Search

We report the discovery of a super-Earth candidate orbiting the nearby mid M dwarf Gl\,725A using the radial velocity (RV) method. The planetary signal has been independently identified using high-precision RVs from the SOPHIE and SPIRou spectrographs, in the optical and near-infrared domains, respectively. We modelled the stellar activity signal jointly with the planet using two Gaussian Processes, one for each instrument to account for the chromaticity of the stellar activity and instrumental systematics, along with a Keplerian model. The signal is significantly detected with a RV semi-amplitude of $1.67\pm0.20$ m/s. The planet Gl 725A b is found to be in an orbit compatible with circular with a period of $11.2201\pm0.0051$ days. We analysed 27 sectors of TESS photometry on which no transit event was found. We determined a minimum mass of $M_{p}\sin{i}=2.78\pm0.35\,M_{\oplus}$ which places the planet in the super-Earth regime. Using Mass-Radius relationships we predict a planetary radius to be between 1.2 and $2.0\,R_{\oplus}$. The proximity of Gl 725A, of only 3.5 pc, makes this new exoplanet one of the closest to Earth and joins the group of S-type low-mass planets in short orbits ($P<15$ d) around close M dwarfs., Comment: 26 pages, 17 figures. Accepted in A&A

Pebbles drifting past a disk-embedded low-mass planet develop asymmetries in their distribution and exert a substantial gravitational torque on the planet, thus modifying its migration rate. Our aim is to assess how the distribution of pebbles and the resulting torque change in the presence of pebble accretion, focusing on its 2D regime. First, we performed 2D high-resolution multi-fluid simulations with Fargo3D but found that they are impractical for resolving pebble accretion due to the smoothing of the planetary gravitational potential. To remove the smoothing and directly trace pebbles accreted by the planet, we developed a new code, Deneb, which evolves an ensemble of pebbles, represented by Lagrangian superparticles, in a steady-state gaseous background. For small and moderate Stokes numbers, St $\lesssim 0.1$, pebble accretion creates two underdense regions with a front-rear asymmetry with respect to the planet. The underdensity trailing the planet is more extended. The resulting excess of pebble mass in front of the planet then makes the pebble torque positive and capable of outperforming the negative gas torque. Pebble accretion thus enables outward migration (previously thought to occur mainly for St $\gtrsim 0.1$) in a larger portion of the parameter space. It occurs for the planet mass $M_{pl}\lesssim3\,M_{\oplus}$ and for all the Stokes numbers considered in our study, St $\in$ [$10^{-2}, 0.785$], assuming a pebble-to-gas mass ratio of $Z = 0.01$. If some of the observed planets underwent outward pebble-driven migration during their accretion, the formation sites of their progenitor embryos could have differed greatly from the usual predictions of planet formation models. To enable an update of the respective models, we provide a scaling law for the pebble torque that can be readily incorporated in N-body simulations., Comment: Published in A&A

We report the discovery of two new exoplanet systems around fully convective stars, found from the radial-velocity (RV) variations of their host stars measured with the nIR spectropolarimeter CFHT/SPIRou over multiple years. GJ 3378 b is a planet with minimum mass of $5.26^{+0.94}_{-0.97}$ Mearth in an eccentric 24.73-day orbit around an M4V star of 0.26 Msun. GJ 1289 b has a minimum mass of $6.27\pm1.25$ Mearth in a 111.74-day orbit, in a circular orbit around an M4.5V star of mass 0.21 Msun. Both stars are in the solar neighbourhood, at respectively 7.73 and 8.86 pc. The low-amplitude RV signals are detected after line-by-line post-processing treatment. These potential sub-Neptune class planets around cool stars may have temperate atmospheres and be interesting nearby systems for further studies. We also recovered the large-scale magnetic field of both stars, found to be mostly axisymmetric and dipolar, and with a polar strength of 20-30 G and 200-240 G for GJ 3378 (in 2019-21) and GJ 1289 (in 2022-23), respectively. The rotation periods measured with the magnetic field differ from the orbital periods, and in general, stellar activity is not seen in the studied nIR RV time series of both stars. GJ 3378 b detection is not confirmed by optical RVs and is therefore considered a candidate at this point., Comment: accepted in A&A

PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases.

