77 results on '"Bates, Irena"'
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2. Usability of Discarded Lignocellulosic Fibers in Paper for Secondary Green Packaging and Labeling
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Bates, Irena, primary, Plazonić, Ivana, additional, Radić Seleš, Valentina, additional, Petric Maretić, Katja, additional, and Rudolf, Maja, additional
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- 2023
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3. Rubbing stability of printed innovative paper substrates containing cereal straw pulp
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Bates Irena, Plazonić Ivana, Petric-Maretić Katja, and Rudolf Maja
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alternative fibre sources ,durability ,paper production ,printing techniques ,uv-curable black inks ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
Paper is one of the most important materials for packaging and the demand for this material is constantly increasing. The printing and packaging industries are researching alternative sources of fibre, to produce more environmentally friendly paper without compromising quality. As a packaging material, paper must meet high strength requirements, and it has to exhibit acceptable surface properties to preserve the printing quality. This research had two objectives: to produce paper made from pulp of recycled fibre reinforced with virgin straw fibre and to evaluate the print quality on such papers. Straw pulp used for this purpose was obtained from three cereal crops: wheat, barley, and triticale. The paper produced was printed by using five printing techniques. Rubbing stability was evaluated by the difference in colour and reflectance spectra before and after performing rub tests and a comparison was made for the best interaction of paper and ink determined by the printing technique. For the prints with the highest colour difference after the rub test, the surface of the rub test receptor (uncoated recycled paper) was examined for signs of ink transfer during the test and the areas of transferred ink coverage were calculated on their processed microscopic images.
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- 2023
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4. Utilization of Laboratory Papers with Non-Wood Fibres as Printing Substrates Observed Through the Maximum Ink Penetration Depth
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Cassel, Nicolas, primary, Chalancon, Justine, additional, Pisaroni, Hugo, additional, Plazonić, Ivana, additional, Radić Seleš, Valentina, additional, and Bates, Irena, additional
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- 2023
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5. Effects of Non-Wood Fibres in Printed Paper Substrate on Barrier and Migration Properties
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Kurek, Mia, primary, Plazonić, Ivana, additional, Petric Maretić, Katja, additional, Galić, Kata, additional, Radić Seleš, Valentina, additional, Rudolf, Maja, additional, and Bates, Irena, additional
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- 2022
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6. TiO2- Based Coating for Improving the Quality of Prints on Papers with Supplementary Barley Pulp
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Plazonić, Ivana, primary, Bates, Irena, additional, Seleš, Valentina Radić, additional, Majnarić, Igor, additional, Rudolf, Maja, additional, and Maretić, Katja Petric, additional
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- 2022
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7. Potentials of lignocellulosic agricultural residues in paper production
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Plazonić, Ivana, primary, Rudolf, Maja, additional, Radić Seleš, Valentina, additional, Bates, Irena, additional, and Petric Maretić, Katja, additional
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- 2021
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8. Assessment of the UV inkjet ink penetration into laboratory papers within triticale pulp and its influence on print quality
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Bates, Irena, primary, Plazonić, Ivana, additional, Petric Maretić, Katja, additional, Rudolf, Maja, additional, and Radić Seleš, Valentina, additional
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- 2021
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9. Quantification of the Influence of Ink Penetration and Optical Ink Density on the Print-through of Printed Straw-Based Papers.
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Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Rudolf, Maja, and Bratić, Diana
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TRITICALE ,OPACITY (Optics) ,WHEAT straw ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,AGRICULTURAL wastes ,PHASE coding ,RECYCLED paper ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
In recent years, due to environmental awareness regarding the harmfulness of polymeric materials, there has been a growing interest in using papers, especially those from alternative raw materials. The importance of using all available raw materials is imperative today. Raw materials that were once viewed as waste are now of great importance because they have the ability to replace raw materials that are used irrationally or are lacking. Cereal straw is a lignocellulosic material that could be used in the paper industry and in the production of increasingly prevalent paper packaging. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationships between the qualitative parameters of straw-based printed papers containing 30% agricultural residues (wheat, barley, or triticale). The influence of two qualitative parameters (ink penetration depth and optical ink density) on the print-through was observed using multiple regression analysis on straw-based papers produced at the laboratory level. Throughout the research, 100% recycled wood paper was used as a reference sample. The results of the regression analysis showed that none of the variables individually make a statistically significant contribution to the prediction of the dependent variable in a linear context, that is, they indicate a non-linear interaction between the variables and the specific conditions under which the dependent variable reaches local extremes and changes in the gradient. Considering the results of the regression analysis and the visualization of the relationship, the model was additionally tested with other independent variables (paper type). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the alternative straw-based paper with 30% barley pulp has the best interaction between ink and paper, which is the most similar to the reference sample in terms of printability, while the alternative straw-based paper with 30% wheat generally differs significantly from the reference paper when all three prints are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Examination of the Quality of Barcode Reproduction
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Markotic, Danijela, primary, Pucekovic, Nikolina, additional, and Bates, Irena, additional
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- 2012
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11. Effects of Photo-oxidation on the Properties of Hemp Office Papers
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Plazonic, Ivana, primary, Džimbeg-Malcic, Vesna, additional, Bates, Irena, additional, and Barbaric-Mikocevic, Željka, additional
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- 2020
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12. Determining the quality of paper substrates containing triticale pulp for printing industry
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Bates, Irena, primary, Plazonić, Ivana, additional, Radić Seleš, Valentina, additional, and Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, additional
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- 2020
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13. Ružička days : International conference 19th Ružička Days 'Today Science – Tomorrow Industry' : Proceedings
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Abramović, Tanja, Ambrozić, Korana, Apalović, Uršula, Avdić, Ajla, Avdić, Gordan, Babić, Hrvoje, Balić, Tomislav, Bašić, Anita, Bates, Irena, Benkotić, Snježana, Bezik, Danijela, Biškup, Marija, Blažević, Ivica, Bolf, Nenad, Borović, Teona Teodora, Carek, Andreja, Ćosić, Ivana, Damjanović, Ivan, Delić, Žana, Deže, Denis, Domanovac, Tomislav, Đulović, Azra, Eberhard, Mirta, Ergović Ravančić, Maja, Fuka, Mirna, Galant, Mirjana, Glavaš, Zoran, Grgas, Dijana, Grgurević, Karlo, Grmuša, Luana, Habuda-Stanić, Mirna, Herceg, Ana, Herceg, Srečko, Jajčinović, Magdalena, Jakoplić, Ana, Josić, Karlo, Jukić, Ante, Jurić, Slaven, Kefurt, Lucija, Kinart, Zdzisław, Kolarić, Dario, Korica, Milenko, Košutić, Ivor, Kralj, Marika, Krznarić Došen, Ines, Kučić Grgić, Dajana, Kukovec, Boris-Marko, Kusur, Amela, Kuzmanić, Nenad, Landeka Dragičević, Tibela, Leskovac, Mirela, Mamić, Antonio, Marčetić, Helena, Marić, Martina, Marijanović, Zvonimir, Marković, Kale, Marković, Tanja, Martić, Ines, Maslov Bandić, Luna, Matijević, Bojan, Miličević, Dijana, Miloloža, Martina, Novak Mlinarić, Petra, Obradović, Valentina, Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna, Ozimec, Siniša, Papović, Snežana, Pavlović, Željana, Pehar, Ivan, Penava, Ana, Perković, Irena, Perković, Vanja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Petrovicky Šveiger, Barbara, Plazonić, Ivana, Prlić, Dragan, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Radonić, Ani, Radoš, Ante, Rimac, Nikola, Roje, Vibor, Rudolf, Maja, Ruškan, Ines, Selimović, Amel, Sigurnjak Bureš, Marija, Slokar Benić, Ljerka, Sokol, Vesna, Stojmilović, Ivana, Sučić, Hrvoje, Svilović, Sandra, Šabić Runjavec, Monika, Šarolić, Mladenka, Škrabal, Svjetlana, Špoljarić, Andrea, Štefanac, Dorotea, Štefanac, Tea, Štrkalj, Anita, Šušak, Sara, Šušić, Zdenka, Tanović, Martina, Tkalec-Car, Tamara, Tokić, Mirna, Tomas, Marko, Tomaš, Renato, Toth, Leontina, Trtinjak, Martina, Turić, Nataša, Ujević Andrijić, Željka, Vidović, Elvira, Vitas, Nika, Vlahoviček Kahlina, Kristina, Vraneš, Milan, Vuković Domanovac, Marija, Zajkić, Hana, Žiža, Jasminka, Babić, Jurislav, Kučić Grgić, Dajana, Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna, Hasenay, Sanda, and Lauš, Ivana
