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2. Weekly Formative Exams and Creative Grading Enhance Student Learning in an Introductory Biology Course

Author

Bailey, E. G., Jensen, J., Nelson, J., Wiberg, H. K., and Bell, J. D.

Abstract

First-year students often become discouraged during introductory biology courses when repeated attempts to understand concepts nevertheless result in poor test scores. This challenge is exacerbated by traditional course structures that impose premature judgments on students' achievements. Repeated testing has been shown to benefit student ability to recognize and recall information, but an effective means to similarly facilitate skill with higher-order problems in introductory courses is needed. Here, we show that an innovative format that uses a creative grading scheme together with weekly formative midterm exams produced significant gains in student success with difficult items requiring analysis and interpretation. This format is designed to promote tenacity and avoid discouragement by providing multiple opportunities to attempt demanding problems on exams, detailed immediate feedback, and strong incentives to retain hope and improve. Analysis of individual performance trajectories with heat maps reveals the diversity of learning patterns and provides rational means for advising students.

Published
2017

4. Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services

Author

Cooley, S., Schoeman, D., Bopp, L., Boyd, P., Donner, S., Ito, S. i., Kiessling, W., Martinetto, P., Ojea, E., Racault, M. F., Rost, B., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Ghebrehiwet, D. Y., Bell, J. D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W. W., Bolin,J., Dupont, S., Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Frölicher, T., Dutkiewicz, S., Molinos, J. G., Gaitán-Espitia, J. D., Henson, S., Gurney-Smith, H., Holland, E., Hidalgo, Manuel, Kordas, R., Kopp, R., Le Bris, N., Kwiatkowski, L., Mark, F. C., Mgaya, Y., Lluch-Cota, S. E., Logan, C., Randin, G., Raja, N. B., Moloney, C., Muñoz Sevilla, N. P., Roe, S., Ruiz Diaz, R., Rajkaran, A., Richardson, A., Scales, K., Scobie, M., Salili, D., Sallée, J. B., Yool, A., Torres, O., Simmons, C. T., Cooley, S., Schoeman, D., Bopp, L., Boyd, P., Donner, S., Ito, S. i., Kiessling, W., Martinetto, P., Ojea, E., Racault, M. F., Rost, B., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Ghebrehiwet, D. Y., Bell, J. D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W. W., Bolin,J., Dupont, S., Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Frölicher, T., Dutkiewicz, S., Molinos, J. G., Gaitán-Espitia, J. D., Henson, S., Gurney-Smith, H., Holland, E., Hidalgo, Manuel, Kordas, R., Kopp, R., Le Bris, N., Kwiatkowski, L., Mark, F. C., Mgaya, Y., Lluch-Cota, S. E., Logan, C., Randin, G., Raja, N. B., Moloney, C., Muñoz Sevilla, N. P., Roe, S., Ruiz Diaz, R., Rajkaran, A., Richardson, A., Scales, K., Scobie, M., Salili, D., Sallée, J. B., Yool, A., Torres, O., and Simmons, C. T.

Abstract

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being. Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global climate system by regulating cycles of heat, water and elements, including carbon. Marine systems are central to many cultures, and they also provide food, minerals, energy and employment to people. Since previous assessments1 , new laboratory studies, field observations and process studies, a wider range of model simulations, Indigenous knowledge, and local knowledge have provided increasing evidence on the impacts of climate change on ocean and coastal systems, how human communities are experiencing these impacts, and the potential solutions for ecological and human adaptation.