In this paper we report near-infrared observations of the classical T Tauri star TW Hya with the SPIRou high-resolution spectropolarimeter and velocimeter at the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. By applying Least-Squares Deconvolution (LSD) to our circularly polarized spectra, we derived longitudinal fields that vary from year to year from -200 to +100 G, and exhibit low-level modulation on the 3.6 d rotation period of TW Hya, despite the star being viewed almost pole-on. We then used Zeeman-Doppler Imaging to invert our sets of unpolarized and circularly-polarized LSD profiles into brightness and magnetic maps of TW Hya in all 4 seasons, and obtain that the large-scale field of this T Tauri star mainly consists of a 1.0-1.2 kG dipole tilted at about 20{\deg} to the rotation axis, whereas the small-scale field reaches strengths of up to 3-4 kG. We find that the large-scale field is strong enough to allow TW Hya to accrete material from the disc on the polar regions at the stellar surface in a more or less geometrically stable accretion pattern, but not to succeed in spinning down the star. We also report the discovery of a radial velocity signal of semi-amplitude $11.1^{+3.3}_{-2.6}$ m/s (detected at 4.3$\sigma$ at a period of 8.3 d in the spectrum of TW Hya, whose origin may be attributed to either a non-axisymmetric density structure in the inner accretion disc, or to a $0.55^{+0.17}_{-0.13}$ Jupiter mass candidate close-in planet (if orbiting in the disc plane), at an orbital distance of $0.075\pm0.001$ au., Comment: MNRAS, in press (23 pages, 16 figures, 6 tables)

The VASARI MRI feature set is a quantitative system designed to standardise glioma imaging descriptions. Though effective, deriving VASARI is time-consuming and seldom used in clinical practice. This is a problem that machine learning could plausibly automate. Using glioma data from 1172 patients, we developed VASARI-auto, an automated labelling software applied to both open-source lesion masks and our openly available tumour segmentation model. In parallel, two consultant neuroradiologists independently quantified VASARI features in a subsample of 100 glioblastoma cases. We quantified: 1) agreement across neuroradiologists and VASARI-auto; 2) calibration of performance equity; 3) an economic workforce analysis; and 4) fidelity in predicting patient survival. Tumour segmentation was compatible with the current state of the art and equally performant regardless of age or sex. A modest inter-rater variability between in-house neuroradiologists was comparable to between neuroradiologists and VASARI-auto, with far higher agreement between VASARI-auto methods. The time taken for neuroradiologists to derive VASARI was substantially higher than VASARI-auto (mean time per case 317 vs. 3 seconds). A UK hospital workforce analysis forecast that three years of VASARI featurisation would demand 29,777 consultant neuroradiologist workforce hours ({\pounds}1,574,935), reducible to 332 hours of computing time (and {\pounds}146 of power) with VASARI-auto. The best-performing survival model utilised VASARI-auto features as opposed to those derived by neuroradiologists. VASARI-auto is a highly efficient automated labelling system with equitable performance across patient age or sex, a favourable economic profile if used as a decision support tool, and with non-inferior fidelity in downstream patient survival prediction. Future work should iterate upon and integrate such tools to enhance patient care., Comment: 36 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

We report new observations of the classical T~Tauri star CI~Tau with the SPIRou near-infrared spectropolarimeter and velocimeter at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) in late 2019, 2020 and 2022, complemented with observations obtained with the ESPaDOnS optical spectropolarimeter at CFHT in late 2020. From our SPIRou and ESPaDOnS spectra, to which we applied Least-Squares Deconvolution, we infer longitudinal fields clearly modulated with the 9-d rotation period of CI~Tau. Using Zeeman-Doppler imaging, we reconstruct the large-scale magnetic topology, first from SPIRou data only in all three seasons, then from our 2020 SPIRou and ESPaDOnS data simultaneously. We find that CI~Tau hosts a mainly axisymmetric poloidal field, with a 1~kG dipole slightly tilted to the rotation axis and dark spots close to the pole that coincide with the footpoints of accretion funnels linking the star to the inner disc. Our results also suggest that CI~Tau accretes mass from the disc in a stable fashion. We further find that radial velocities (RV) derived from atomic and CO lines in SPIRou spectra are both rotationally modulated, but with a much lower amplitude than that expected from the putative candidate planet CI~Tau~b. We confirm the presence of a RV signal at a period of 23.86~d reported in a separate analysis, but detect it clearly in CO lines only and not in atomic lines, suggesting that it likely traces a non-axisymmetric structure in the inner disc of CI~Tau rather than a massive close-in planet., Comment: MNRAS, in press (22 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables)

Most low-mass stars form in stellar clusters that also contain massive stars, which are sources of far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation. Theoretical models predict that this FUV radiation produces photo-dissociation regions (PDRs) on the surfaces of protoplanetary disks around low-mass stars, impacting planet formation within the disks. We report JWST and Atacama Large Millimetere Array observations of a FUV-irradiated protoplanetary disk in the Orion Nebula. Emission lines are detected from the PDR; modelling their kinematics and excitation allows us to constrain the physical conditions within the gas. We quantify the mass-loss rate induced by the FUV irradiation, finding it is sufficient to remove gas from the disk in less than a million years. This is rapid enough to affect giant planet formation in the disk.