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prehrambena tehnologija ,medicinska kemija i farmacija ,biotehnologija ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija. Inženjerstvo ,chemical analysis and synthesis ,kemijska analiza i sinteza ,kemijsko i biokemijsko inženjerstvo ,chemical and biochemical engineering ,zaštita okoliša ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology. Engineering ,food technology ,medical chemistry and pharmacy ,environmental protection ,biotechnology - Abstract
Dear colleagues, we are extremely honoured to present to you the Proceedings of the international conference 19th Ružička Days, which was successfully held on September 21–23, 2022, in Vukovar, Croatia, in the hometown town of our famous Croatian scientist and first Nobel laureate, professor Leopold (Lavoslav) Ružička. The main goals of the Conference were to promote excellence, originality and innovation of interdisciplinary scientific research as well as the practical application of the obtained results through collaboration with industry, emphasizing thus the recognizable slogan of the Ružička Days conference: "Today Science – Tomorrow Industry". In addition, the Conference gave the opportunity for meetings, exchanging the ideas, opinions, experiences and cooperation among participants from different working surroundings. It is also important to point out that since 2008, within the international conference Ružička Days, Meeting of Young Chemists has also been held, where high school students, with the help of their mentors, present papers in the field of chemistry, with the aim to direct students and young people to the technical and natural sciences, especially chemistry. In its seventh issue (2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021) the Proceedings publishes scientific and professional full papers of high quality in the following sections: Chemical analysis and synthesis (10), Chemical and biochemical engineering (3), Food technology and biotechnology (4), Chemistry in agriculture and forestry (1), Environmental protection (9) and 8th Meeting of Young Chemists (3). Full-length papers were subjected to an international review procedure done by eminent experts from the corresponding fields, to whom we express our gratitude, but they were not subjected to linguistic proofreading. On behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committee of the 19th Ružička Days we cordially thank all the authors, reviewers, participants, lecturers, organizers, especially the international organizers EuCheMS and EHEDG, auspices and sponsors, and all the others who, in any way, supported the Conference and contributed to the preparation of the Proceedings, especially to our highly skilled and committed associates, who have put a lot of effort in the preparation of these Proceedings. At the very end, special thanks to our young, future scientists and their mentors who are faithful participants of the Meeting of Young Chemists of the Ružička Days conference. Enjoy the extremely interesting scientific and professional papers contained in these Proceedings, until the next 20th jubilee of Ružička Days in 2024! We are looking forward to meeting you again in Vukovar! Yours sincerely, Chief Editors Jurislav Babić Vesna Ocelić Bulatović Dajana Kučić Grgić
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- 2023
14. Comparison of the mechanical resistance of prints obtained by different printing techniques on papers containing cereal straw pulp
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Rudolf, Maja, Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Petric Maretić, Katja, and Rogošić, Marko
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alternative fibre sources, mechanical resistance, paper, printing - Abstract
Nowadays, the paper industry is facing challenges in providing its main raw material – wood. Deforestation and the lack of reliable sources, as one concern, and transport issues as another, contribute to the rising research into new materials that can be used to partly replace wood as the main source of cellulose fibres needed for paper production. The latest research indicates that cereal straw has great potential as an additional source of cellulose fibres, due to its renewable nature and low cost. Paper substrates with added cereal straw pulp are mainly used for the secondary packaging purposes, and therefore they must show high mechanical resistance. Secondary packaging, almost always, contains printed information about the product that is exposed to various external conditions, and it is important that the print remains unchanged during transport and handling of the packaging. This research focuses on comparison of the mechanical resistance (or rub stability) of prints on papers to which straw pulp of three cereals abundant in Croatia have been added: wheat, barley, and triticale. Prints were made using UV curable inks and four different printing techniques (offset, gravure, flexographic, and digital printing). Mechanical resistance was determined by conducting the rub resistance tests and calculating the Euclidean colour difference based on measured colorimetric values of the prints before and after the tests. A comparison of the results was made to establish the best suited combination of printing technique and paper substrate containing cereal straw pulp that ensures the highest mechanical resistance of the print.
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- 2023
15. Assessment of quality impairment of printed paper packaging from alternative raw materials in contact with soybean oil
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Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, Petric Maretić, Katja, Rudolf, Maja, Džijan, Ivo, Šolić, Sanja, and Tropša, Vlado
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paper packaging, print quality, soybean oil - Abstract
Soybean is an important industrial crop grown for oil and protein production. Soybean oil is the second most widely produced edible oil. Except as edible oil, soybean is widely used in human nutrition as flour, milk, cheese and sauces, while soy lecithin is an inevitable additive in many food products. It should be emphasized that soybean has become indispensable in the production of meat and dairy substitute products as the fastest growing trend in the food industry. In addition to human and animal nutrition, soybean is also important for the pharmaceutical, textile and chemical industries and in the production of biodiesel fuel. Many of the listed soybean products also require appropriate packaging that complies with environmental regulations. Due to the global trend of increasing consumption of soybean products, within the scope of this research, the impact of soybean oil on the print quality of paper packaging from alternative raw materials was monitored. The deterioration of the original quality of the print with black UV ink applied by digital, flexographic, gravure, screen and offset printing techniques was evaluated after 24 hours of contact with soybean oil based on measured spectrophotometric values.
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- 2023
16. Rubbing stability of printed innovative paper substrates with cereal straw pulp
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Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Petric Maretić, Katja, and Rudolf, Maja
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alternative fibre sources, paper production, printing techniques, durability - Abstract
Paper is one of the most important materials for packaging and the demand for it is constantly increasing. The printing and packaging industries are researching alternative sources of fibre, to produce more environmentally friendly paper without compromising quality. As a packaging material, paper must meet high strength requirements, and it must have acceptable surface properties to preserve the printing quality. The production of paper made from pulp of recycled fibre reinforced with virgin straw fibre and the evaluation of the print quality on such papers are two objectives of this research. The straw pulp used for this purpose was obtained from three cereal crops: wheat, barley, and triticale. The paper produced was printed using five printing techniques. The rubbing stability was evaluated by the difference in colour and reflectance spectra before and after performing rub tests and a comparison was made for the best interaction of paper and ink determined by the printing technique. For the prints with the highest colour difference after the rub test, the surface of the rub test receptor (uncoated recycled paper) was examined for signs of ink transfer during the test and the areas of transferred ink coverage were calculated on their processed microscopic images.