Published
2023

8. Experimental Results from the TFTR Tokamak

Author

Hawryluk, R. J., Arunasalam, V., Bell, J. D., Bell, M. G., Bitter, M., Blanchard, W. R., Boody, F., Bretz, N., Budny, R., Bush, C. E., Callen, J. D., Cecchi, J. L., Cohen, S., Colchin, R. J., Combs, S. K., Coonrod, J., Davis, S. L., Dimock, D., Dylla, H. F., Efthimion, P. C., Emerson, L. C., England, A. C., Eubank, H. P., Fonck, R., Fredrickson, E., Goldston, R. J., Grisham, L. R., Grek, B., Groebner, R., Hendel, H., Hill, K. W., Hillis, D. L., Hinnov, E., Hiroe, S., Hulse, R., Hsuan, H., Johnson, D., Kaita, R., Kamperschroer, R., Kaye, S. M., Kilpatrick, S., Kugel, H., LaMarche, P. H., Little, R., Ma, C. H., Manos, D. M., Mansfield, D., McCann, R. T., McCarthy, M., McCune, D. C., McGuire, K., Meade, D. M., Medley, S. S., Milora, S. L., Mikkelsen, D. R., Morris, W., Mueller, D., Murakami, M., Nieschmidt, E., Owens, D. K., Pare, V. K., Park, H., Prichard, B., Ramsey, A., Rasmussen, D. A., Redi, M. H., Roquemore, A. L., Sauthoff, N. R., Schivell, J., Schmidt, G. L., Scott, S. D., Sesnic, S., Shimada, M., Simpkins, J. E., Sinnis, J., Stauffer, F., Stratton, B., Tait, G. D., Taylor, G., Thomas, C. E., Towner, H. H., Ulrickson, M., Von Goeler, S., Weiland, R., Wilgen, J. B., Williams, M., Wong, K. L., Yoshikawa, S., Young, K. M., Zarnstorff, M. C., and Zweben, S.

Published
1987

16. Defining the stock structures of key commercial tunas in the Pacific Ocean II : sampling considerations and future directions

Author

Moore, B. R., Adams, T., Allain, V., Bell, J. D., Bigler, M., Bromhead, D., Clark, S., Davies, C., Evans, K., Faasili, U., Farley, J., Fitchett, M., Grewe, P. M., Hampton, J., Hyde, J., Leroy, B., Lewis, A., Lorrain, Anne, Macdonald, J. I., Marie, A. D., Minte-Vera, C., Natasha, J., Nicol, S., Obregon, P., Peatman, T., Pecoraro, C., Phillip, N. B., Pilling, G. M., Rico, C., Sanchez, C., Scott, R., Phillips, J. S., Stockwell, B., Tremblay-Boyer, L., Usu, T., Williams, A. J., and Smith, N.

Subjects
Pacific Ocean, Tuna, Fisheries management, Movement, Spatial dynamics, Stock structure
Abstract

Delineating the stock structure of highly-mobile, wide-ranging fishes subject to exploitation is a challenging task, yet one that is fundamental to optimal fisheries management. A case in point are stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the Pacific Ocean, which support important commercial, artisanal, subsistence, and recreational fisheries, and contribute roughly 70 % of global commercial tuna catches. Although some spatial and temporal structuring is recognised within these stocks, growing evidence from a range of approaches suggests that the stock structure of each tuna species is more complex than is currently assumed in both stock assessment and climate change models, and in management regimes. In a move towards improving understanding of the stock structure of skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye and South Pacific albacore tunas in the Pacific Ocean, an international workshop was held in Noumea, New Caledonia, in October 2018 to review knowledge about their movement and stock structure in the region, define and discuss the main knowledge gaps and uncertainties concerning their stock structure, and develop biological sampling approaches to support the provision of this information. Here, we synthesise the discussions of this latter component. For each tuna species, we identify several general sampling considerations needed to reduce uncertainty, including i) the need for broadscale sampling in space, ideally covering each species' distribution, targeting adults in spawning condition and adopting a phased approach; ii) the need for temporally-repeated sampling of the same geographical areas to assess stability in observed patterns over time; iii) the need to resolve patterns in spatial dynamics, such as those resulting from movements associated with the seasonal extensions of poleward flowing currents, from underlying stock structure, iv) the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to stock identification, and v) the need for careful planning of logistics and coordination of sampling efforts across agencies. Finally, we present potential sampling designs that could be adopted to help overcome uncertainties around the initial identification of stocks and the provenance, mixing and proportional contributions of individuals in harvested assemblages, as well as how these uncertainties could be accounted for in fisheries management via the use of management strategy evaluation.