Observational constraints on dust properties in protoplanetary disks are key to better understanding disks' evolution. We continue our exploration of the protoplanetary disk around AB Aur by characterizing its dust properties. We present ALMA observations at 2.2 mm and VLA observations at 6.8 mm. Together with previous ALMA and NOEMA observations at 0.87 and 1.1 mm, these observations are used to compute global spectral index profiles as well as spectral index maps. On the interpretation side, we present the results of a simple isothermal slab model to help constrain dust properties along the ring of continuum emission. We also present results of dust radiative transfer calculations based on a disc-planet hydrodynamical simulation to explain how the azimuthal contrast ratio of the ring emission varies with millimeter wavelength. The spectral energy distribution and the radial profiles of the spectral index indicate that the radiation from the compact source towards the center is not dominated by dust thermal emission, but most likely by free-free emission originating in the radio jet: it constitutes 93% of the emission at 6.8 mm, and 37% at 0.87 mm. The protoplanetary disk has a typical spectral index of 2.3. We estimate a dust disk mass of 8$\rm \times 10^{-5}$ M$\rm _{\odot}$ which, assuming a mean gas-to-dust ratio of 40, gives a total disk mass of 3.2$\rm \times 10^{-3}$ M$\rm _{\odot}$. The azimuthal contrast ratio of the ring outside the millimeter cavity is smaller at 2.2 mm than at 1.1 mm, in agreement with previous findings. The VLA image shows several knots of $5\sigma$ emission all along the ring, which are consistent with the ring emission being nearly axisymmetric at that wavelength. The decrease in the azimuthal contrast ratio of the ring emission from 0.87 to 6.8 mm can be explained by a dust-losing decaying vortex at the outer edge of a planet gap., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures

Extreme adaptive optics instruments have revealed exquisite details on debris discs, allowing to extract the optical properties of the dust particles such as the phase function, the degree of polarisation and the spectral reflectance. These are three powerful diagnostic tools to understand the physical properties of the dust : the size, shape and composition of the dust particles. This can inform us on the population of parent bodies, also called planetesimals, which generate those particles through collisions. It is however very rare to be able to combine all those three observables for the same system, as this requires different high-contrast imaging techniques to suppress the starlight and reveal the faint scattered light emission from the dust. Due to its brightness, the ring detected around the A-type star HR 4796 is a notable exception, with both unpolarised and polarised images covering near-infrared wavelengths. Here, we show how measurements of dust particles in the laboratory can reproduce the observed near-infrared photo-polarimetric properties of the HR 4796 disc. Experimental characterisation of dust allows to bypass the current limitations of dust models to reproduce simultaneously the phase function, the degree of polarisation and the spectral reflectance., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Polarisation is a powerful remote-sensing tool to study the nature of particles scattering the starlight. It is widely used to characterise interplanetary dust particles in the Solar System and increasingly employed to investigate extrasolar dust in debris discs' systems. We aim to measure the scattering properties of the dust from the debris ring around HD 181327 at near-infrared wavelengths. We obtained high-contrast polarimetric images of HD 181327 in the H band with the SPHERE / IRDIS instrument on the Very Large Telescope (ESO). We complemented them with archival data from HST / NICMOS in the F110W filter reprocessed in the context of the Archival Legacy Investigations of Circumstellar Environments (ALICE) project. We developed a combined forward-modelling framework to simultaneously retrieve the scattering phase function in polarisation and intensity. We detected the debris disc around HD 181327 in polarised light and total intensity. We measured the scattering phase function and the degree of linear polarisation of the dust at 1.6 micron in the birth ring. The maximum polarisation is 23.6% +/- 2.6% and occurs between a scattering angle of 70 deg and 82 deg. We show that compact spherical particles made of a highly refractive and relatively absorbing material in a differential power-law size distribution of exponent $-3.5$ can simultaneously reproduce the polarimetric and total intensity scattering properties of the dust. This type of material cannot be obtained with a mixture of silicates, amorphous carbon, water ice, and porosity, and requires a more refracting component such as iron-bearing minerals. We reveal a striking analogy between the near-infrared polarisation of comets and that of HD 181327. The methodology developed here combining VLT/SPHERE and HST/NICMOS may be applicable in the future to combine the polarimetric capabilities of SPHERE with the sensitivity of JWST., Comment: 21 pages, 22 figures, accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The Juno spacecraft has acquired exceptionally precise data on Jupiter's gravity field, offering invaluable insights into Jupiter's tidal response, interior structure, and dynamics, establishing crucial constraints. We develop a new model for calculating Jupiter's tidal response based on its latest interior model, while also examining the significance of different dissipation processes for the evolution of its system. We study the dissipation of dynamical tides in Jupiter by thermal, viscous and molecular diffusivities acting on gravito-inertial waves in stably stratified zones and inertial waves in convection ones. We solve the linearised equations for the equilibrium tide. Next, we compute the dynamical tides using linear hydrodynamical simulations based on a spectral method. The Coriolis force is fully taken into account, but the centrifugal effect is neglected. We study the dynamical tides occurring in Jupiter using internal structure models that respect Juno's constraints. We study specifically the dominant quadrupolar tidal components and our focus is on the frequency range that corresponds to the tidal frequencies associated with Jupiter's Galilean satellites. By incorporating the different dissipation mechanisms, we calculate the total dissipation and determine the imaginary part of the tidal Love number. We find a significant frequency dependence in dissipation spectra, indicating a strong relationship between dissipation and forcing frequency. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that, in the chosen parameter regime in which kinematic viscosity, thermal and molecular diffusivities are equal, the dominant mechanism contributing to dissipation is viscosity, exceeding in magnitude both thermal and chemical dissipation. We find that the presence of stably stratified zones plays an important role in explaining the high dissipation observed in Jupiter., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