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- 2023
17. Usability of straw for secondary packaging printed by offset and gravure printing techniques
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Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Babić, Jurislav, Kučić Grgić, Dajana, and Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna
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gravure printing, offset printing, packaging, ink penetration, straw pulps - Abstract
Packaging is the material with which the product is wrapped or inside which the product is placed. The main function of packaging is to protect the packaged product, identify it and place it on the market, and to ensure the original shape of the packaged goods. The trend today is to reduce the global amount of packaging waste by recycling the same waste or reusing other available waste materials, while maintaining the required quality of the packaging thus produced. Cereal grains which include wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, millet, sorghum, wheat, spelt and others, are staple foods for human and animal consumption. Each year, large quantities of stalks are left in the fields after harvesting, and after drying in the sun is mostly treated as waste. Given the high availability of cereals worldwide, cereal straw could be more usefully utilized as an alternative source of fiber for secondary packaging. Therefore, the printing paper substrates were formed from the straw pulp of three different cereal species (wheat, barley and triticale) and mixed with recycled wood pulp in a 3:7 ratio. Since offset and gravure printing are used globally to print absorbent packaging, in this study we analyzed the black prints made by these two printing techniques. The usability of the printed papers with straw pulp for secondary packaging was observed based on the penetration of the ink into the printing substrate. It was found that the composition of the paper substrate has no effect on the depth of ink penetration into the printing substrate, so that cereal straw can be used as waste material for the production of secondary packaging. In general, prints with gravure inks have lower ink penetration compared to offset inks.
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- 2023
18. Evaluation of printability of paper substrates with agro-residues for graphic products
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Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Petric Maretić, Katja, Rudolf, Maja, and Rogošić, Marko
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agro-residues, digital printing, environmentally friendly paper, flexographic printing, offset printing, printing quality - Abstract
The overall quality of the graphic product depends largely on the origin of the raw materials for pulp and paper, the type of ink, the technology used to print the product, and the printing conditions. Each printing technology is more or less suitable for a particular type of printing substrate, depending on how the ink is transferred to the substrate. Although the Chinese used other raw materials for papermaking almost 2, 000 years ago, wood is now the most important raw material for the production of pulp and paper. As forest areas become smaller and fewer trees are available as raw material for cellulose fibers, the production of paper and graphic products has focused heavily on the use of alternative, non-wood raw materials. Alternative cellulose fibers for papermaking from agro-residues are the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution that aims to reduce the consumption of wood raw materials by replacing them with alternative plant biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the printability of paper substrates for a specific graphic product where wood fibers are partially replaced by alternative fibers from cereal straw. Papers with a straw fiber content of 30% were produced under laboratory conditions and printed using digital and conventional printing techniques. The evaluation of the printability of paper substrates with agro-residues was based on the determination of the quality of ink acceptance on the previously printed ink, which is the basis for multicolor reproductions in the graphic industry.
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- 2023
19. Optical properties of digital inks on straw-containing papers with TiO2-based coating upon ageing
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Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Bates, Irena, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Majnarić, Igor, and Vladić, Gojko
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straw pulp, paper, TiO2-based coating, ageing - Abstract
Compared to papers derived from virgin fibres, recycled papers possess somewhat limited optical, strength and printing properties. Strength properties are usually increased by blending recycled fibres with virgin fibres in pulp for paper production, while optical and printing properties are often improved by coating after the paper is being manufactured. In this study, the usability of virgin fibres derived from straw as the agricultural residue of wheat, barley and triticale crops for paper production was evaluated based on the stability of prints on laboratory-made paper. For that purpose, in laboratory conditions, the papers with the addition of straw pulp in the pulp of recycled fibres were formed and prior to printing they were coated with TiO2-based coating. Process inks, in full-tone, were applied on coated straw-containing papers by digital printing process. Optical properties of digital prints upon accelerated ageing were evaluated based on Euclidean colour difference calculated from spectrophotometric values measured on black and magenta prints before and after 48 h and 96 h of ageing. The obtained results were compared with those provided by printing substrates made only from recycled fibres with and without TiO2-based coating. It was observed that TiO2-based coating has no influence on the stability of black digital prints, while each layer of TiO2-based coating reduces deviations in magenta colour upon ageing.
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- 2022
20. Analiza neravnomjerne pokrivenost boje na ekološki prihvatljivijim tiskovnim podlogama
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Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Mandurić, Iva, and Bolanča Mirković, Ivana
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bakrotisak, ekološki prihvatljivije tiskovne podloge, nedrvna vlakanca, neravnomjerna pokrivenost boje, kvaliteta reprodukcije - Abstract
Svijet je suočen sa smanjenom količinom šumskih površina uslijed djelovanja požara i klimatskih promjena, te ilegalnih i neodrživih sječa šuma i njihovih prenamjena u druge svrhe. Drveće je još uvijek glavni izvor celuloznih vlakanaca, zbog čega je industrija papira kontinuirano usmjerena na traženje novih izvora sirovina. Svijest o održivom razvoju i ekologiji zahtijeva korištenje novih rješenja, kao što su alternativni izvori celuloznih vlakanaca za proizvodnju papira od poljoprivrednih ostataka biljaka koje su brzo obnovljive i jeftine za proizvodnju. Žitarice poput slame pšenice, ječma i pšenoraži dokazale su se sa svojim povoljnim svojstvima prikladnima za dobivanje celuloznih vlakanaca. U ovom radu proizvedene su laboratorijske papirnate podloge iz recikliranih drvnih vlakana s dodatkom alternativnih nedrvnih vlakanaca u masenom udjelu od 30% te je analizirana kvaliteta reprodukcije na istim. Načinjene papirnate podloge otisnute su tehnikom bakrotiska kao tehnikom kojom se omogućuje najkvalitetnija reprodukcija u području tiska ambalaže. Analiza kvalitete reprodukcije provedena je na temelju parametra neravnomjerne pokrivenosti konvencionalnim te UV bojama na dobivenim laboratorijskim tiskovnim podlogama s nedrvnim vlakancima. Vrijednosti neravnomjerne pokrivenosti bojom laboratorijskih tiskovnih podloga određene su analizom slika u programu ImageJ. Utvrđeno je da su sve analizirane tiskovne podloge otisnute visokokvalitetnom tehnikom bakrotiska ostvaruju visoku pokrivenost boje u rasponu od 97% do 98%.
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- 2022
21. COMPARISON OF THE RUB STABILITY OF GRAVURE AND OFFSET UV INKS PRINTED ON SUBSTRATES WITH NON‐WOOD FIBERS
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Bates, Irena, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Plazonić, Ivana, Schauperl, Zdravko, Bušić, Matija, Leder Horina, Jasna, and Tropša, Vlado
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gravure, offset printing, paper, triticale, rub stability - Abstract
The final quality of a graphic product largely depends on the source of raw materials for pulp and paper, the type of printing ink, the technology of printing the product and the conditions under which the printing was performed. Each analog printing technology is suitable for a particular type of printing substrate depending on the transfer of printing ink from the printing plate to the printing substrate. In the last few years, due to the over-exploitation of forests as a natural resource on a global scale, there is a growing tendency to replace wood as a traditional raw material for the production of paper with fibres from non-wood sources. The use of other cellulose sources for paper production is a costeffective and environmentally friendly solution that reduces the consumption of virgin wood pulp. In this paper, the rub stability was analyzed on a printing substrate with non - wood fibers obtained from triticale straw printed with gravure and offset UV inks. By comparing the mechanical stability of prints made by these two analog technologies, direct and indirect, the usability of innovative printing substrates with non-wood fibers was assessed.