Published
2020

17. The role of physical activity in metabolic homeostasis before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes : an IMI DIRECT study

Author

Koivula, R. W., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Giordano, G. N., White, T., Adamski, J., Bell, J. D., Beulens, J., Brage, S., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Dermitzakis, E. T., Forgie, I. M., Frost, G., Hansen, T., Hansen, T. H., Hattersley, A., Kokkola, T., Kurbasic, A., Laakso, M., Mari, A., McDonald, T. J., Pedersen, O., Rutters, F., Schwenk, Jochen M., Teare, H. J. A., Thomas, E. L., Vinuela, A., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M. I., Ruetten, H., Walker, M., Pearson, E., Pavo, I., Franks, P. W., Consortium, for the IMI DIRECT, Koivula, R. W., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Giordano, G. N., White, T., Adamski, J., Bell, J. D., Beulens, J., Brage, S., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Dermitzakis, E. T., Forgie, I. M., Frost, G., Hansen, T., Hansen, T. H., Hattersley, A., Kokkola, T., Kurbasic, A., Laakso, M., Mari, A., McDonald, T. J., Pedersen, O., Rutters, F., Schwenk, Jochen M., Teare, H. J. A., Thomas, E. L., Vinuela, A., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M. I., Ruetten, H., Walker, M., Pearson, E., Pavo, I., Franks, P. W., and Consortium, for the IMI DIRECT

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: It is well established that physical activity, abdominal ectopic fat and glycaemic regulation are related but the underlying structure of these relationships is unclear. The previously proposed twin-cycle hypothesis (TC) provides a mechanistic basis for impairment in glycaemic control through the interactions of substrate availability, substrate metabolism and abdominal ectopic fat accumulation. Here, we hypothesise that the effect of physical activity in glucose regulation is mediated by the twin-cycle. We aimed to examine this notion in the Innovative Medicines Initiative Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (IMI DIRECT) Consortium cohorts comprised of participants with normal or impaired glucose regulation (cohort 1: N ≤ 920) or with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes (cohort 2: N ≤ 435). Methods: We defined a structural equation model that describes the TC and fitted this within the IMI DIRECT dataset. A second model, twin-cycle plus physical activity (TC-PA), to assess the extent to which the effects of physical activity in glycaemic regulation are mediated by components in the twin-cycle, was also fitted. Beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control were modelled from frequently sampled 75 g OGTTs (fsOGTTs) and mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) in participants without and with diabetes, respectively. Abdominal fat distribution was assessed using MRI, and physical activity through wrist-worn triaxial accelerometry. Results are presented as standardised beta coefficients, SE and p values, respectively. Results: The TC and TC-PA models showed better fit than null models (TC: χ2 = 242, p = 0.004 and χ2 = 63, p = 0.001 in cohort 1 and 2, respectively; TC-PA: χ2 = 180, p = 0.041 and χ2 = 60, p = 0.008 in cohort 1 and 2, respectively). The association of physical activity with glycaemic control was primarily mediated by variables in the liver fat cycle. Conclusions/interpretation: These analyses partially support the mechanis, QC 20200626

Published
2020
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29. Genetic studies of abdominal MRI data identify genes regulating hepcidin as major determinants of liver iron concentration