We report results of a spectropolarimetric monitoring of the young Sun-like star V1298~Tau based on data collected with the near-infrared spectropolarimeter SPIRou at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope between late 2019 and early 2023. Using Zeeman-Doppler Imaging and the Time-dependent Imaging of Magnetic Stars methods on circularly polarized spectra, we reconstructed the large-scale magnetic topology of the star (and its temporal evolution), found to be mainly poloidal and axisymmetric with an average strength varying from 90 to 170 G over the ~3.5 years of monitoring. The magnetic field features a dipole whose strength evolves from 85 to 245 G, and whose inclination with respect to the stellar rotation axis remains stable until 2023 where we observe a sudden change, suggesting that the field may undergo a polarity reversal, potentially similar to those periodically experienced by the Sun. Our data suggest that the differential rotation shearing the surface of V1298 Tau is about 1.5 times stronger than that of the Sun. When coupling our data with previous photometric results from K2 and TESS and assuming circular orbits for all four planets, we report a $3.9\sigma$ detection of the radial velocity signature of the outermost planet (e), associated with a most probable mass, density and orbital period of $M_e=0.95^{+0.33}_{-0.24} \ \rm M_{\rm jup}$, $\rho_e=1.66^{+0.61}_{-0.48}$ $\rm g\,cm^{-3}$ and $P_e=53.0039\pm0.0001 \ \rm d$, respectively. For the 3 inner planets, we only derive 99\% confidence upper limits on their mass of $0.44\ \rm M_{\rm jup}$, $0.22\ \rm M_{\rm jup}$ and $0.25\ \rm M_{\rm jup}$, for b, c and d, respectively., Comment: 45 pages, 28 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Gas giant planets are differentially rotating magnetic objects that have strong and complex interactions with their environment. In our Solar system, they interact with their numerous moons while exoplanets with very short orbital periods (hot Jupiters), interact with their host star. The dissipation of waves excited by tidal forces in their interiors shapes the orbital architecture and the rotational dynamics of these systems. Recently, astrometric observations of Jupiter and Saturn systems have challenged our understanding of their formation and evolution, with stronger tidal dissipation in these planets than previously predicted, in contrast to what appears to be weaker in gas giant exoplanets. These new constraints are motivating the development of realistic models of tidal dissipation inside these planets. At the same time, the Juno and Cassini space missions have revolutionised our knowledge of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn, whose structure is a combination of stably stratified zones and convective regions. In this work, we present results of hydrodynamical calculations modelling tidal waves and their dissipation in Jupiter, taking for the first time the latest, state-of-the-art interior model of the planet. We performed 2D numerical simulations of linear tidal gravito-inertial waves that propagate and dissipate within Jupiter interior by taking into account viscous, thermal and chemical diffusions. This new model allows us to explore the properties of the dissipation and the associated tidal torque as a function of all the key hydrodynamical and structural parameters., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. Proceeding of the Annual meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics (SF2A 2023)

In a companion paper, we introduced a publicly-available pipeline to characterise exoplanet atmospheres through high-resolution spectroscopy. In this paper, we use this pipeline to study the biases and degeneracies that arise in atmospheric characterisation of exoplanets in near-infrared ground-based transmission spectroscopy. We inject synthetic planetary transits into sequences of SPIRou spectra of the well known M dwarf star Gl 15 A, and study the effects of different assumptions on the retrieval. We focus on (i) mass and radius uncertainties, (ii) non isothermal vertical profiles and (iii) identification and retrieval of multiple species. We show that the uncertainties on mass and radius should be accounted for in retrievals and that depth-dependent temperature information can be derived from high-resolution transmission spectroscopy data. Finally, we discuss the impact of selecting wavelength orders in the retrieval and the issues that arise when trying to identify a single species in a multi-species atmospheric model. This analysis allows us to understand better the results obtained through transmission spectroscopy and their limitations in preparation to the analysis of actual SPIRou data., Comment: Accepted in MNRAS