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- 2022
22. Chemical and mechanical print stability of substrates containing alternative non-wood fibres
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Radić Seleš, Valentina, Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Rudolf, Maja, and Zjakić, Igor
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Organic Chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,flexographic printing, non-wood fibres, chemical stability, mechanical stability, packaging, renewable resources - Abstract
The aim of this research has been to demonstrate the use and applicability of substrates containing non-wood fibres in the printing industry, with an emphasis on flexographic printing for packaging. To obtain such substrates, laboratory papers were produced with the addition of 30% non-wood fibres (wheat, barley and triticale), in combination with recycled wood pulp. These substrates were tested for chemical and mechanical resistance after flexographic printing with conventional and ultraviolet curing inks. The results showed that all laboratory papers with the addition of 30% non-wood fibres, printed with water-based inks, had fairly good chemical and mechanical resistance, except for the prints treated with sodium hydroxide. Thus, such papers should not be used as packaging materials for alkaline products. UV-curable inks on these substrates showed low chemical resistance, thus should only be used on substrates intended for secondary packaging. The mechanical resistance of UV prints was very good, thus papers containing straw pulp could be used for various applications.
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- 2022
23. Evaluation of the line and edge quality of printed letters on recycled paper with straw pulp
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Rudolf, Maja, Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Petric Maretić, Katja, Mendeš, Marija Magdalena, and Vladić, Gojko
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digital printing, line and edge quality, paper substrate, printed letters, straw pulp - Abstract
Traditional papermaking is based on the use of an aqueous suspension consisting of cellulose fibres obtained by processing wood, non-wood plants or waste paper. With growing environmental concerns regarding deforestation and CO2 production, the paper industry has been always looking for new sources of non-wood pulp that would produce papers of similar quality to those made from wood pulp. Cereal straw from wheat, barley or triticale crops that remains on fields as a residue after grain harvesting has proven to be a good substitute for virgin wood fibres needed in the production of recycled paper. In this study, the quality of printed text on recycled paper with added straw pulp is evaluated mainly based on the line and edge characteristics of the printed letters. For this purpose, three types of laboratory paper substrates were first prepared using recycled wood pulp with the addition of 30% wheat, barley, or triticale straw pulp. The same letter pattern was printed with black ink on each paper substrate at a standard size of 12 pt with two common typefaces: Arial and Times New Roman. The quality of the printed letters was assessed through the measured print quality parameters such as blurriness, raggedness, fill and contrast. The resulting measurements were compared with the results obtained on the reference and control samples made exclusively from recycled wood pulp as a substrate from laboratory and commercial production. In terms of fill and contrast values, the uniformity of lines printed on the recycled papers with added straw pulp is the same or very similar to the reference and control papers. Letters printed in Arial (sans-serif) typeface show slightly better reproduction quality than letters printed in Times New Roman (serif) typeface. The measured parameters blurriness and raggedness of all laboratory-made paper substrates (with and without straw pulp) had similar values between 0.17 mm and 0.20 mm, resulting in a very similar reproduction quality compared to the reference paper substrate.
- Published
- 2022
24. Evaluation of the Rub Resistance of Offset UV Ink Layers on Papers with Wheat Pulp
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Rudolf, Maja, Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Petric Maretić, Katja, and Costeira, Arnaldo
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offset printing, paper, roughness, rub resistance, UV ink, wheat pulp - Abstract
Paper composition, from the aspect of the printing substrate, and especially its surface characteristics, are of immense importance for its printability and the achieved quality of the final graphic product. When we talk about print quality, the stability of printed papers under various influences such as time, chemical agents, transport, pressure, and others are also needed to consider them as quality prints. The ink rub resistance, as one of the most important properties of printed material during the shipping or handling processes, refers to the degree of removal of an ink layer under the action of rubbing. The quality of the printed product is determined not only by the printing substrate and the selected ink (which is defined by the printing technique) but also by their interaction. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose an adequate printing substrate to achieve a quality printing. Increased concern for the environment has led to the idea that wood fibres in the pulp and paper industry must be replaced, as much as possible, with non-wood fibres. Nowadays, more and more studies indicate that fibres of various non-wood raw material can be a good substitute for wood raw fibres in the paper industry. Wheat pulp is a by-product of crop production and it has been selected as an alternative source of fibre because it is available from the annually renewable crops and is produced abundantly in numerous regions all over the world. In laboratory paper production, the collected and purified wheat straw was first cut manually and processed by the soda pulping method. The obtained unbleached semi chemical wheat pulp was added into the pulp of recycled wood fibres in a ratio of 30% to wood fibres, and laboratory papers of approximately 42.5 g/m2 were formed by Rapid-Köthen sheet former (FRANK-PTI) according to standard EN ISO 5269- 2:2004. Laboratory paper made only from pulp of recycled wood fibres was used as a reference sample. For a better insight into the utilisation of wheat pulp in pulp and paper industry, a control sample of commercially produced newsprint paper made from the pulp of recycled wood fibres was used for comparison with laboratory-made samples. In this research, the emphasis was placed on laboratory papers made with the addition of wheat pulp and on stability of the prints after they were printed with cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks by offset printing technique. Offset is an indirect lithographic printing technology and is the main printing technique in various publications. The offset printing process depends on many chemical and physical characteristics of materials and components which are involved in the process. The full tone areas with cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks have been achieved with Suncure Starluxe UV curable ink (manufacturer Sun Chemical) by Prüfbau (Multi-purpose printability tester) which simulates offset printing. After printing and drying, the samples were subjected to a mechanical resistance test (i.e., rub resistance test) on a Hanatek T4 Rub and Abrasion Tester according to the standard BS 3110 with 20, 40 and 60 circular motions at a constant speed of one rotation per second. Evaluation of the rub resistance of the UV ink layer on papers with and without wheat pulp is based on the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric values. Colorimetric values were measured before and after performed rub resistance test. The Euclidean colour difference (ΔE00) was calculated to define the tolerance between changes in coloration, i.e., fading of the colour. As mentioned, the ink rub resistance strongly depends on the surface characteristics of printing substrate. It is important to emphasize that laboratory-made papers have not gone through the final stages of surface treatment as commercially produced papers. One of the most important surface characteristics that directly affects the rub stability is roughness of the paper. Laboratory papers have a far higher surface roughness than commercially produced ones due to the lack of surface treatment. Roughness profiles of the samples' surfaces was measured with a Mahr MarSurf PS 10 profilometer to study the correlation between surface characteristics of papers with wheat pulp and rub resistance after printing them with offset UV inks. As expected, commercial papers showed better rub resistance of all printed cyan, magenta, yellow and black offset inks compared to laboratory papers. Of all analysed offset inks on commercial paper, the black ink layer showed the lowest rub resistance (ΔE00 < 1.5), while the yellow ink layer showed the highest rub resistance (ΔE00 < 0.6). Compared to commercial papers, laboratory-made reference samples after printing with cyan, magenta and yellow ink showed lower rub resistance i.e., greater ΔE00 value, while black ink layer showed approximately the same rub resistance on both papers. Adding 30% wheat pulp into the pulp of recycled wood fibres, resulted with laboratory papers that provide lower rub resistance after printing. Observing all process inks, the cyan ink layer on papers with wheat pulp had the lowest rub stability. However, the calculated ΔE00 values of ink layers of all prints were within the tolerated range, according to the tolerance definition where ΔE00 ≤ 2 is classified as a very small noticeable difference for the standard observer. In this study, it is observed that the highest colour degradation occurs after only 20 rotations of the rubbing test, while further rubbing up to 60 rotations has a negligible impact on the colour degradation of the offset UV ink layers. This research contributes to the necessary knowledge about the possibility of using non-wood sources of cellulose fibres in the paper and graphic industry, given that wood sources are increasingly limited.
- Published
- 2022
25. The Effect of Straw Fibers in Printing Papers on Dot Reproduction Attributes, as Realized by UV Inkjet Technology
- Author
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Plazonic, Ivana, primary, Bates, Irena, additional, and Barbaric-Mikocevic, Zeljka, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Changes in Straw-Containing Laboratory Papers Caused by Accelerated Ageing.