Author

Wilman, H. R., Parisinos, C. A., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Kelly, M., Thomas, E. L., Neubauer, S., Jennison, C., Ehrhardt, B., Baum, P., Schoelsch, C., Freijer, J., Grempler, R., Graefe-Mody, U., Hennige, A., Dings, C., Lehr, T., Scherer, N., Sihinecich, I., Pattou, F., Raverdi, V., Caiazzo, R., Torres, F., Verkindt, H., Mari, A., Tura, A., Giorgino, T., Bizzotto, Froguel, P., Bonneford, A., Canouil, M., Dhennin, V., Brorsson, C., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Gudmundsdóttir, V., Pedersen, H., Banasik, K., Thomas, C., Sackett, P., Staerfeldt, H. -H, Lundgaard, A., Nilsson, B., Nielsen, A., Mazzoni, G., Karaderi, T., Rasmussen, S., Johansen, J., Allesøe, R., Fritsche, A., Thorand, B., Adamski, J., Grallert, H., Haid, M., Sharma, S., Troll, M., Adam, J., Ferrer, J., Eriksen, H., Frost, G., Häussler, Ragna S., Hong, Mun-Gwan, Schwenk, Jochen M., Uhlén, Mathias, Nicolay, C., Pavo, I., Steckel-Hamann, B., Thomas, M., Adragni, K., Wu, H., Hart, L., Roderick, S., van Leeuwen, N., Dekkers, K., Frau, F., Gassenhuber, J., Jablonka, B., Musholt, P., Ruetten, H., Tillner, J., Baltauss, T., Bernard Poenaru, O., de Preville, N., Rodriquez, M., Arumugam, M., Allin, K., Engelbrechtsen, L., Hansen, T., Forman, A., Jonsson, A., Pedersen, O., Dutta, A., Vogt, J., Vestergaard, H., Laakso, M., Kokkola, T., Kuulasmaa, T., Franks, P., Giordano, N., Pomares-Millan, H., Fitipaldi, H., Mutie, P., Klintenberg, M., Bergstrom, M., Groop, L., Ridderstrale, M., Atabaki Pasdar, N., Deshmukh, H., Heggie, A., Wake, D., McEvoy, D., McVittie, I., Walker, M., Hattersley, A., Hill, A., Jones, A., McDonald, T., Perry, M., Nice, R., Hudson, M., Thorne, C., Dermitzakis, E., Viñuela, A., Cabrelli, L., Loftus, H., Dawed, A., Donnelly, L., Forgie, I., Pearson, E., Palmer, C., Brown, A., Koivula, R., Wesolowska-Andersen, A., Abdalla, M., McRobert, N., Fernandez, J., Jiao, Y., Robertson, N., Gough, S., Kaye, J., Mourby, M., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M., Shah, N., Teare, H., Holl, R., Koopman, A., Rutters, F., Beulens, J., Groeneveld, L., Bell, J., Thomas, L., Whitcher, B., Hingorani, A. D., Patel, R. S., Hemingway, H., Franks, P. W., Bell, J. D., Banerjee, R., Yaghootkar, H., Wilman, H. R., Parisinos, C. A., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Kelly, M., Thomas, E. L., Neubauer, S., Jennison, C., Ehrhardt, B., Baum, P., Schoelsch, C., Freijer, J., Grempler, R., Graefe-Mody, U., Hennige, A., Dings, C., Lehr, T., Scherer, N., Sihinecich, I., Pattou, F., Raverdi, V., Caiazzo, R., Torres, F., Verkindt, H., Mari, A., Tura, A., Giorgino, T., Bizzotto, Froguel, P., Bonneford, A., Canouil, M., Dhennin, V., Brorsson, C., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Gudmundsdóttir, V., Pedersen, H., Banasik, K., Thomas, C., Sackett, P., Staerfeldt, H. -H, Lundgaard, A., Nilsson, B., Nielsen, A., Mazzoni, G., Karaderi, T., Rasmussen, S., Johansen, J., Allesøe, R., Fritsche, A., Thorand, B., Adamski, J., Grallert, H., Haid, M., Sharma, S., Troll, M., Adam, J., Ferrer, J., Eriksen, H., Frost, G., Häussler, Ragna S., Hong, Mun-Gwan, Schwenk, Jochen M., Uhlén, Mathias, Nicolay, C., Pavo, I., Steckel-Hamann, B., Thomas, M., Adragni, K., Wu, H., Hart, L., Roderick, S., van Leeuwen, N., Dekkers, K., Frau, F., Gassenhuber, J., Jablonka, B., Musholt, P., Ruetten, H., Tillner, J., Baltauss, T., Bernard Poenaru, O., de Preville, N., Rodriquez, M., Arumugam, M., Allin, K., Engelbrechtsen, L., Hansen, T., Forman, A., Jonsson, A., Pedersen, O., Dutta, A., Vogt, J., Vestergaard, H., Laakso, M., Kokkola, T., Kuulasmaa, T., Franks, P., Giordano, N., Pomares-Millan, H., Fitipaldi, H., Mutie, P., Klintenberg, M., Bergstrom, M., Groop, L., Ridderstrale, M., Atabaki Pasdar, N., Deshmukh, H., Heggie, A., Wake, D., McEvoy, D., McVittie, I., Walker, M., Hattersley, A., Hill, A., Jones, A., McDonald, T., Perry, M., Nice, R., Hudson, M., Thorne, C., Dermitzakis, E., Viñuela, A., Cabrelli, L., Loftus, H., Dawed, A., Donnelly, L., Forgie, I., Pearson, E., Palmer, C., Brown, A., Koivula, R., Wesolowska-Andersen, A., Abdalla, M., McRobert, N., Fernandez, J., Jiao, Y., Robertson, N., Gough, S., Kaye, J., Mourby, M., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M., Shah, N., Teare, H., Holl, R., Koopman, A., Rutters, F., Beulens, J., Groeneveld, L., Bell, J., Thomas, L., Whitcher, B., Hingorani, A. D., Patel, R. S., Hemingway, H., Franks, P. W., Bell, J. D., Banerjee, R., and Yaghootkar, H.