Atmospheric characterisation of exoplanets from the ground is an actively growing field of research. In this context we have created the ATMOSPHERIX consortium: a research project aimed at characterizing exoplanets atmospheres using ground-based high resolution spectroscopy. This paper presents the publicly-available data analysis pipeline and demonstrates the robustness of the recovered planetary parameters from synthetic data. Simulating planetary transits using synthetic transmission spectra of a hot Jupiter that were injected into real SPIRou observations of the non-transiting system Gl 15 A, we show that our pipeline is successful at recovering the planetary signal and input atmospheric parameters. We also introduce a deep learning algorithm to optimise data reduction which proves to be a reliable, alternative tool to the commonly used principal component analysis. We estimate the level of uncertainties and possible biases when retrieving parameters such as temperature and composition and hence the level of confidence in the case of retrieval from real data. Finally, we apply our pipeline onto two real transits of HD~189733 b observed with SPIRou and obtain similar results than in the literature. In summary, we have developed a publicly available and robust pipeline for the forthcoming studies of the targets to be observed in the framework of the ATMOSPHERIX consortium, which can easily be adapted to other high resolution instruments than SPIRou (e.g. VLT-CRIRES, MAROON-X, ELT-ANDES), Comment: Accepted in MNRAS

ALMA has spatially resolved over 200 annular structures in protoplanetary discs, many of which are suggestive of the presence of planets. Constraining the mass of these putative planets is quite degenerate for it depends on the disc physical properties, and for simplicity a steady-state is often assumed whereby the planet position is kept fixed and there is a constant source of dust at the outer edge of the disc. Here we argue against this approach by demonstrating how the planet and dust dynamics can lift degeneracies of such steady-state models. We take main disc parameters from the well-known protoplanetary disc HD 163296 with a suspected planet at $R\approx 86$~au as an example. By running gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations post-processed with dust radiative transfer calculations, we first find steady-state disc and planet parameters that reproduce ALMA continuum observations fairly well. For the same disc mass, but now allowing the planet to migrate in the simulation, we find that the planet undergoes runaway migration and reaches the inner disc in $\sim 0.2$ Myr. Further, decreasing the disc mass slows down planet migration, but it then also increases the dust's radial drift, thereby depleting the disc dust faster. We find that the opposing constraints of planet migration and dust drift require the disc mass to be at most $0.025~M_{\odot}$, must less massive than previously estimated, and for the dust to be porous rather than compact. We propose that similar analysis should be extended to other sources with suspected planetary companions., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, accepted by MNRAS. Welcome any comments and suggestions!

[abridged] We analyzed mid-infrared high-contrast coronagraphic images of the beta Pictoris system, taking advantage of the NEAR experiment using the VLT/VISIR instrument. The goal of our analysis is to investigate both the detection of the planet beta Pictoris b and of the disk features at mid-IR wavelengths. In addition, by combining several epochs of observation, we expect to constrain the position of the known clumps and improve our knowledge on the dynamics of the disk. To evaluate the planet b flux contribution, we extracted the photometry and compared it to the flux published in the literature. In addition, we used previous data from T-ReCS and VISIR, to study the evolution of the position of the southwest clump that was initially observed in the planetary disk back in 2003. While we did not detect the planet b, we were able to put constraints on the presence of circumplanetary material, ruling out the equivalent of a Saturn-like planetary ring around the planet. The disk presents several noticeable structures, including the known southwest clump. Using a 16-year baseline, sampled with five epochs of observations, we were able to examine the evolution of the clump: the clump orbits in a Keplerian motion with an sma of 56.1+-0.4 au. In addition to the known clump, the images clearly show the presence of a second clump on the northeast side of the disk and fainter and closer structures that are yet to be confirmed. We found correlations between the CO clumps detected with ALMA and the mid-IR images. If the circumplanetary material were located at the Roche radius, the maximum amount of dust determined from the flux upper limit around beta Pictoris b would correspond to the mass of an asteroid of 5 km in diameter. Finally, the Keplerian motion of the southwestern clump is possibly indicative of a yet-to-be-detected planet or signals the presence of a vortex., Comment: Accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics

The sulfur abundance is poorly known in most environments. Yet, deriving the sulfur abundance is key to understanding the evolution of the chemistry from molecular clouds to planetary atmospheres. We present observations of H$_2$S 110-101 at 168.763 GHz toward the Herbig Ae star AB Aur. We aim to study the abundance of sulfuretted species toward AB Aur and to constrain how different species and phases contribute to the sulfur budget. We present new NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) interferometric observations of the continuum and H$_2$S 110-101 line at 168.763 GHz toward AB Aur. We derived radial and azimuthal profiles and used them to compare the geometrical distribution of different species in the disk. Assuming local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE), we derived column density and abundance maps for H$_2$S, and we further used Nautilus to produce a more detailed model of the chemical abundances at different heights over the mid-plane at a distance of r=200 au. We have resolved H$_2$S emission in the AB Aur protoplanetary disk. The emission comes from a ring extending from 0.67 (109 au) to 1.69 (275 au). Under simple assumptions, we derived an abundance of (3.1$\pm$0.8)$\times$10$\rm ^{-10}$ with respect to H nuclei, which we compare with Nautilus models to deepen our understanding of the sulfur chemistry in protoplanetary disks. Chemical models indicate that H$-2$S is an important sulfur carrier in the solid and gas phase. We also find an important transition at a height of 12 au, where the sulfur budget moves from being dominated by ice species to being dominated by gas species. Studying sulfuretted species in detail in the different phases of the interstellar medium is key to solving the issue., Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables

We investigate the pebble isolation mass for a planet on a fixed eccentric orbit in its protoplanetary disc by conducting a set of 2D hydrodynamical simulations including dust turbulent diffusion. A range of planet eccentricities up to $e=0.2$ is adopted. Our simulations also cover a range of $\alpha-$turbulent viscosities, and for each pair $\{\alpha,e\}$ the pebble isolation mass is estimated as the minimum planet mass in our simulations such that solids with a Stokes number $\gtrsim 0.05$ do not flow across the planet orbit and remain trapped around a pressure bump outside the planet gap. For $\alpha<10^{-3}$, we find that eccentric planets reach a well-defined pebble isolation mass, which can be smaller than for planets on circular orbits when the eccentricity remains smaller than the disc's aspect ratio. We provide a fitting formula for how the pebble isolation mass depends on planet eccentricity. However, for $\alpha > 10^{-3}$, eccentric planets cannot fully stall the pebbles flow, and thus do not reach a well-defined pebble isolation mass. Our results suggest that the maximum mass reached by rocky cores should exhibit a dichotomy depending on the disc turbulent viscosity. While being limited to ${\cal O}(10\,M_\oplus)$ in low-viscosity discs, this maximum mass could reach much larger values in discs with a high turbulent viscosity in the planet vicinity. Our results further highlight that pebble filtering by growing planets might not be as effective as previously thought, especially in high-viscosity discs, with important implications to protoplanetary discs observations., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The tidal perturbation of embedded protoplanets on their natal disks has been widely attributed to be the cause of gap-ring structures in sub-mm images of protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars. Numerical simulations of this process have been used to propose scalings of characteristic dust gap width/gap-ring distance with respect to planet mass. Applying such scalings to analyze observed gap samples yields a continuous mass distribution for a rich population of hypothetical planets in the range of several Earth to Jupiter masses. In contrast, the conventional core-accretion scenario of planet formation predicts a bi-modal mass function due to 1) the onset of runaway gas accretion above \sim20 Earth masses and 2) suppression of accretion induced by gap opening. Here we examine the dust disk response to the tidal perturbation of eccentric planets as a possible resolution of this paradox. Based on simulated gas and dust distributions, we show the gap-ring separation of Neptune-mass planets with small eccentricities might become comparable to that induced by Saturn-mass planets on circular orbits. This degeneracy may obliterate the discrepancy between the theoretical bi-modal mass distribution and the observed continuous gap width distribution. Despite damping due to planet-disk interaction, modest eccentricity may be sustained either in the outer regions of relatively thick disks or through resonant excitation among multiple super Earths. Moreover, the ring-like dust distribution induced by planets with small eccentricities is axisymmetric even in low viscosity environments, consistent with the paucity of vortices in ALMA images., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, ApJ in press

Planet-disc interactions build up local pressure maxima that may halt the radial drift of protoplanetary dust, and pile it up in rings and crescents. ALMA observations of the HD135344B disc revealed two rings in the thermal continuum stemming from ~mm-sized dust. At higher frequencies the inner ring is brighter relative to the outer ring, which is also shaped as a crescent rather than a full ring. In near-IR scattered light images, the disc is modulated by a 2-armed grand-design spiral originating inside the ALMA inner ring. Such structures may be induced by a massive companion evacuating the central cavity, and by a giant planet in the gap separating both rings, that channels the accretion of small dust and gas through its filamentary wakes while stopping the larger dust from crossing the gap. Here we present ALMA observations in the J=(2-1)CO isotopologue lines and in the adjacent continuum, with up to 12km baselines. Angular resolutions of 0.03" reveal the tentative detection of a filament connecting both rings, and which coincides with a local discontinuity in the pitch angle of the IR spiral, proposed previously as the location of the protoplanet driving this spiral. Line diagnostics suggest that turbulence, or superposed velocity components, is particularly strong in the spirals. The 12CO(2-1) 3-D rotation curve points at stellocentric accretion at radii within the inner dust ring, with a radial velocity of up to ~6%+-0.5% Keplerian, which corresponds to an excessively large accretion rate of ~2E-6M_sun/yr if all of the CO layer follows the 12CO(2-1) kinematics. This suggests that only the surface layers of the disc are undergoing accretion, and that the line broadening is due to superposed laminar flows., Comment: accepted to MNRAS