- Author
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Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, and Vukoje, Marina
- Subjects
- *
SURFACE finishing , *CHEMICAL stability , *ULTRAVIOLET radiation , *SURFACE stability - Abstract
Natural ageing has a major influence on the properties of paper, while light, heat, and humidity are the environmental influences that most disrupt the stability of paper. This research focuses on changes in straw-containing papers caused by accelerated ageing. The papers were made in the laboratory by mixing straw pulp with the pulp of recycled fibers in different weight ratios and were artificially aged by a dry-heat treatment (thermal oxidation) and UV radiation treatment (photo-oxidation) over a 24 h period to simulate natural ageing. The observed changes in the optical, surface, and chemical stability of papers were analyzed and are discussed in this paper. It is evident that, regardless of the origin of straw for pulp production, it forms papers that undergoes similar optical properties (photo-yellowing and brightness lose), while certain differences have been observed in surface and chemical stability. Based on all analyses performed as part of this research, it was found that paper produced with the addition of wheat pulp is the most stable of all laboratory straw-containing papers. However, it must be emphasized that, if lignin-containing straw pulp is used as the main constituent of paper, the brightness stability of such pulp must be improved, or the paper surface must be improved by surface finishing in order to obtain greater stability against ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The effects of natural and artificial aging on optical properties of laboratory papers with triticale pulp printed using the UV inkjet technique
- Author
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Petric Maretić, Katja, Rudolf, Maja, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Jungwirth, Stella, and Bates, Irena
- Subjects
artificial aging ,digital printing ,natural aging ,optical deterioration ,triticale pulp ,UV inkjet inks - Abstract
The fundamental raw material in the paper industry is cellulose. Cellulose fibers are traditionally obtained from wood and are used to produce a wide range of paper substrates. The recent significant increase in the consumption of wood resources is causing a global need for alternative non-wood cellulose fibers in paper production. The straw of various cereals is often used as a source of virgin cellulose fibers. Laboratory paper substrates made of recycled paper and triticale straw pulp are used in this research. This study aimed to explore the effects of artificial and natural aging processes on the optical deterioration of digitally printed laboratory substrates with variable triticale pulp content in recycled wood pulp. The goal was to assess the optical stability of UV inkjet cyan, magenta, yellow, and black prints after two aging process treatments. The optical stability was measured by observing the reflectance in the visible spectrum. The durability of UV inkjet prints and their reproduction quality play an important role in ensuring the accuracy of text and images in graphic products. The greatest optical stability after aging for a long period of time was observed for black prints on all test substrates.
- Published
- 2021
28. Utjecaj koronavirusa na fleksografsku industriju
- Author
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Bates, Irena and izv. prof. dr. sc. Miroslav Mikota
- Subjects
koronavirus, grafička industrija, fleksografski tisak, utjecaj - Abstract
Pandemija korona virusa započela je krajem prosinca 2019. godine u kineskom velegradu Wuhan te se vrlo brzo proširila diljem svijeta. U siječnju 2020. godine su potvrđeni prvi slučajevi i u Europi. Pandemija je utjecala na sve dijelove ljudskog života. Neviđeni utjecaj stvorio je globalnu krizu i stvorio svjetski nesklad. Mnoge industrije su pretrpjele velike gubitke, dok druge zarađuju izvanredno dobro. U ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj pandemije na fleksografsku industriju od 2020. do početka 2021. Pandemija koronavirusa promijenila je način svakodnevnog života za sve i stvorila nove trendove u tiskarskoj i ambalažnoj industriji poput povećane potražnje za pakiranom hranom, sigurnog pakiranja i distribucije te enormnog povećanja e-trgovine. U ovom izvješću objašnjeni su trenutni trendovi u fleksografskoj industriji i predložena rješenja koja će pomoći fleksografskoj industriji odgovoriti na ove nove izazove.
- Published
- 2021
29. The impact of inorganic acids on colour stability of digital prints made on substrates with wheat pulp
- Author
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Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Jergović, Mihael, and Žiljak Gršić, Jana
- Subjects
colour stability, digital prints, inorganic acids, wheat pulp ,education ,food and beverages - Abstract
Agriculture residues are one of the most abundantly available resources worldwide as millions of tons are produced globally. Wheat is a particularly cultivated species in Croatia, and after each harvest, huge amounts of straw remain in the fields. Efficient utilization of this residue to produce paper as a printing substrate offers advantages as reducing the use of primary wood fibres and thus reducing deforestation. In this research, printing substrates with wheat straw will be evaluated in terms of chemical stability of digital prints influenced by inorganic acids. For that purpose, printing substrates were formed on the Rapid Köthen device from pulp obtained by blending different proportions of wheat pulp and pulp of recycled fibres. Colour prints (C+M, M+Y, C+Y and C+M+Y) were made in full tone by digital printing technique and prints were treated with two inorganic acids under the conditions defined in the international standard ISO 2836:2004. Based on the measured spectrophotometric values of the untreated and acid-treated prints, changes in colorimetric values of L*a*b* and the Euclidean colour difference (ΔE00*) were calculated, and the colour stability of prints was assessed. Based on the obtained results it could be concluded that wheat pulp in printing substrates ensures equal or even better colour stability of prints than pulp from recycled fibres.
- Published
- 2021
30. The Rub Resistance Assessment Of Offset UV Prints On Substrate Containing Triticale Pulp
- Author
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Bates, Irena, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Plazonić, Ivana, Schauperl, Zdravko, Ćorić, Danko, Šolić, Sanja, and Ivušić, Franjo
- Subjects
Triticale ,Offset printing ,Paper ,Rub resistance ,Usability - Abstract
In terms of volume, wood is the most available natural resource of cellulose fibres on earth. Although almost 2000 years ago the Chinese used other raw materials to make paper (bast, bark, hemp, rags and rice grass), today wood is still the most important raw material for pulp and paper production. As the forest area decreases daily, there are fewer trees as raw materials for cellulose fibres, the production of paper and paper products has significantly focused on the usability of alternative non-wood raw materials. The usage of these alternative cellulose fibres for paper production is the most cost-effective and environmental solution that aims to reduce the consumption of virgin wood pulp in paper production by replacing it with alternative plant biomass. The goal of this work was to assess the quality of offset prints on a substrate where wood fibres have been partially replaced by alternative fibres from triticale straw. For that purpose, laboratory-made printing substrate containing 30% triticale pulp was printed with UV low migration offset inks used for printing labels and non-food packaging. The assessment of the print quality on such substrates was based on the rub resistance according to the standard BS 3110:1959.
- Published
- 2021
31. Modern labeling
- Author
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Combeau, Bastien, Bezulier, Loïc, Bates, Irena, and Žiljak Gršić, Jana
- Subjects
environmental friendly, label, modern, packaging, printing techniques - Abstract
The label printing is done by printing the printing substrate on the opposite side, so that the label can be applied to the packaging. Printed labels are displayed on their packaging, bottles and other retail products to influence on the consumer. Labels promote the product, identify the product, and sometimes protect the product. Through the appearance and shape of the label it is possible to create a positive and negative impression of the product and the manufacturer. In this paper, four modern labeling techniques are presented. Advantages and disadvantages are exposed to provide a overview of each technique. A detailed analyze was also made concerning used substrates and, therefore, some environmental conclusions were necessary to position each technique in the current global context.