Abstract

Background & Aims: Excess liver iron content is common and is linked to the risk of hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. We aimed to identify genetic variants influencing liver iron content and use genetics to understand its link to other traits and diseases. Methods: First, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 8,289 individuals from UK Biobank, whose liver iron level had been quantified by magnetic resonance imaging, before validating our findings in an independent cohort (n = 1,513 from IMI DIRECT). Second, we used Mendelian randomisation to test the causal effects of 25 predominantly metabolic traits on liver iron content. Third, we tested phenome-wide associations between liver iron variants and 770 traits and disease outcomes. Results: We identified 3 independent genetic variants (rs1800562 [C282Y] and rs1799945 [H63D] in HFE and rs855791 [V736A] in TMPRSS6) associated with liver iron content that reached the GWAS significance threshold (p <5 × 10−8). The 2 HFE variants account for ∼85% of all cases of hereditary haemochromatosis. Mendelian randomisation analysis provided evidence that higher central obesity plays a causal role in increased liver iron content. Phenome-wide association analysis demonstrated shared aetiopathogenic mechanisms for elevated liver iron, high blood pressure, cirrhosis, malignancies, neuropsychiatric and rheumatological conditions, while also highlighting inverse associations with anaemias, lipidaemias and ischaemic heart disease. Conclusion: Our study provides genetic evidence that mechanisms underlying higher liver iron content are likely systemic rather than organ specific, that higher central obesity is causally associated with higher liver iron, and that liver iron shares common aetiology with multiple metabolic and non-metabolic diseases. Lay summary: Excess liver iron content is common and is associated with liver diseases and metabolic diseases including diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart di, QC 20191128

Published
2019
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36. Human gene for physical performance

Author

Montgomery, H. E., Marshall, R., Hemingway, H., Myerson, S., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C., Hayward, M., Holliman, D. E., Jubb, M., World, M., Thomas, E. L., Brynes, A. E., Saeed, N., Barnard, M., Bell, J. D., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Talmud, P. J., and Humphries, S. E.

Published
1998

41. Revised Consultant Contract

Author

Clark, A. N. G., Adams, P. J., Armon, P. J., Bell, J. D., Fletcher, D. E., Rowlatt, R., Scarisbrick, G., Stansfield, D., and Anderson, John

Published
1979

47. Diversifying the use of tuna to improve food security and public health in Pacific Island countries and territories

Author

Bell, J. D., Allain, V., Allison, E. H., Andréfouët, Serge, Andrew, N. L., Batty, M. J., Blanc, M., Dambacher, J. M., Hampton, J., Hanich, Q., Harley, S., Lorrain, Anne, McCoy, M., McTurk, N., Nicol, S., Pilling, G., Point, David, Sharp, M. K., Vivili, P., and Williams, P.

Subjects
Tuna, Population growth, Food security, Non-communicable diseases, Pacific Islands
Abstract

The large tuna resources of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean are delivering great economic benefits to Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) through sale of licences to distant water fishing nations and employment in fish processing. However, tuna needs to contribute to Pacific Island societies in another important way by increasing local access to the fish required for good nutrition to help combat the world's highest levels of diabetes and obesity. Analyses reported here demonstrate that coastal fisheries in 16 of the 22 PICTs will not provide the fish recommended for good nutrition of growing Pacific Island populations, and that by 2020 tuna will need to supply 12% of the fish required by PICTs for food security, increasing to 25% by 2035. In relative terms, the percentages of the region's tuna catch that will be needed in 2020 and 2035 to fill the gap in domestic fish supply are small, i.e., 2.1% and 5.9% of the average present-day industrial catch, respectively. Interventions based on expanding the use of nearshore fish aggregating devices (FADs) to assist small-scale fishers catch tuna, distributing small tuna and bycatch offloaded by industrial fleets at regional ports, and improving access to canned tuna for inland populations, promise to increase access to fish for sustaining the health of the region's growing populations. The actions, research and policies required to implement these interventions effectively, and the investments needed to maintain the stocks underpinning the considerable socio-economic benefits that flow from tuna, are described.

Published
2015

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