 days, identifying four experimental conditions: 1) without IL-ß1 and PEMFs; 2) with IL-ß1, without PEMFs; 3) without IL-ß1 and with PEMFs; 4) with IL-ß1 and PEMFs. The parameters of applied PEMFs were 1.7mT and 75Hz, and the time of application was 4 hours/day. Medium was changed every 3-4 days and stored for the evaluations of PGE2 (indicative of inflammation) and proteoglycans (indicative of chondrogenic differentiation). At the end of the experiment, each pellet was fixed with paraformaldehyde 4% and embedded in paraffin; sections (5 µm thick) were obtained and stained with Toluidin Blue in order to evaluate metachromasia. The results show that: 1) only the pellets treated with IL-ß1 without PEMFs did not show metachromasia, indicanting a chondrocyte de-differentiation towards fibroblastic phenotype; 2) only in pellets treated with IL-ß1 and with PEMF application, after about 12 days of treatment the amount of PGE2 in medium decreases (31%), indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of PEMFs, while the proteoglycan production slightly increases (2%). In conclusion, pulsed electromagnetic fields could be proposed in preventing chondrocyte de-differentiation due to inflammation induced by IL-ß1; this with the final aim to integrate regenerative medicine techniques to apply in the healing of joint cartilage lesions with bio-physic energy devices, useful to obtain a stable-in-time recovery of physiologic function of articular surfaces that suffered a severe injury., Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol 116, No 1 (Supplement) 2011

Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol 115, No 1/2 (Supplement) 2010