Predicting how a young planet shapes the gas and dust emission of its parent disc is key to constraining the presence of unseen planets in protoplanetary disc observations. We investigate the case of a 2 Jupiter mass planet that becomes eccentric after migrating into a low-density gas cavity in its parent disc. Two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations are performed and post-processed by three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations. In our disc model, the planet eccentricity reaches ~0.25, which induces strong asymmetries in the gas density inside the cavity. These asymmetries are enhanced by photodissociation and form large-scale asymmetries in 12CO J=3-2 integrated intensity maps. They are shown to be detectable for an angular resolution and a noise level similar to those achieved in ALMA observations. Furthermore, the planet eccentricity renders the gas inside the cavity eccentric, which manifests as a narrowing, stretching and twisting of iso-velocity contours in velocity maps of 12CO J=3-2. The planet eccentricity does not, however, give rise to detectable signatures in 13CO and C18O J=3-2 inside the cavity because of low column densities. Outside the cavity, the gas maintains near-circular orbits, and the vertically extended optically thick CO emission displays a four-lobed pattern in integrated intensity maps for disc inclinations > 30 degrees. The lack of large and small dust inside the cavity in our model further implies that synthetic images of the continuum emission in the sub-millimetre, and of polarized scattered light in the near-infrared, do not show significant differences when the planet is eccentric or still circular inside the cavity., Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Among exoplanets, the small-size population constitutes the dominant one, with a diversity of properties and compositions ranging from rocky to gas dominated envelope. While a large fraction of them have masses and radii similar to or smaller than Neptune, yet none share common properties in term of orbital period and insulation with our ice giants. These exoplanets belong to multi-planet systems where planets are closely packed within the first tenth of AU and often exposed to strong irradiation from their host star. Their formation process, subsequent evolution, and fate are still debated and trigger new developments of planet formation models. This paper reviews the characteristics and properties of this extended sample of planets with radii between $\sim$ 1.6 and 4.0$_\oplus$. Even though we still lack real Neptune/Uranus analogues, these exoplanets provide us with key observational constraints that allow the formation of our ice giants to be placed in a more general framework than the sole example of our solar system., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures

Quantifying tidal interactions in close-in two-body systems is of prime interest since they have a crucial impact on the architecture and on the rotational history of the bodies. Various studies have shown that the dissipation of tides in either body is very sensitive to its structure and to its dynamics, like differential rotation which exists in the outer convective enveloppe of solar-like stars and giant gaseous planets. In particular, tidal waves may strongly interact with zonal flows at the so-called corotation resonances, where the wave's Doppler-shifted frequency cancels out. We aim to provide a deep physical understanding of the dynamics of tidal inertial waves at corotation resonances, in the presence of differential rotation profiles typical of low-mass stars and giant planets. By developping an inclined shearing box, we investigate the propagation and the transmission of free inertial waves at corotation, and more generally at critical levels, which are singularities in the governing wave differential equation. Through the construction of an invariant called the wave action flux, we identify different regimes of wave transmission at critical levels, which are confirmed with a one-dimensional three-layer numerical model. We find that inertial waves can be either fully transmitted, strongly damped, or even amplified after crossing a critical level. The occurrence of these regimes depends on the assumed profile of differential rotation, on the nature as well as the latitude of the critical level, and on wave parameters such as the inertial frequency and the longitudinal and vertical wavenumbers. Waves can thus either deposit their action flux to the fluid when damped at critical levels, or they can extract action flux to the fluid when amplified at critical levels. Both situations could lead to significant angular momentum exchange between the tidally interacting bodies., Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The distribution of eccentricities of warm giant exoplanets is commonly explained through planet--planet interactions, although no physically sound argument favours the ubiquity of such interactions. No simple, generic explanation has been put forward to explain the high mean eccentricity of these planets. In this paper, we revisit a simple, plausible explanation to account for the eccentricities of warm Jupiters: migration inside a cavity in the protoplanetary disc. Such a scenario allows to excite the outer eccentric resonances, a working mechanism for higher mass planets, leading to a growth in the eccentricity while preventing other, closer resonances to damp eccentricity. We test this idea with diverse numerical simulations, which show that the eccentricity of a Jupiter-mass planet around a Sun-like star can increase up to 0.4, a value never reached before with solely planet--disc interactions. This high eccentricity is comparable to, if not larger than, the median eccentricity of warm Saturn- to Jupiter-mass exoplanets. We also discuss the effects such a mechanism would have on exoplanet observations. This scenario could have strong consequences on the discs lifetime and the physics of inner disc dispersal, which could be constrained by the eccentricity distribution of gas giants.