- Published
- 2021
32. Comparison of Colorimetric Values of Prints Made with Cyan Ink on Different Polymer Materials
- Author
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Maretić, Katja Petric, primary, Bates, Irena, additional, and Modrić, Damir, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Rub resistance of ink jet prints on laboratory substrates with wheat pulp
- Author
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Rudolf Maja, Plazonić Ivana, Petric Maretić Katja, Bates Irena, Radić Seleš Valentina, and Žiljak Stanimirović, Ivana
- Subjects
Euclidean color difference, wheat pulp, ink jet print, rub resistance - Abstract
Each printing ink is formulated according to a specific printing technique in order to give the print a high degree of rub resistance to maintain equal quality during transport, storage and end use. Rub resistance is a very important parameter, which depends on the printing ink, printing substrate and printing conditions. In this paper, the rub resistance of laboratory substrates with variable content of wheat pulp printed with ink jet printing technique was analyzed. The ink jet printing technique is increasingly used for small print runs due to its variability and easy print preparation. Resistance to rubbing was evaluated according to BS 3110 standard on environmentally friendly laboratory substrates printed with magenta and cyan ink. The print stability was observed based on the color change of the prints shown through the Euclidean color difference. The analysis results showed greater rub resistance of prints on laboratory substrates with a lower share of wheat pulp with respect to all the analyzed samples. All samples printed with magenta ink show a higher degree of rub resistance than the samples printed with cyan ink.
- Published
- 2020
34. Assessment of Durability of Inkjet Prints on Laboratory Paper Substrates with Wheat Pulp Based on Rub Resistance
- Author
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Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, and Çinar, Özer
- Subjects
body regions ,education ,durability, inkjet printing, paper substrate, rub resistance, wheat pulp - Abstract
Paper recycling is becoming increasingly important as the production of packaging and various printed products grows. As alternative to wood fiber that is the most common raw material in paper production this research examines the quality of paper which is made with addition of non-wood fibers derived from wheat straw. For this purpose, laboratory paper substrates were made by blending recycled newspaper pulp and wheat straw pulp in different proportions. In this study we analyse rub resistance of laboratory paper substrates with variable content of wheat pulp printed in full tone with black and yellow inks by digital ink jet printing technique. The main objective of this research is to determine whether this kind of print has necessary durability for carrying stable illustrations. One of the main characteristics of print quality is resistance to rubbing which is very important for packaging during transport, storage and the end use. Rub resistance test was executed according to BS 3110 standard. The print durability was assessed through the Euclidean color difference and the individual CIE L*a*b* differences before and after the rub tests. The analysis showed that the increase of wheat pulp content in paper substrates has affected the increase of color difference. Greater rub resistance was observed on substrates with lower share of wheat pulp. Samples printed with yellow ink showed overall greater durability than samples printed with black ink. In further analysis we observed that for the black prints the difference in lightness (ΔL') of the CIE L*a*b* color space was most affected as the prints became lighter with the number of rubbing cycles. In samples printed with yellow ink most affected was the color difference on yellow-blue axis (Δb') meaning that the yellowness of the prints was degrading with the number of rubbing cycles.
- Published
- 2020
35. Comparison of Optical Stability of Papers Containing Wheat Pulp Printed with Digital and Flexographic Printing Technique after Accelerated Ageing
- Author
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Radić Seleš, Valentina, Bates, Irena, Rudolf, Maja, Plazonić, Ivana, Petric Maretić, Katja, and Çınar, Özer
- Subjects
accelerated ageing, digital, flexographic, optical stability, prints, wheat pulp - Abstract
Flexographic and digital printing are currently the fastest growing branches in the printing industry. The selection of printing substrates for these printing techniques is large, but paper substrates are the most widely used. Paper manufacturing is based mainly on the use of renewable fibers, and the dominant fiber resource for the pulp and paper industry is wood which is accounting for 90% of the world's fiber utilization. As woods consumption for paper production is still high, there are various possibilities to reduce it. One way is by reducing the proportion of wood pulp in paper by adding straw pulp of various cereals such as wheat. Wheat straw has numerous advantages and can be used in pulp form as a source of primary fibers for paper production. As paper as a multi- component material, besides fibers composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin also includes additives, minerals and synthetic polymers. Due to its complex nature it is prone to deterioration when exposed to elevated temperature, humidity and light. Paper ageing is irreversible change and is the best indicator of paper optical permanence. Objective of this study was to determine the optical stability of prints after undergoing aging treatment with elevated temperature and UV light for 48 and 96 hours. Laboratory papers containing wheat pulp were printed by two printing techniques with cyan and yellow inks to compare better optical stability: UV inkjet and flexographic technique. The optical stability of all prints was observed based on the difference in the reflection spectra (ΔR). The results indicated that all laboratory papers printed with cyan ink with flexographic technique show better optical stability than the ones printed with digital technique. Laboratory papers printed with yellow ink by both techniques show good optical stability.
- Published
- 2020
36. Analysis of Natural and Artificial Aging Influence on UV Inkjet Prints on Printing Substrates with Straw Pulp
- Author
-
Bates, Irena, Petric Maretić, Katja, Rudolf, Maja, Plazonić, Ivana, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Jungwirth, Stella, and Çınar, Özer
- Subjects
aging, optical stability, printing substrate, straw pulp, UV inkjet printing ,aging ,optical stability ,printing substrate ,straw pulp ,UV inkjet printing ,education ,food and beverages - Abstract
Paper substrate, as the most common used substrate for printing labels or packaging, is traditionally produced from cellulose fibres derived from wood. The growth of a large number of industries has led to a significant increase in the use of such resource, which consequently led to a global awareness of the possibility of forest exploitation and the importance of reusing waste paper as a source of fibres. Hence, paper fibres can be recycled up to seven times and it is important to enrich paper pulp with virgin fibres during paper production. In such a way, the characteristics of the paper and the quality of the printed elements are improved. In this paper, cereal straw as an alternative resource of virgin fibres was turned into pulp and mixed with recycled wood pulp to conduct printing substrates using laboratory equipment. Since aging is an inevitable process of any printing substrates and prints, and the degradation of print quality due to aging largely depends on the properties of the printing substrate, ink and type of printing. This research was focused on analyzing optical stability of prints made on printing substrates with straw pulp by UV inkjet technique after natural and artificial aging. From a comparison of the aging processes based on the Euclidean difference results, it was observed that natural aging of UV inkjet prints yields less colour changes compared to artificial aging. Greater or equal optical stability after aging was perceived for prints on printing substrates with wheat, barley and triticale pulp compared to prints on substrates made with recycled wood pulp.
- Published
- 2020
37. The Effect of Acids on the Chemical Stability of UV Inkjet Prints on Papers with Straw Pulp
- Author
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Plazonić, Ivana, Petric Maretić, Katja, Bates, Irena, Rudolf, Maja, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Radovčić, Jakov, and Çınar, Özer
- Subjects
stomatognathic system ,acids, chemical stability, paper, straw pulp, UV inkjet printing ,education ,food and beverages ,acids ,chemical stability ,paper ,straw pulp ,UV inkjet printing - Abstract
The bonding potential of pulp fibers is reduced by the paper recycling process. The most common technique for recovering this lost potential of secondary fibers involves upgrading the recycled pulp by blending it with virgin softwood pulps. In this research, we asses print stability on acid agents of UV inkjet prints when using straw pulp as reinforcing fibers in recycled papers. For that purpose, printing substrates were formed on the Rapid Köthen device from pulp obtained by blending different proportions of straw pulp and pulp of recycled fibers. Each printing substrate was printed in full tone with cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks by digital technique of UV inkjet printing. Printed substrates were treated with various inorganic and organic acids under the conditions defined in the international standard ISO 2836:2004. Based on the measured spectrophotometric values of the untreated and acid-treated prints, the Euclidean color difference (ΔE00*) was defined and the stability of prints was assessed. The results of spectrophotometric measurements indicate small to medium color differences of the prints due to the effect of all acids (ΔE00max. * < 2.4) and it can be concluded that straw pulp in printing substrates from recycled fibers contributes to good chemical stability of prints. This research concludes that straw, as an annual renewable resource, can be used in conjunction with waste paper as an alternative to wood, which is currently the dominant raw material for graphic industry and producing paper.
- Published
- 2020
38. New approach to metamerism measurement on halftone color images
- Author
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Zjakic, Igor, primary, Parac-Osterman, Djurdjica, additional, and Bates, Irena, additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Optical stability of laboratory papers with wheat pulp printed by digital technique after artificial ageing
- Author
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Radić Seleš, Valentina, Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, Oktav, Mehmet, Akgül, Ahmet, Oğuz, Mehmet, Özdemir, Lutfi, Özomay, Zafer, and Sesli, Yasemin
- Subjects
genetic structures ,optical stability, artificial ageing, UV ink-jet, wheat pulp - Abstract
Paper as cellulose based substrate is highly susceptible to photolytic damage caused by excessive exposure to light and temperature. Hence the focus of this research was to assess whether the wheat pulp used as a raw material for laboratory paper production can provide same or even better optical stability than papers from recycled wood pulp. For a better insight into the stability of the paper as printing substrate, study was expanded on prints made by digital technique on papers with different content of wheat pulp. Unprinted and printed papers were artificial aged using a xenon lamp with a daylight filter during 48 and 96 hours. Optical stability degradation of unprinted and printed papers was observed through Reflectance spectra (R) and by Euclidean colour difference (ΔE00). The results in this study indicated that addition of wheat pulp provide better optical stability of printed and unprinted laboratory papers.
- Published
- 2019
40. The penetration profiles of inkjet inks into laboratory substrates with barley pulp
- Author
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Bates, Irena, Radić Seleš, Valentina, Plazonić, Ivana, Rudolf, Maja, Petric Maretić, Katja, Ivkić, Irena, and Mikota, Miroslav
- Subjects
penetration profile, barley pulp, laboratory substrate, UV inkjet inks - Abstract
Increased worldwide environmental awareness has led to a substantial increase in the use of recycled papers and new alternative sources of cellulose fibres to manufacture new paper. As recovered wood fibres do not provide the same level of paper quality as the virgin ones, alternative sources of cellulose fibers are continuously sought and researched. In this paper, the penetration profiles of UV inkjet inks within laboratory substrates formed with the addition of barley pulp in different weight proportions into pulp from recycled paper were observed. All the results have been compared to the control sample, respectively laboratory substrate produced only from recycled paper pulp. Penetration profiles were performed by observing and analyzing the microscopic images captured in the region of interest from a cross section of a pre-molded specimen into an epoxy resin. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the proportion of non-wood fibres effects the print quality, and to propose which fiber ratio is the most acceptable for paper production.
- Published
- 2019
41. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the reflectance spectra of prints on hemp papers.
- Author
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Plazonić, Ivana, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, Bates, Irena, and Žilić, Gabriel
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation ,ELECTROMAGNETIC spectrum ,HEMP ,PRINTMAKING ,RADIATION exposure - Abstract
From the moment of production, paper as a printing substrate is exposed to the process of natural ageing regardless of the type of cellulose fibres in its composition. Accordingly, the prints produced by the various printing techniques are also exposed to several factors that impair the quality of the print i.e. its colour over time. Therefore, it is very important to properly select the printing substrate for achieving a high quality of graphic products. For that purpose, three types of papers with hemp fibres were used as printing substrates which were printed with laboratory hand-operated instrument Esiproof using flexographic cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y) and black (K) water-based inks. Prints were artificially aged in SunTEST XLS+ test chamber according to standard ASTM D 6789-02 for 48 and 96 hours. Based on changes in the reflectance spectra of each printed ink after exposure to electromagnetic radiation it was noticed how composition of printing substrate strongly influence on colour stability of prints due time. An increase of exposure time to electromagnetic radiation leads to a decrease in the value of the reflectance of the printing substrate and cyan, magenta and yellow prints. It was confirmed how electromagnetic radiation have the greatest impact on the reflectance of yellow print, while the black one is the most stabile regardless of the substrate it was printed on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Usporedba topografskih karakteristika površine papira temeljem hrapavosti i glatkosti
- Author
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Petric Maretić, Katja, Rudolf, Maja, Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, and Žiljak Gršić, Jana
- Subjects
hrapavost, glatkost, pneumatska metoda, površina papira - Abstract
Topografske karakteristike površine papira bitno utječu na ukupnu kvalitetu otiska. Razvijeno je više metoda za mjerenje i numeričko karakteriziranje svojstava površine papira. Tri su osnovana pristupa mjerenjima glatkosti ili hrapavosti površine papira – optičke metode, profilometrijske metode i pneumatske metode. Premda te tri vrste metoda služe istoj svrsi, međusobno se razlikuju u načinu prikaza svojstava površine papira. Ovo istraživanje bazira se na dvije pneumatske metode, Bendtsen za mjerenje hrapavosti i Bekk za mjerenje glatkosti površine papira. Na temelju toga uspoređuju se dva spomenuta svojstva koja su mjerena na tri vrste ofsetnog papira (premazani, nepremazani i reciklirani papir).
- Published
- 2018
43. Optical features of old books paper
- Author
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Dujmušić, Dorela, Krstić, Dragica, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, Bates, Irena, Krstić, Dragica, and Singer, Đuro
- Subjects
Optical features, reflectance values, old book papers, watermark, paper production grid - Abstract
Three volumes of a book in possession of the National and University library in Zagreb (RIIF-4- 358- sv.1, RIIF-4- 358- sv.2, RIIF-4- 358- sv.3) were preliminary observed by image analysis and by spectrophotometric method. Regarding the optical features of these old books paper, these books were analyzed through watermarks characteristics and reflectance spectra. Obtained reflectance spectra for title page and random page of first volume show the highest values compared to second and third volumes, but these differences are insignificant. From the measurements results of all printed map paper reflectance spectra, we can conclude that printed map paper of third volume has been made from different type of paper. The image analysis results pointed out that watermarks characteristics of third volume are significantly different to the first and second volumes.
- Published
- 2018
44. Chemical degradation of prints made on papers with wheat pulp
- Author
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Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, Lajić, Branka, Pepelnjak, Tomaž, Car, Zlatan, and Kudláček, Jan
- Subjects
wheat pulp ,laboratory paper ,digital printing ,chemical stability ,spectrophotometric values - Abstract
Nowadays, the production of paper and paper products has significantly focused on alternative nonwood raw materials. Croatia, as agricultural country, produces a large quantity of straw as a by-product of the crop farming. Therefore, straw is an interesting alternative raw material for cellulose fibres which could replace wood fibres sources. Today straw is used in animal food industry, biofuel industry, construction industry and as material in artistic expressions because of its numerous advantages. The potential utilization of that kind of crop residues in paper and packaging industry is of great importance considering a global deficiency of wood raw material. In this research, the wheat straw was converted into pulp and mixed with recycled wood fibres in order to produce alternative paper substrates. Laboratory formed papers were printed with black UV ink by digital technique. The quality of these prints was observed through the chemical stability to water, alcohol, acid and alkali. Evaluation of chemical degradation on prints was determined based on the spectrophotometric measurements (L*a*b* values) and Euclidean colour difference (ΔE00). Especially in the packaging industry, it is very important that prints have a good chemical stability to substances which are deposited inside the packaging.
- Published
- 2017
45. The non-uniformity of prints analysed on paper substrate with barley fibres
- Author
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Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, and Žiljak Vujić, Jana
- Subjects
barley fibres, coldest offset printing, inkjet printing, graininess, mottling - Abstract
Non-uniformity of prints by ISO 13660 is defined in small-scale as graininess and large-scale as mottling. With these two parameters unevenness of ink on the printing substrate could be described. Non-uniformity of prints is most important factor regarding visual impression of printed graphic products. Usually is resulted from the surface characteristics of the substrate, the setting of the printing machines and the characteristics of the printing ink. In this study, the focus was put on the adhesion between the paper with variable content of barley fibres and two different type of printing inks (coldset offset ink and UV inkjet ink). Based on conducted analysis it could be concluded that more uniform reproduction of solid tone could be achieved by conventional printing then by digitally printing technique.
- Published
- 2017
46. Optical stability of papers exposed to electromagnetic radiation according to used flotation deinking method
- Author
-
Dujmušić, Dorela, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, and Mikota, Miroslav
- Subjects
accelerated ageing, flotation deinking, recycled paper, reflectance - Abstract
This study observes optical stability of deinked Croatian daily newspaper with novel type of alkali media called Eco-alkali after exposing to electromagnetic radiation. Three deinking methods with Eco-alkali were carried out under different experimental conditions. Gained laboratory papers were submitted to accelerate ageing at 60°C for 24, 48 and 72h provided by Solarbox 1500e. Experimental results were compared to accelerate aged laboratory papers made of pulp deinked with frequently used INGEDE Method 11. The results have shown that the reflectance of samples is almost equalled to reflectance of non aged paper for wavelength higher than 600 nm and that consequential reduction of the reflective spectra for wavelength lower than 600 nm of accelerated aged papers treated with Xenon lamp and indoor filter was caused by blue part of visible light.
- Published
- 2017
47. Influence of straw pulp in printing substrate on stability of digital prints
- Author
-
Bates, Irena, Plazonić, Ivana, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, Banić, Dubravko, Pepelnjak, Tomaž, Car, Zlatan, and Kudláček, Jan
- Subjects
digital printing technique ,paper substrate ,rub stability ,wheat straw ,spectrophotometric values - Abstract
The main raw materials for papermaking are cellulose fibres. As there are fewer and fewer forests nowadays and therefore also fewer trees as raw materials for cellulose fibres, the production of paper and paper products has significantly focused on alternative non-wood raw materials. Since straw is available in large quantities as a by-product of the crop farming, it was selected as a potential paper fibre source. In this paper, the printing substrates were formed using straw pulp of wheat crop specie mixed with recycled wood pulp in different weight ratios. These innovative paper substrates were printed by digital technique (UV ink-jet) and reproduction quality of prints was observed through analysis of mechanical stability. The analysis of reproduction quality was performed on black and magenta full-tone prints. The aim of this work is to evaluate which ratio of wheat pulp in the innovative paper substrate will provide the highest rub stability. The evaluation of colour degradation was performed with spectrophotometer (L*a*b* values) and based on provided measurements the Euclidean colour difference (ΔE00) was determined. The digital printed innovative paper substrate could be used in production of the graphic products (books, magazines and newspapers), where the high degree of rub stability is very important.
- Published
- 2017
48. Strength properties of newsprint from recovered paper in admixture with wheat pulp
- Author
-
Plazonić, Ivana, Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, Bates, Irena, and Pavlović, Živko
- Subjects
food and beverages ,wheat straw ,semichemical pulp ,newsprint ,strength properties - Abstract
For papermakers throughout the world recovered paper that is repulped and made into new paper has become an important complement to virgin fibre. However, it should be noted that the maintenance of the fibre cycle relies on the feed of a certain amount of virgin fibres to ensure the strength and other properties of the paper to be produced. Therefore, along used papers and paperboards less expensive sources of virgin fibres such as non-wood fibres, especially agricultural waste, could be interesting alternative for pulp and paper industry. As newsprints are not high quality papers according to its optical, mechanical and chemical characteristics, in this research the possibility of using wheat semichemical pulp mixed with recycled pulp for making newsprint was studied at laboratory scale. For that purpose the tensile strength, tear resistance, bursting strength and surface strength (wax picking test) of laboratory made papers were determined according to TAPPI standards and compared to each other. Results indicated that addition of 10 to 30% wheat pulp to recycled pulp did not significantly changed the sheet strength of the laboratory newsprint compared with the control sheet (100% repulped recovered paper). Overall, the results showed that wheat straw as cheap, abundant and renewable agricultural residue of annual crops is valuable raw material which can be used as a lignocellulosic fibre for making newsprint in combination with recycled fibres.
- Published
- 2016
49. The rub resistance of printed papers with variable content of wheat pulp
- Author
-
Plazonić, Ivana, Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, Džimbeg-Malčić, Vesna, Bates, Irena, Radojčić Redovniković, Ivana, Gaurina Srček, Višnja, Radošević, Kristina, Jakovljević, Tamara, Stojaković, Renata, and Erdec Hendrih, Dina
- Subjects
Euclidean color distance ,newsprint ,rub resistance ,wheat pulp - Abstract
In European countries newsprint is predominantly made from recovered fibres, while other graphic papers contains considerably lower share of recovered paper. Newsprint is a lower grade paper because it has already been recycled numerous times, while other papers are categorized as higher grade papers. During recycling process fibre length become shorter and the length of the fibre defines the grade of paper. After five to seven cycles of recycling process, the fibres become too short for producing new paper and it is necessary to mixed them with virgin fibres. As the demand for paper products nowadays is still high, different types of conifers and deciduous trees become insufficient raw material for paper production. This lack of raw material is the result of irrational exploitation of the natural resources for different purposes (lumber, heating material, pulpwood). Therefore, the utilization of alternative sources of virgin cellulose fibres as agricultural residues, whose potential is not sufficiently exploited, is of great importance for papermaking industry. The idea is how various field crop species could represent an alternative to using hardwoods in some lower grade papers and graphic products as newsprint ie newspaper. The aim of this research was to explore the reproduction quality of printed laboratory papers made of variable content of wheat pulp. The reproduction quality of prints was observed through rub resistance analysis. The rub resistance tests were made 6 and 24h after printing. Analysed papers were printed with carbon black ink by Prufbau Printability Testing Machine, which simulates coldset offset printing process. The reproduction quality of the prints before and after rub resistance tests were analysed by spectrophotometric values (L*a*b*). Based on provided measurements the Euclidean colour difference, ∆E00*, was calculated. The results have presented how with the increasing the portions of wheat pulp in laboratory papers is achieved a better rub resistant. Wheat pulp provides good rub resistance of newsprint which means that the ink will not come off onto the reader’s hands if wheat pulp will be used in commercial newsprint sector.
- Published
- 2016
50. Characterisation of accelerate aged papers with non-wood barley fibres
- Author
-
Plazonić, Ivana, Bates, Irena, Vukoje, Marina, Barbarić-Mikočević, Željka, and Mikota, Miroslav
- Subjects
accelerated ageing ,paper substrate ,optical stability ,barley fibres ,sense organs - Abstract
Paper as a printing substrate upon ageing varies in the physical, chemical and optical properties. Paper composition strongly influence on its permanence during aging. The aim of this study is to determine the optical changes in the paper substrates by artificial ageing. The research was carried out with laboratory paper substrates made by mixing isolated barley fibres with the recycled wood fibres in a weight ratio 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70. Cellulose fibres in form of the pulp were isolated from barley straw in a process known as chemical pulping. Laboratory paper substrates made only from recycled wood fibres was used as a control paper. All paper substrates were artificially aged using standard techniques of accelerated ageing: dry-heat and treatment with a xenon arc lamp. The changes in the optical stability of paper substrates were analysed after accelerated ageing and presented in form of relative reflectance spectra differences, brightness differences and Euclidean differences.
- Published
- 2015
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