AB Aur is a Herbig Ae star that hosts a prototypical transition disk. The disk shows a plethora of features connected with planet formation mechanisms. Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of these features is crucial to advancing our knowledge of planet formation. We aim to characterize the gaseous disk around the Herbig Ae star AB Aur. A complete spectroscopic study was performed using NOEMA to determine the physical and chemical conditions. We present new observations of the continuum and 12CO, 13CO, C18O, H2CO, and SO lines. We used the integrated intensity maps and stacked spectra to derive estimates of the disk temperature. By combining our 13CO and C18O observations, we computed the gas-to-dust ratio along the disk. We also derived column density maps for the different species and used them to compute abundance maps. The results of our observations were compared with Nautilus astrochemical models. We detected continuum emission in a ring that extends from 0.6 to 2.0 arcsec, peaking at 0.97 and with a strong azimuthal asymmetry. The molecules observed show different spatial distributions, and the peaks of the distributions are not correlated with the binding energy. Using H2CO and SO lines, we derived a mean disk temperature of 39 K. We derived a gas-to-dust ratio that ranges from 10 to 40. The comparison with Nautilus models favors a disk with a low gas-to-dust ratio (40) and prominent sulfur depletion. From a very complete spectroscopic study of the prototypical disk around AB Aur, we derived, for the first time, the gas temperature and the gas-to-dust ratio along the disk, providing information that is essential to constraining hydrodynamical simulations.Moreover, we explored the gas chemistry and, in particular, the sulfur depletion. The derived sulfur depletion is dependent on the assumed C/O ratio. Our data are better explained with C/O ~ 0.7 and S/H=8e-8., Comment: 13 figures, 6 tables

Tiny meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere and inducing meteor showers have long been thought to originate partly from cometary dust. Together with other dust particles, they form a huge cloud around the Sun, the zodiacal cloud. From our previous studies of the zodiacal light, as well as other independent methods (dynamical studies, infrared observations, data related to Earth's environment), it is now established that a significant fraction of dust particles entering the Earth's atmosphere comes from Jupiter-family comets (JFCs). This paper relies on our understanding of key properties of the zodiacal cloud and of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, extensively studied by the Rosetta mission to a JFC. The interpretation, through numerical and experimental simulations of zodiacal light local polarimetric phase curves, has recently allowed us to establish that interplanetary dust is rich in absorbing organics and consists of fluffy particles. The ground-truth provided by Rosetta presently establishes that the cometary dust particles are rich in organic compounds and consist of quite fluffy and irregular aggregates. Our aims are as follows: (1) to make links, back in time, between peculiar micrometeorites, tiny meteoroids, interplanetary dust particles, cometary dust particles, and the early evolution of the Solar System, and (2) to show how detailed studies of such meteoroids and of cometary dust particles can improve the interpretation of observations of dust in protoplanetary and debris disks. Future modeling of dust in such disks should favor irregular porous particles instead of more conventional compact spherical particles., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Planetary and Space Science

A key challenge for protoplanetary disks and planet formation models is to be able to make a reliable connection between observed structures in the disks emission, like bright and dark rings or asymmetries, and the supposed existence of planets triggering these structures. The observation of N dark rings of emission is often interpreted as evidence for the presence of N planets which clear dust gaps around their orbit and form dust-trapping pressure maxima in the disk. The vast majority of the models that studied the impact of planets on the dynamics of dust and gas in a protoplanetary disk assumed planets on fixed orbits. Here we go a different route and examine how the large-scale inward migration of a single planet structures the dust content of a massive disk. In many circumstances, the migration of a partial gap-opening planet with a mass comparable to Saturn is found to run away intermittently. By means of 2D gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations, we show that intermittent runaway migration can form multiple dust rings and gaps across the disk. Each time migration slows down, a pressure maximum forms beyond the planet gap that traps the large dust. Post-processing of our simulations results with 3D dust radiative transfer calculations confirms that intermittent runaway migration can lead to the formation of multiple sets of bright and dark rings of continuum emission in the (sub)millimeter beyond the planet location., Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Context: Planets in accretion disks can excite spiral shocks, and---if massive enough---open gaps in their vicinity. Both of these effects can influence the overall disk thermal structure. Aims: We model planets of different masses and semimajor axes in disks of various viscosities and accretion rates to examine their impact on disk thermodynamics and highlight the mutable, non-axisymmetric nature of icelines in systems with massive planets. Methods: We conduct a parameter study using numerical hydrodynamics simulations where we treat viscous heating, thermal cooling and stellar irradiation as additional source terms in the energy equation, with some runs including radiative diffusion. Our parameter space consists of a grid containing different combinations of planet and disk parameters. Results: Both gap opening and shock heating can displace the iceline, with the effects being amplified for massive planets in optically thick disks. The gap region can split an initially hot (T>170 K) disk into a hot inner disk and a hot ring just outside of the planet's location, while shock heating can reshape the originally axisymmetric iceline into water-poor islands along spirals. We also find that radiative diffusion does not alter the picture significantly in this context. Conclusions: Shock heating and gap opening by a planet can effectively heat up optically thick disks and in general move and/or reshape the water iceline. This can affect the gap structure and migration torques. It can also produce azimuthal features that follow the trajectory of spiral arms, creating hot zones, "islands" of vapor and ice around spirals which could affect the accretion or growth of icy aggregates., Comment: Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A). 15 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables