186 results on '"Baltzopoulos, Vasilios"'
Search Results
2. Assessing posture while playing in musicians – A systematic review
- Author
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Rousseau, Céleste, Taha, Louna, Barton, Gabor, Garden, Peter, and Baltzopoulos, Vasilios
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- 2023
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3. Development of an injury prevention model for playing-related musculoskeletal disorders in orchestra musicians based on predisposing risk factors
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Rousseau, Céleste, Barton, Gabor, Garden, Peter, and Baltzopoulos, Vasilios
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- 2021
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4. Mobile phone use impairs stair gait: A pilot study on young adults
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Di Giulio, Irene, McFadyen, Bradford J., Blanchet, Sophie, Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
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- 2020
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5. Stair-Fall Risk Parameters in a Controlled Gait Laboratory Environment and Real (Domestic) Houses: A Prospective Study in Faller and Non-Faller Groups.
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Ram, Malarvizhi, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Shaw, Andy, Maganaris, Costantinos N., Cullen, Jeff, and O'Brien, Thomas
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GAIT in humans , *YOUNG adults , *SHOE stores , *MEDICAL laboratories , *LONGITUDINAL method , *OLDER people , *HEALTH of older people , *STAIRS - Abstract
Background: Falling on stairs is a major health hazard for older people. Risk factors for stair falls have been identified, but these are mostly examined in controlled biomechanics/gait laboratory environments, on experimental stairs with a given set of step dimensions. It remains unknown whether the conclusions drawn from these controlled environments would apply to the negotiation of other domestic staircases with different dimensions in real houses where people live. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to investigate whether selected biomechanical stepping behavior determined through stair gait parameters such as foot clearance, foot contact length and cadence are maintained when the staircase dimensions are different in real houses. Methods: Twenty-five older adults (>65 years) walked on a custom-made seven-step laboratory staircase. Older adults were classified into two groups (fallers and non-fallers) based on recent fall history. Among the 25 participants, 13 people had at least one fall, trip, or slip in the last six months and they were assigned to the fallers group; 12 people did not experience any fall in the last six months, so they were assigned to the non-fallers group. In addition, these participants walked on the stairs in three different real exemplar houses wearing a novel instrumented shoe sensor system that could measure the above stair gait parameters. MATLAB was used to extract fall risk parameters from the collected data. One-way ANOVA was used to compare fall risk parameters on the different staircases. In addition, the laboratory-based fall risk parameters were compared to those derived from the real house stairs. Results: There was a significant difference in selected stair-fall biomechanical risk factors among the house and laboratory staircases. The fall risk group comparisons suggest that high-risk fallers implemented a biomechanically riskier strategy that could increase overall falling risk. Conclusions: The significant differences due to the main effects of the fallers and non-fallers groups were obtained. For example, when ascending, the fallers group had less foot clearance on the entry (p = 0.016) and middle steps (p = 0.003); in addition, they had more foot clearance variability on the entry steps (p = 0.003). This suggests that the fallers group in this present study did not adopt more conservative stepping strategies during stair ascent compared to low-risk older adults. By showing less foot clearance and more variability in foot clearance, the risk for a trip would be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. A Novel Smart Shoe Instrumented with Sensors for Quantifying Foot Placement and Clearance during Stair Negotiation.
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Ram, Malarvizhi, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Shaw, Andy, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Cullen, Jeff, O'Brien, Thomas, and Kot, Patryk
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FOOT , *STAIRS , *MOTION analysis , *MOTION detectors , *OLDER people , *DETECTORS - Abstract
Trips and slips are significant causal perturbations leading to falls on stairs, especially in older people. The risk of a trip caused by a toe or heel catch on the step edge increases when clearance is small and variable between steps. The risk of a slip increases if the proportion of the foot area in contact with the step is reduced and variable between steps. To assess fall risk, these measurements are typically taken in a gait lab using motion-capture optoelectronic systems. The aim of this work was to develop a novel smart shoe equipped with sensors to measure foot placement and foot clearance on stairs in real homes. To validate the smart shoe as a tool for estimating stair fall risk, twenty-five older adults' sensor-based measurements were compared against foot placement and clearance measurements taken in an experimental staircase in the lab using correlations and Bland–Altman agreement techniques. The results showed that there was a good agreement and a strong positive linear correlation for foot placement (r = 0.878, p < 0.000) and foot clearance (r = 0.967, p < 0.000) between sensor and motion analysis, offering promise for advancing the current prototype into a measurement tool for fall risk in real-life staircases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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7. Predictors of Walking Efficiency in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Lower-Body Joint Angles, Moments, and Power
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Noorkoiv, Marika, Lavelle, Grace, Theis, Nicola, Korff, Thomas, Kilbride, Cherry, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Shortland, Adam, Levin, Wendy, and Ryan, Jennifer M.
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Walking -- Analysis ,Cerebral palsy -- Analysis ,Cerebral palsied children ,Cerebral palsied persons ,Muscle weakness ,Exercise ,Kinematics ,Regression analysis ,Health - Abstract
Background. People with cerebral palsy (CP) experience increased muscle stiffness, muscle weakness, and reduced joint range of motion. This can lead to an abnormal pattern of gait, which can increase the energy cost of walking and contribute to reduced participation in physical activity. Objective. The aim of the study was to examine associations between lower-body joint angles, moments, power, and walking efficiency in adolescents with CP. Design. This was a cross-sectional study. Methods. Sixty-four adolescents aged 10 to 19 years with CP were recruited. Walking efficiency was measured as the net nondimensional oxygen cost (NNcost) during 6 minutes of overground walking at self-selected speed. Lower-body kinematics and kinetics during walking were collected with 3-dimensional motion analysis, synchronized with a treadmill with integrated force plates. The associations between the kinematics, kinetics, and NNcost were examined with multivariable linear regression. Results. After adjusting for age, sex, and Gross Motor Function Classification System level, maximum knee extension angle ([beta] = -0.006), hip angle at midstance ([beta] = -0.007), and maximum hip extension ([beta] = -0.008) were associated with NNcost. Age was a significant modifier of the association between the NNcost and a number of kinematic variables. Limitations. This study examined kinetic and kinematic variables in the sagittal plane only. A high interindividual variation in gait pattern could have influenced the results. Conclusions. Reduced knee and hip joint extension are associated with gait inefficiency in adolescents with CP. Age is a significant factor influencing associations between ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics and gait efficiency. Therapeutic interventions should investigate ways to increase knee and hip joint extension in adolescents with CP., Cerebral palsy (CP) arises due to damage to the developing brain. (1) Children with CP experience muscle weakness and decreased joint range of motion (ROM), which can alter gait patterns [...]
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- 2019
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8. Accuracy and Precision of a Novel Photogate System to Measure Toe Clearance on Stairs
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Skervin, Timmion K., Thomas, Neil M., Schofield, Andrew J., Hollands, Mark A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., O’Brien, Thomas D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Foster, Richard J., Skervin, Timmion K., Thomas, Neil M., Schofield, Andrew J., Hollands, Mark A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., O’Brien, Thomas D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Foster, Richard J.
- Abstract
Background: Toe clearance on stairs is typically measured using optoelectronic systems, though these are often constrained to the laboratory, due to their complex setups. Here we measured stair toe clearance through a novel prototype photogate setup and compared this to optoelectronic measurements. Methods: Twelve participants (age 22 ± 3 years) completed 25 stair ascent trials, each on a seven-step staircase. Toe clearance over the fifth step edge was measured using Vicon and the photogates. Twenty-two photogates were created in rows through laser diodes and phototransistors. The height of the lowest photogate broken at step-edge crossing was used to determine photogate toe clearance. A limits of agreement analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient compared the accuracy, precision and relationship between systems. Results: We found a mean difference of −1.5 mm (accuracy) between the two measurement systems, with upper and lower limits (precision) of 10.7 mm and −13.8 mm, respectively. A strong positive correlation was also found (r = 70, n = 12, p = 0.009) between the systems. Discussion: The results suggest that photogates could be an option for measuring real-world stair toe clearances, where optoelectronic systems are not routinely used. Improvements to the design and measurement factors may help to improve the precision of the photogates.
- Published
- 2023
9. Biomechanical analysis of isokinetic knee extension
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Baltzopoulos, Vasilios
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- 1991
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10. An investigation of movement dynamics and muscle activity during traditional and accentuated-eccentric squatting.
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Armstrong, Richard, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Langan-Evans, Carl, Clark, Dave, Jarvis, Jonathan, Stewart, Claire, and O'Brien, Thomas
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ECCENTRIC loads , *KNEE , *ANKLE , *KNEE joint , *ANKLE joint , *BICEPS femoris , *VASTUS lateralis - Abstract
Introduction: Accentuated-eccentric loading (AEL) takes advantage of the high force producing potential of eccentric muscle contractions, potentially maximising mechanical tension within the muscle. However, evidence is lacking on how AEL squatting may load the involved musculature, limiting scientifically justified programming recommendations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of concentric and eccentric loads on joint loading and muscle activity of the lower limbs. Methods: Resistance trained males performed traditional squatting (20–100% of concentric one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and AEL squatting with eccentric loads (110–150% of 1RM) provided by a novel motorised isotonic resistance machine (Kineo). Kinetics and kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle joints were collected, with electromyography from the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius medialis. A secondary cohort underwent a kinematic and electromyography analysis of squatting technique to compare Kineo and back and front barbell squatting. Results: Knee joint peak eccentric moments occurred at 120% 1RM (P = 0.045), with no further increase thereafter. As eccentric load increased, the time course of moment development occurred earlier in the eccentric phase. This resulted in a 37% increase in eccentric knee extensor work from the 80% 1RM trial to the 120% 1RM trial (P<0.001). Neither hip nor ankle joints displayed further change in kinetics as eccentric load increased above 100% 1RM. Electromyographic activity during traditional squatting was ~15–30% lower in all eccentric trials than in concentric trials for all muscles. EMG plateaued between a load of 80–100% 1RM during the eccentric trials and did not increase with AEL. No significant differences in kinematics were found between Kineo and barbell squatting. Conclusions: The knee extensors appear to be preferentially loaded during AEL squatting. The greater work performed during the eccentric phase of the squat as eccentric load increased suggests greater total mechanical tension could be the cause of adaptations from AEL. Our data suggest that AEL should be programmed with a load of 120% of 1RM. Further studies are needed to confirm the longer-term training effects of AEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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11. Identification of strata for a trial of a targeted multimodal physiotherapy intervention in patellofemoral pain patients
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Sutton, Chris, Dey, Paola, Janssen, Jessie, Callaghan, Michael, Richards, Jim, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Witvrouw, Erik, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, Masters, Rich, Polman, Remco, Turner, David, and Selfe, James
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- 2015
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12. Influence of dynamic stretching on ankle joint stiffness, vertical stiffness and running economy during treadmill running.
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Pamboris, George M., Noorkoiv, Marika, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Powell, Douglas W., Howes, Tom, and Mohagheghi, Amir A.
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JOINT stiffness ,ANKLE joint ,TREADMILLS ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SKELETAL muscle ,ATHLETES - Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether and how dynamic stretching of the plantarflexors may influence running economy. A crossover design with aminimumof 48 h between experimental (dynamic stretching) and control conditions was used. Twelve recreational runners performed a stepwise incremental protocol to the limit of tolerance on amotorised instrumented treadmill. The initial speed was 2.3m/s, followed by increments of 0.2m/s every 3min. Dynamic joint stiffness, vertical stiffness and running kinematics during the initial stage of the protocol were calculated. Running economy was evaluated using online gas-analysis. For each participant, the minimum number of stages completed before peak O
2 uptake (VO2peak ) common to the two testing conditions was used to calculate the gradient of a linear regression line between VO2 (y-axis) and speed (x-axis). The number of stages, which ranged between 4 and 8, was used to construct individual subject regression equations. Non-clinical forms of magnitude-based decision method were used to assess outcomes. The dynamic stretching protocol resulted in a possible decrease in dynamic ankle joint stiffness (-10.7%; 90% confidence limits ±16.1%), a possible decrease in vertical stiffness (-2.3%, ±4.3%), a possibly beneficial effect on running economy (-4.0%, ±8.3%), and very likely decrease in gastrocnemius medialis muscle activation (-27.1%, ±39.2%). The results indicate that dynamic stretching improves running economy, possibly via decreases in dynamic joint and vertical stiffness and muscle activation. Together, these results imply that dynamic stretching should be recommended as part of the warm-up for running training in recreational athletes examined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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13. Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser
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Masani, Kei, Skervin, Timmion K., Thomas, Neil M., Schofield, Andrew J., Hollands, Mark A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., O’Brien, Thomas D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Foster, Richard J., Masani, Kei, Skervin, Timmion K., Thomas, Neil M., Schofield, Andrew J., Hollands, Mark A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., O’Brien, Thomas D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Foster, Richard J.
- Abstract
Introduction: Stair falls can be caused by inconsistent stair dimensions. During ascent, inconsistently taller stair risers lead to reduced foot clearances as the inconsistency goes unnoticed. A stair horizontal-vertical illusion increases perceived riser heights and foot clearance and could offset reduced foot clearances over inconsistently taller risers, though this might impact other stair safety measures. Method: Twelve participants (age: 22 (3) years) ascended a seven-step staircase under three conditions: i) all steps consistent in riser height (consistent), ii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height (inconsistent) and iii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height, superimposed with a stair horizontal-vertical illusion (illusion). Vertical foot clearance, foot overhang, and margins of stability were assessed over step 4, 5 and 6. Perceived riser height due to the illusion was determined through a computer perception test. A One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA compared biomechanical variables between conditions. A One Sample t test compared perceived riser height to the true height. Results: Over the inconsistent step 5, foot clearance reduced by 0.8cm compared to consistent. Illusion increased foot clearance by 1.1cm and decreased foot overhang by 4% compared to inconsistent. On step 4 the illusion led to more anterior instability compared to inconsistent. Illusion and inconsistent led to more mediolateral stability compared to consistent. The illusion increased perceived riser height by 12%. Discussion: Foot clearance reductions over inconsistently taller risers can be offset by a stair horizontal-vertical illusion. Additional benefits included a safer foot overhang and unaffected stability over the inconsistent riser. Changes to step 4 stability might have resulted from leaning forward to look at the step 5 illusion. The stair horizontal-vertical illusion could be a practical solution for inconsistently taller stair risers, where a rebuild is usually the only soluti
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- 2021
14. Stair Gait in Older Adults Worsens With Smaller Step Treads and When Transitioning Between Level and Stair Walking.
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Di Giulio, Irene, Reeves, Neil D, Roys, Mike, Buckley, John G, Jones, David A, Gavin, James P, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Maganaris, Constantinos N, Di Giulio, Irene, Reeves, Neil D, Roys, Mike, Buckley, John G, Jones, David A, Gavin, James P, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Maganaris, Constantinos N
- Abstract
Older people have an increased risk of falling during locomotion, with falls on stairs being particularly common and dangerous. Step going (i.e., the horizontal distance between two consecutive step edges) defines the base of support available for foot placement on stairs, as with smaller going, the user's ability to balance on the steps may become problematic. Here we quantified how stair negotiation in older participants changes between four goings (175, 225, 275, and 325 mm) and compared stair negotiation with and without a walking approach. Twenty-one younger (29 ± 6 years) and 20 older (74 ± 4 years) participants negotiated a 7-step experimental stair. Motion capture and step-embedded force platform data were collected. Handrail use was also monitored. From the motion capture data, body velocity, trunk orientation, foot clearance and foot overhang were quantified. For all participants, as stair going decreased, gait velocity (ascent pA = 0.033, descent pD = 0.003) and horizontal step clearance decreased (pA = 0.001), while trunk rotation (pD = 0.002) and foot overhang increased (pA,D < 0.001). Compared to the younger group, older participants used the handrail more, were slower across all conditions (pA < 0.001, pD = 0.001) and their foot clearance tended to be smaller. With a walking approach, the older group (Group x Start interaction) showed a larger trunk rotation (pA = 0.011, pD = 0.015), and smaller lead foot horizontal (pA = 0.046) and vertical clearances (pD = 0.039) compared to the younger group. A regression analysis to determine the predictors of foot clearance and amount of overhang showed that physical activity was a common predictor for both age groups. In addition, for the older group, medications and fear of falling were found to predict stair performance for most goings, while sway during single-legged standing was the
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- 2020
15. Muscle–tendon structure and dimensions in adults and children
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OʼBrien, Thomas D., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
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- 2010
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16. In vivo measurements of muscle specific tension in adults and children
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OʼBrien, Thomas D., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
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- 2010
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17. Moment arms of the knee extensor mechanism in children and adults
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OʼBrien, Thomas D., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
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- 2009
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18. Strong relationships exist between muscle volume, joint power and whole-body external mechanical power in adults and children
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OʼBrien, Thomas D., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
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- 2009
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19. The proprioceptive and agonist roles of gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles in maintaining human upright posture
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Di Giulio, Irene, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Loram, Ian D.
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- 2009
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20. Muscle architecture and passive lengthening properties of the gastrocnemius medialis and Achilles tendon in children who idiopathically toe‐walk.
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Harkness‐Armstrong, Carla, Maganaris, Constantinos, Walton, Roger, Wright, David M., Bass, Alfie, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and O'Brien, Thomas D.
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TOES ,SKELETAL muscle ,JOINT stiffness ,ACHILLES tendon ,TENDONS ,RANGE of motion of joints ,ULTRASONIC imaging - Abstract
Children who idiopathically toe‐walk (ITW) habitually operate at greater plantarflexion angles and thus, at shorter muscle‐tendon unit (MTU) lengths than typically developing (TD) children. Therefore, it is often assumed that habitual use of the gastrocnemius muscle in this way will cause remodelling of the muscle‐tendon architecture compared to TD children. However, the gastrocnemius muscle architecture of children who ITW has never been measured. It is essential that we gain a better understanding of these muscle‐tendon properties, to ensure that appropriate clinical interventions can be provided for these children. Five children who ITW (age 8 ± 2 years) and 14 TD children (age 10 ± 2 years) participated in this study. Ultrasound was combined with isokinetic dynamometry and surface electromyography, to measure muscle architecture at common positions and passive lengthening properties of the gastrocnemius muscle and tendon across full range of motion. Regardless of which common condition groups were compared under, both the absolute and normalised to MTU muscle belly and fascicle lengths were always longer, and the Achilles tendon length was always shorter in children who ITW than TD children (p < 0.05; large effect sizes). The passive lengthening properties of the muscle and tendon were not different between groups (p > 0.05); however, passive joint stiffness was greater in children who ITW at maximum dorsiflexion (p = 0.001) and at a joint moment common to all participants (p = 0.029). Consequently, the findings of this pilot study indicate a remodelling of the relative MTU that does not support the concept that children who ITW commonly experience muscle shortening. Therefore, greater consideration of the muscle and tendon properties are required when prescribing clinical interventions that aim to lengthen the MTU, and treatments may be better targeted at the Achilles tendon in children who ITW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
- Author
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Skervin, Timmion K., Thomas, Neil M., Schofield, Andrew J., Hollands, Mark A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., O'Brien, Thomas D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Foster, Richard J.
- Subjects
OPTICAL illusions ,STAIRS ,PERCEPTION testing ,STAIR climbing ,SAFETY ,STAIRCASES - Abstract
Introduction: Stair falls can be caused by inconsistent stair dimensions. During ascent, inconsistently taller stair risers lead to reduced foot clearances as the inconsistency goes unnoticed. A stair horizontal-vertical illusion increases perceived riser heights and foot clearance and could offset reduced foot clearances over inconsistently taller risers, though this might impact other stair safety measures. Method: Twelve participants (age: 22 (3) years) ascended a seven-step staircase under three conditions: i) all steps consistent in riser height (consistent), ii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height (inconsistent) and iii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height, superimposed with a stair horizontal-vertical illusion (illusion). Vertical foot clearance, foot overhang, and margins of stability were assessed over step 4, 5 and 6. Perceived riser height due to the illusion was determined through a computer perception test. A One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA compared biomechanical variables between conditions. A One Sample t test compared perceived riser height to the true height. Results: Over the inconsistent step 5, foot clearance reduced by 0.8cm compared to consistent. Illusion increased foot clearance by 1.1cm and decreased foot overhang by 4% compared to inconsistent. On step 4 the illusion led to more anterior instability compared to inconsistent. Illusion and inconsistent led to more mediolateral stability compared to consistent. The illusion increased perceived riser height by 12%. Discussion: Foot clearance reductions over inconsistently taller risers can be offset by a stair horizontal-vertical illusion. Additional benefits included a safer foot overhang and unaffected stability over the inconsistent riser. Changes to step 4 stability might have resulted from leaning forward to look at the step 5 illusion. The stair horizontal-vertical illusion could be a practical solution for inconsistently taller stair risers, where a rebuild is usually the only solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. In vivo operating lengths of the gastrocnemius muscle during gait in children who idiopathically toe‐walk.
- Author
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Harkness‐Armstrong, Carla, Maganaris, Constantinos, Walton, Roger, Wright, David M., Bass, Alfie, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and O'Brien, Thomas D.
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SKELETAL muscle ,MUSCLE contraction ,ULTRASONIC imaging ,ANKLE - Abstract
New Findings: What is the central question of this study?What are the in vivo operating lengths of the gastrocnemius muscle in children who idiopathically toe‐walk?What is the main finding and its importance?Children who idiopathically toe‐walk operate at more plantarflexed positions but at longer fascicle lengths than typically developing children during gait. However, these ranges utilised during gait correspond to where children who idiopathically toe‐walk are optimally strong. This should be considered when prescribing clinical treatments to restore typical gait. Children who idiopathically toe‐walk (ITW) habitually operate at greater plantarflexion angles than typically developing (TD) children, which might result in shorter, sub‐optimal gastrocnemius fascicle lengths. However, currently no experimental evidence exists to substantiate this notion. Five children who ITW and 14 TD children completed a gait analysis, whilst gastrocnemius fascicle behaviour was simultaneously quantified using ultrasound. The moment–angle (hip, knee and ankle) and moment–length (gastrocnemius) relationships were determined from isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) on an isokinetic dynamometer combined with ultrasound. During gait, children who ITW operated at more plantarflexed angles (Δ = 20°; P = 0.013) and longer muscle fascicle lengths (Δ = 12 mm; P = 0.008) than TD children. During MVC, no differences in the peak moment of any joint were found. However, peak plantarflexor moment occurred at significantly more plantarflexed angles (−16 vs. 1°; P = 0.010) and at longer muscle fascicle lengths (44 vs. 37 mm; P = 0.001) in children who ITW than TD children. Observed alterations in the moment–angle and moment–length relationships of children who ITW coincided with the ranges used during gait. Therefore, the gastrocnemius muscle in children who ITW operates close to the peak of the force–length relationship, similarly to TD children. Thus, this study indicates that idiopathic toe‐walking is truly an ankle joint pathology, and children who ITW present with substantial alterations in the gastrocnemius muscle functional properties, which appear well adapted to the characteristic demands of equinus gait. These findings should be considered when prescribing clinical treatments to restore typical gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
23. Muscle activation differences between eccentric and concentric isokinetic exercise
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KELLIS, ELEFTHERIOS and BALTZOPOULOS, VASILIOS
- Published
- 1998
24. Gravitational moment correction in isokinetic dynamometry using anthropometric data
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KELLIS, ELEFTHERIOS and BALTZOPOULOS, VASILIOS
- Published
- 1996
25. Modular Control of Human Movement During Running: An Open Access Data Set
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Santuz, Alessandro, Ekizos, Antonis, Janshen, Lars, Mersmann, Falk, Bohm, Sebastian, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Arampatzis, Adamantios, Santuz, Alessandro, Ekizos, Antonis, Janshen, Lars, Mersmann, Falk, Bohm, Sebastian, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Arampatzis, Adamantios
- Abstract
The human body is an outstandingly complex machine including around 1000 muscles and joints acting synergistically. Yet, the coordination of the enormous amount of degrees of freedom needed for movement is mastered by our one brain and spinal cord. The idea that some synergistic neural components of movement exist was already suggested at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, it has been widely accepted that the central nervous system might simplify the production of movement by avoiding the control of each muscle individually. Instead, it might be controlling muscles in common patterns that have been called muscle synergies. Only with the advent of modern computational methods and hardware it has been possible to numerically extract synergies from electromyography (EMG) signals. However, typical experimental setups do not include a big number of individuals, with common sample sizes of 5 to 20 participants. With this study, we make publicly available a set of EMG activities recorded during treadmill running from the right lower limb of 135 healthy and young adults (78 males and 57 females). Moreover, we include in this open access data set the code used to extract synergies from EMG data using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and the relative outcomes. Muscle synergies, containing the time-invariant muscle weightings (motor modules) and the time-dependent activation coefficients (motor primitives), were extracted from 13 ipsilateral EMG activities using NMF. Four synergies were enough to describe as many gait cycle phases during running: weight acceptance, propulsion, early swing, and late swing. We foresee many possible applications of our data that we can summarize in three key points. First, it can be a prime source for broadening the representation of human motor control due to the big sample size. Second, it could serve as a benchmark for scientists from multiple disciplines such as musculoskeletal modeling, robotics, clinical neuroscience, spo, Peer Reviewed
- Published
- 2018
26. Progressive resistance training for adolescents with cerebral palsy: the STAR randomized controlled trial.
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Ryan, Jennifer M, Lavelle, Grace, Theis, Nicola, Noorkoiv, Marika, Kilbride, Cherry, Korff, Thomas, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Shortland, Adam, Levin, Wendy, and Star Trial Team
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RESISTANCE training ,CEREBRAL palsy ,MUSCLE strength ,TEENAGERS ,PHYSICAL activity ,CLUSTER randomized controlled trials ,RESEARCH ,NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,SKELETAL muscle ,ANKLE ,MEDICAL cooperation ,GAIT disorders ,TREATMENT failure ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EXERCISE ,RESEARCH funding ,KINEMATICS ,PHYSIOLOGY ,DISEASE complications - Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the effect of progressive resistance training of the ankle plantarflexors on gait efficiency, activity, and participation in adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).Method: Sixty-four adolescents (10-19y; 27 females, 37 males; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I-III) were randomized to 30 sessions of resistance training (10 supervised and 20 unsupervised home sessions) over 10 weeks or usual care. The primary outcome was gait efficiency indicated by net nondimensional oxygen cost (NNcost). Secondary outcomes included physical activity, gross motor function, participation, muscle strength, muscle and tendon size, and muscle and tendon stiffness. Analysis was intention-to-treat.Results: Median attendance at the 10 supervised sessions was 80% (range 40-100%). There was no between-group difference in NNcost at 10 (mean difference: 0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.07 to 0.11, p=0.696) or 22 weeks (mean difference: -0.08, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.03, p=0.158). There was also no evidence of between-group differences in secondary outcomes at 10 or 22 weeks. There were 123 adverse events reported by 27 participants in the resistance training group.Interpretation: We found that 10 supervised sessions and 20 home sessions of progressive resistance training of the ankle plantarflexors did not improve gait efficiency, muscle strength, activity, participation, or any biomechanical outcome among adolescents with CP.What This Paper Adds: Thirty sessions of progressive resistance training of the ankle plantarflexors over 10 weeks did not improve gait efficiency among ambulatory adolescents with cerebral palsy. Resistance training did not improve muscle strength, activity, or participation. Ninety percent of participants experienced an adverse event. Most adverse events were expected and no serious adverse events were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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27. Semitendinosus muscle architecture during maximum isometric contractions in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and controls
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Nikiforos Galanis, Eleftherios Kellis, Baltzopoulos Vasilios, and Evagelos Karagiannidis
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030222 orthopedics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ,business.industry ,Anterior cruciate ligament ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Ultrasound ,Muscle belly ,030229 sport sciences ,Isometric exercise ,Anatomy ,musculoskeletal system ,Tendon ,Surgery ,03 medical and health sciences ,surgical procedures, operative ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine ,Original Article ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business ,Semitendinosus muscle ,Tendon graft - Abstract
Background The most widely used graft as a replacement in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the semitendinosus (ST) tendon graft. After harvesting for ACL reconstruction, the hamstring tendon regenerates in most people and becomes similar to normal. The effect of graft harvest on muscle morphology and function remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the morphology of the ST during isometric contraction after harvesting the ST tendon for ACL reconstruction. Methods Maximal isometric contractions of the knee flexors from two angular positions were performed by 8 participants, at least 1 year after ACL reconstruction with an ST tendon graft and 8 matched controls. Ultrasonographic images were used to measure the pennation angle and muscle thickness of the ST muscle. Results There was not a statistically significant difference in pennation angle values between the control group and the group who underwent ACL reconstruction (p >0.05). Muscle thickness was significantly higher in the ACLR group compared with controls (p Conclusions Individuals who underwent ACL reconstruction display a higher ST muscle thickness but similar pennation angle compared with controls. This indicates that ACL reconstruction has an effect on ST muscle belly but effect on force generation capacity is rather limited. Level of evidence IIb.
- Published
- 2019
28. Effective Mechanical Advantage About the Ankle Joint and the Effect of Achilles Tendon Curvature During Toe-Walking.
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Harkness-Armstrong, Carla, Debelle, Héloïse A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., Walton, Roger, Wright, David M., Bass, Alfie, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and O'Brien, Thomas D.
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ACHILLES tendon ,ANKLE ,CURVATURE ,YOUNG adults ,TENDONS - Abstract
Aim: To study the causes of locomotor dysfunction, estimate muscle forces, or understand the influence of altered sarcomere and muscle properties and behaviours on whole body function, it is necessary to examine the leverage with which contractile forces operate. At the ankle joint, current methods to quantify this leverage for the plantarflexors do not account for curvature of the Achilles tendon, and so may not be appropriate when studying equinus gait. Thus, novel methodologies need to be developed and implemented to quantify the Achilles tendon moment arm length during locomotion. Methods: Plantarflexor internal moment arm length and effective mechanical advantage of 11 typically developed young adults were calculated throughout stance, while heel-toe walking and voluntarily toe-walking on an instrumented treadmill. Achilles tendon moment arm was defined in two-ways: (1) assuming a straight tendon, defined between the gastrocnemius medialis myotendinous junction and Achilles tendon insertion point, and (2) accounting for tendon curvature, by tracking the initial path of the Achilles tendon from the calcaneal insertion. Results: When accounting for tendon curvature, Achilles tendon moment arm length and plantarflexor effective mechanical advantage did not differ between walking conditions (p > 0.05). In contrast, when assuming a straight tendon, Achilles tendon moment arm length (p = 0.043) and plantarflexor effective mechanical advantage (p = 0.007) were significantly greater when voluntary toe-walking than heel-toe walking in late stance. Discussion: Assuming a straight Achilles tendon led to a greater Achilles tendon moment arm length and plantarflexor effective mechanical advantage during late stance, compared to accounting for tendon curvature. Consequently, plantarflexor muscle force would appear smaller when assuming a straight tendon. This could lead to erroneous interpretations of muscular function and fascicle force-length-velocity behaviour in vivo , and potentially inappropriate and ineffective clinical interventions for equinus gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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29. The Influence of Footwear on the Modular Organization of Running
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Santuz, Alessandro, Ekizos, Antonis, Janshen, Lars, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Arampatzis, Adamantios, Santuz, Alessandro, Ekizos, Antonis, Janshen, Lars, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Arampatzis, Adamantios
- Abstract
For most of our history, we predominantly ran barefoot or in minimalist shoes. The advent of modern footwear, however, might have introduced alterations in the motor control of running. The present study investigated shod and barefoot running under the perspective of the modular organization of muscle activation, in order to help addressing the neurophysiological factors underlying human locomotion. On a treadmill, 20 young and healthy inexperienced barefoot runners ran shod and barefoot at preferred speed (2.8 ± 0.4 m/s). Fundamental synergies, containing the time-dependent activation coefficients (motor primitives) and the time-invariant muscle weightings (motor modules), were extracted from 24 ipsilateral electromyographic activities using non-negative matrix factorization. In shod running, the average foot strike pattern was a rearfoot strike, while in barefoot running it was a mid-forefoot strike. In both conditions, five fundamental synergies were enough to describe as many gait cycle phases: weight acceptance, propulsion, arm swing, early swing and late swing. We found the motor primitives to be generally shifted earlier in time during the stance-related phases and later in the swing-related ones in barefoot running. The motor primitive describing the propulsion phase was significantly of shorter duration (peculiarity confirmed by the analysis of the spinal motor output). The arm swing primitive, instead, was significantly wider in the barefoot condition. The motor modules demonstrated analogous organization with some significant differences in the propulsion, arm swing and late swing synergies. Other than to the trivial absence of shoes, the differences might be deputed to the lower ankle gear ratio (and the consequent increased system instability) and to the higher recoil capabilities of the longitudinal foot arch during barefoot compared to shod running., Peer Reviewed
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- 2017
30. Interplay between body stabilisation and quadriceps muscle activation capacity
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Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
- Abstract
The study aimed to distinguish the effect of stabilisation and muscle activation on quadriceps maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) torque generation. Nine subjects performed (a) an MVC with restrained leg and pelvis (Typical MVC), (b) a Typical MVC with handgrip (Handgrip MVC), (c) an MVC focusing on contracting the knee extensors only (Isolated knee extension MVC), and (d) an MVC with unrestrained leg and pelvis (Unrestrained MVC). Torque and activation capacity between conditions were compared with repeated measures ANOVA and dependent t-tests. EMG (from eleven remote muscles) was compared using Friedman’s and Wilcoxon. Typical MVC (277.2 ± 49.6 Nm) and Handgrip MVC (261.0 ± 55.4 Nm) were higher than Isolated knee extension MVC (210.2 ± 48.3 Nm, p < 0.05) and Unrestrained MVC (195.2 ± 49.7 Nm, p < 0.05) torque. Typical MVC (83.1 ± 15.9%) activation was higher than Isolated knee extension MVC (68.9 ± 24.3%, p < 0.05), and both Typical MVC and Handgrip MVC (81.8 ± 17.4%) were higher than Unrestrained MVC (64.9 ± 16.2%, p < 0.05). Only flexor carpi radialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii and external oblique muscles showed EMG differences, with Isolated knee extension MVC consistently lower than Typical MVC or Handgrip MVC. Stabilisation of the involved segments is the prime concern allowing fuller activation of the muscle, reinforcing the need for close attention to stabilisation during dynamometry-based knee joint functional assessment.
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- 2017
31. The role of agonist and antagonist muscles in explaining isometric knee extension torque variation with hip joint angle
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Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
- Abstract
Purpose The biarticular rectus femoris (RF), operating on the ascending limb of the force–length curve, produces more force at longer lengths. However, experimental studies consistently report higher knee extension torque when supine (longer RF length) compared to seated (shorter RF length). Incomplete activation in the supine position has been proposed as the reason for this discrepancy, but differences in antagonistic co-activation could also be responsible due to altered hamstrings length. We examined the role of agonist and antagonist muscles in explaining the isometric knee extension torque variation with changes in hip joint angle. Method Maximum voluntary isometric knee extension torque (joint MVC) was recorded in seated and supine positions from nine healthy males (30.2 ± 7.7 years). Antagonistic torque was estimated using EMG and added to the respective joint MVC (corrected MVC). Submaximal tetanic stimulation quadriceps torque was also recorded. Result Joint MVC was not different between supine (245 ± 71.8 Nm) and seated (241 ± 69.8 Nm) positions and neither was corrected MVC (257 ± 77.7 and 267 ± 87.0 Nm, respectively). Antagonistic torque was higher when seated (26 ± 20.4 Nm) than when supine (12 ± 7.4 Nm). Tetanic torque was higher when supine (111 ± 31.9 Nm) than when seated (99 ± 27.5 Nm). Conclusion Antagonistic co-activation differences between hip positions do not account for the reduced MVC in the supine position. Rather, reduced voluntary knee extensor muscle activation in that position is the major reason for the lower MVC torque when RF is lengthened (hip extended). These findings can assist standardising muscle function assessment and improving musculoskeletal modelling applications.
- Published
- 2017
32. Combined Resistance and Stretching Exercise Training Benefits Stair Descent Biomechanics in Older Adults.
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Gavin, James P., Reeves, Neil D., Jones, David A., Roys, Mike, Buckley, John G., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
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ISOMETRIC exercise ,OLDER people ,STRETCH (Physiology) ,STAIRS ,ANKLE - Abstract
Introduction: Stair descent is a physically demanding activity of daily life and common risk for falls. Age-related deteriorations in ankle joint capacities make stair descent particularly challenging for older adults in built environments, where larger rise steps are encountered. Exercise training may allow older adults to safely cope with the high biomechanical demands of stair descent. However, little is known about the demands of increased rise stairs for older adults, nor the impact of exercise. Aim: We investigated whether the effects of lower-limb resistance training would alter joint kinetics and movement strategies for older adults when descending standard rise, and increased rise stairs. Methods: Fifteen older adults descended a four-step stair adjusted to standard rise (170 mm), and increased rise (255 mm) on separate visits. Between these two visits, randomly allocated participants underwent 16 weeks of either: resistance exercise training (n = 8) or habitual activity (n = 7). Kinetic data were measured from step-mounted force plates, and kinematic data from motion-capture cameras. Training involved twice-weekly sessions of lower-limb resistance exercises (three sets of ∼8 repetitions at ∼80% three-repetition maximum), and static plantarflexor stretching (three, 45 s holds per leg). Results: Standard stairs – Peak ankle joint moments increased (p < 0.002) and knee joint moments decreased (p < 0.01) during descent after exercise training. Peak centre of pressure-centre of mass (CoP-CoM) separations increased in posterior (p = 0.005) and medio-lateral directions (p = 0.04) after exercise training. Exercise training did not affect CoM descent velocity or acceleration. Increased rise stairs – Required greater ankle, knee, and hip moments (p < 0.001), peak downward CoM velocity and acceleration (p = 0.0001), and anterior-posterior CoP-CoM separation (p = 0.0001), but lower medial-lateral CoP-CoM separation (p < 0.05), when compared to standard stair descent. Exercise training did not affect joint kinetics or movement strategies. Discussion: Exercise training increased the maximum joint ROM, strength and force production of the ankle, and enabled a greater ankle joint moment to be produced in single-leg support (lowering phase) during standard stair descent. Descending increased rise stairs raised the task demand; exercise training could not overcome this. Future research should prioritize the ankle joint in stair descent, particularly targeting plantarflexor torque development across stairs of varying riser heights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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33. Attainment of Quiet Standing in Humans: Are the Lower Limb Joints Controlled Relative to a Misaligned Postural Reference?
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Di Giulio, Irene and Baltzopoulos, Vasilios
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ANKLE ,HIP joint ,KNEE ,WALKING ,GRAVITY - Abstract
In human quiet standing, the relative position between ankle joint centre and line of gravity is neurally regulated within tight limits. The regulation of the knee and hip configuration is unclear and thought to be controlled passively. However, perturbed standing experiments have shown a lower limb multi-joint coordination. Here, measuring the relative alignment between lower limb joints and the line of gravity in quiet standing after walking, we investigated whether the configuration is maintained over time through passive mechanisms or active control. Thirteen healthy adults walked without following a path and then stood quietly for 7.6 s on a force platform (up to four trials). The transition between initiation and steady-state standing (7.6 s) was measured using motion capture. Sagittal lower limb joint centres' position relative to line of gravity (CoG
AP ) and their time constants were calculated in each trial. Ankle, knee, and hip joint moments were also calculated through inverse dynamics. After walking, the body decelerated (τ = 0.16 s). The ankle and hip joints' position relative to CoGAP measured at two time intervals of quiet standing (Mid = 0.5–0.55 s; End = 7.55–7.6 s) were different (mean ± SEM, CoGAP–Ankle_Mid = 47 ± 4 mm, CoGAP–Ankle_End = 58 ± 5 mm; CoGAP–Hip_Mid = 2 ± 5 mm, CoGAP–Hip_End = −5 ± 5 mm). The ankle, knee, and hip flexion-extension moments significantly changed. Changes in joints position relative to CoGAP and misalignment suggest that joint position is not maintained over 7.6 s, but regulated relative to a standing reference. Higher joint moments at steady-state standing suggest mechanisms other than passive knee and hip regulation are involved in standing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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34. Are there three main subgroups within the patellofemoral pain population? A detailed characterisation study of 127 patients to help develop targeted intervention (TIPPs)
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Selfe, James, Janssen, Jessie, Callaghan, Michael, Witvrouw, Erik, Sutton, Chris, Richards, Jim, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, Dey, Paola, Selfe, James, Janssen, Jessie, Callaghan, Michael, Witvrouw, Erik, Sutton, Chris, Richards, Jim, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, and Dey, Paola
- Abstract
Background Community-based studies of patellofemoral pain (PFP) need a questionnaire tool that discriminates between those with and those without the condition. To overcome these issues, we have designed a self-report questionnaire which aims to identify people with PFP in the community. Methods Study designs: comparative study and cross-sectional study. Study population: comparative study: PFP patients, soft-tissue injury patients and adults without knee problems. Crosssectional study: adults attending a science festival. Intervention: comparative study participants completed the questionnaire at baseline and two weeks later. Crosssectional study participants completed the questionnaire once. The optimal scoring system and threshold was explored using receiver operating characteristic curves, test-retest reliability using Cohen’s kappa and measurement error using Bland-Altman plots and standard error of measurement. Knowngroup validity was explored by comparing PFP prevalence between genders and age groups. Results Eighty-four participants were recruited to the comparative study. The receiver operating characteristic curves suggested limiting the questionnaire to the clinical features and knee pain map sections (AUC 0.97 95 % CI 0.94 to 1.00). This combination had high sensitivity and specificity (over 90 %). Measurement error was less than the mean difference between the groups. Test–retest reliability 3 / 7 estimates suggest good agreement (N = 51, k = 0.74, 95 % CI 0.52–0.91). The cross-sectional study (N = 110) showed expected differences between genders and age groups but these were not statistically significant. Conclusion A shortened version of the questionnaire, based on clinical features and a knee pain map, has good measurement properties. Further work is needed to validate the questionnaire in community samples.
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- 2016
35. Reply to Veerkamp et al.: Comments on Harkness‐Armstrong et al. (2021).
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Harkness‐Armstrong, Carla, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Walton, Roger, Wright, David M., Bass, Alfie, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and O'Brien, Thomas D.
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MUSCLE contraction ,BOTULINUM A toxins - Abstract
We would like to thank Veerkamp and colleagues for both their interest and their further exploration of the experimental data we reported in our recent publication in I Experimental Physiology i (Harkness-Armstrong et al., [5]). Current treatments that aim to lengthen the muscle, such as stretching or serial casting (Engström et al., [2]; Fox et al., [3]; Stricker & Angulo, [6]), may cause children with ITW to operate at longer fascicle lengths than optimal post-intervention. Therefore, we suggest that treatments should aim to increase the length of the muscle-tendon unit, by increasing the length of the Achilles tendon, in an attempt to preserve the force-producing capabilities of the muscle. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2022
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36. Identification of strata for a trial of a targeted multimodal physiotherapy intervention in patellofemoral pain patients
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Sutton, Chris D., Dey, Paola, Janssen, Jessie, Callaghan, Michael, Richards, Jim, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Witvrouw, Erik, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, Masters, Rich S.W., Polman, Remco, Turner, David, Selfe, James, Sutton, Chris D., Dey, Paola, Janssen, Jessie, Callaghan, Michael, Richards, Jim, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Witvrouw, Erik, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, Masters, Rich S.W., Polman, Remco, Turner, David, and Selfe, James
- Abstract
Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is a musculoskeletal disorder causing significant pain and dysfunction around the knee, commonly leading to long term limitations. People with PFP are commonly referred for physiotherapy, although current multimodal physiotherapy approaches tend to be rather ad-hoc and are failing in the long term. Identification of patient strata (or subgroups) who may respond differentially to interventions has been recognised as an international priority. It has been proposed that there are PFP patient strata, classified based on clinical tests, who would respond to modes of interventions targeted at the individual's stratum.
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- 2015
37. Targeted Intervention for Patellofemoral Pain (TIPPs): A feasibility study identifying subgroups within the patellofemoral pain population
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Selfe, James, Dey, Paola, Callaghan, Michael, Witvrouw, Erik, Richards, James, Sutton, Chris J, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, Janssen, Jessica, Selfe, James, Dey, Paola, Callaghan, Michael, Witvrouw, Erik, Richards, James, Sutton, Chris J, Stokes, Maria, Martin, Denis, Dixon, John, Hogarth, Russell, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Ritchie, Elizabeth, Arden, Nigel, and Janssen, Jessica
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- 2015
38. Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading
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Arampatzis, Adamantios, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Bohm, Sebastian, Arampatzis, Adamantios, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Bohm, Sebastian
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Sehnen übertragen die Muskelkräfte und ihre Eigenschaften beeinflussen unsere Bewegungsleistungen. Infolge mechanischer Belastungen adaptieren Sehnen. Die Effekte spezifischer Parameter des mechanischen Dehnungsstimulus sowie allgemeiner Belastungsbedingungen auf die Anpassung sind bisher ungeklärt und sollen durch die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet werden. Das adaptive Potential wurde durch einen Vergleich der Sehneneigenschaften zwischen beiden Beinen, in Bezug auf seitenabhängige Belastungen, experimentell untersucht. Um den Effekt verschiedener interventionsinduzierter Belastungen auf die Anpassung zu bestimmen, wurde ein systematischer Review nebst Metaanalyse durchgeführt. Der Einfluss spezifischer Parameter des Dehnungsstimulus (Rate und Dauer) wurde mittels zweier Trainingsinterventionen untersucht. Der Vergleich zwischen den Achillessehneneigenschaften des dominanten und nicht dominanten Beins zeigte einen signifikanten Unterschied des Young''s Modulus (Materialeigenschaften), mutmaßlich eine Folge seitenabhängiger Alltagsbelastungen. Die Metaanalyse ermittelte hohe Effektgrößen auf die mechanischen und Materialeigenschaften sowie eine niedrige Effektgröße auf die Morphologie, mit einem signifikanten Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Belastungen. Die beiden Interventionen belegten, dass eine hohe Rate der Dehnung und eine lange Dauer keinen übergeordneten Stimulus zur Sehnenanpassung im Vergleich zu einer hohen Magnitude und niedrigen Frequenz darstellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Materialeigenschaften sensitiver gegenüber Belastungsänderungen sind und im Vergleich zur Morphologie zeitiger adaptieren. Die Interventionsresultate lassen den Schluss zu, dass eine hohe Dehnungsmagnitude, eine adäquate Dauer und repetitive Belastung essentiell für einen effektiven Stimulus sind. Die Ergebnisse liefern wichtige Erkenntnisse bezüglich einer Verbesserung von Sehneneigenschaften im Kontext der athletischen Leistung sowie Verletzungsprävention und -rehabilitation., Tendons transmit the force exerted by a muscle and their properties influence human locomotor performance. Furthermore, tendons adapt to mechanical loading. The effect of specific parameters of the mechanical strain stimulus as well as general loading conditions on tendon adaptation is not completely understood and, therefore, the focus of research in the present thesis. Adaptive responses were investigated by means of a comparison of tendon properties between both legs to assess the effect of side-dependent loading pattern. A systematic review and meta-analysis was applied to examine the influence of various intervention-induced loading conditions on the magnitude of adaption. To investigate specific parameters of the mechanical strain stimulus (rate and duration), two controlled exercise interventions were conducted. The comparison of the Achilles tendon properties between the non-dominant and dominant leg revealed a significant difference of the Young''s modulus (i.e. material properties), likely a result of side-dependent daily loading pattern. The meta-analysis revealed high intervention effect sizes on the tendon mechanical and material properties and a low effect size on the morphology, with a notable effect of the various loading conditions. The two exercise interventions showed that a higher rate of strain and longer duration did not provide a superimposed effect for tendon adaptation compared to high magnitude and low frequency. The findings indicate that the material properties seem to be more sensitive and quicker in response to changes in the loading conditions compared to the morphological properties. The results of the two interventions suggest that a high strain magnitude, an appropriate strain duration and repetitive loading are essential for an effective stimulus. These findings provide valuable information with regard to the improvement of tendon properties in the context of athletic performance as well as injury prevention and rehabilitation.
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- 2015
39. Effects of an acute bout of dynamic stretching on biomechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle determined by shear wave elastography.
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Pamboris, George M., Noorkoiv, Marika, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Gokalp, Hulya, Marzilger, Robert, and Mohagheghi, Amir A.
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EXERCISE physiology ,SKELETAL muscle physiology ,SHEAR waves ,ELASTOGRAPHY ,BIOMECHANICS - Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of dynamic stretching (DS) exercise on passive ankle range of motion (RoM), resting localized muscle stiffness, as measured by shear wave speed (SWS) of medial gastrocnemius muscle, fascicle strain, and thickness. Methods/Results: Twenty-three participants performed a DS protocol. Before and after stretching, SWS was measured in the belly of the resting medial gastrocnemius muscle (MGM) using shear wave elastography. DS produced small improvements in maximum dorsiflexion (+1.5° ±1.5; mean difference ±90% confidence limits) and maximum plantarflexion (+2.3° ±1.8), a small decrease in fascicle strain (-2.6% ±4.4) and a small increase in SWS at neutral resting angle (+11.4% ±1.5). There was also a small increase in muscle thickness (+4.1mm ±2.0). Conclusions: Through the use of elastography, this is the first study to suggest that DS increases muscle stiffness, decreases fascicle strain and increases muscle thickness as a result of improved RoM. These results can be beneficial to coaches, exercise and clinical scientists when choosing DS as a muscle conditioning or rehabilitation intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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40. DiVerential eVects of countermovement magnitude and volitional eVort on vertical jumping
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Salles, Andre S, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Rittweger, Jörn
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Mechanography · Electromyography · Motor control · Jump strategy · Neuromuscular testing ,Weltraumphysiologie - Abstract
The importance of vertical jumping in sport and rehabilitative medicine is widely recognized. Despite the ample use of jump tests to assess neuromuscular function, the diVerential eVects of muscular activation (volitional eVort) and strategy (countermovement magnitude) on jumping performance have not been studied. The present study aimed to investigate the diVerential eVects of countermovement magnitude and volitional eVort on vertical jump performance. Ten male participants performed a total of 60 countermovement jumps each with three diVerent countermovement knee angles (50, 70 and 90°) and four eVort levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% of maximal eVort). Kinematics and Kinetics were recorded using Vicon System together with a force platform. Electromyography of four muscles was recorded. Results show that countermovement magnitude and volitional eVort both aVect jump performance. These eVects were synergistic for jump height (P < 0.001), but antagonistic for peak ground reaction force (P < 0.001). Interestingly, peak jump mechanical power was aVected by volitional eVort, implying an increase from 31.26 W/kg at 25% to 41.68 W/kg at 100% of volitional eVort, but no countermovement magnitude eVect was observed for 100% of volitional eVort. This suggests that the apparent paradox of larger ground reaction forces in sub-maximal as compared to maximal jumps is due to the diVerent jump strategies. Moreover, these results are relevant for jumping mechanography as a clinical tool, suggesting that peak power can be used to assess neuromuscular performance even when countermovement magnitude varies as a result of age or pathology.
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- 2011
41. On the Methodological Implications of Extracting Muscle Synergies from Human Locomotion.
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Santuz, Alessandro, Ekizos, Antonis, Janshen, Lars, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Arampatzis, Adamantios
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MUSCLE physiology ,GAUSSIAN measures ,ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ,SIGNAL processing ,FACTORIZATION - Abstract
We investigated the influence of three different high-pass (HP) and low-pass (LP) filtering conditions and a Gaussian (GNMF) and inverse-Gaussian (IGNMF) non-negative matrix factorization algorithm on the extraction of muscle synergies from myoelectric signals during human walking and running. To evaluate the effects of signal recording and processing on the outcomes, we analyzed the intraday and interday computation reliability. Results show that the IGNMF achieved a significantly higher reconstruction quality and on average needs one less synergy to sufficiently reconstruct the original signals compared to the GNMF. For both factorizations, the HP with a cut-off frequency of 250Hz significantly reduces the number of synergies. We identified the filter configuration of fourth order, HP 50Hz and LP 20Hz as the most suitable to minimize the combination of fundamental synergies, providing a higher reliability across all filtering conditions even if HP 250Hz is excluded. Defining a fundamental synergy as a single-peaked activation pattern, for walking and running we identified five and six fundamental synergies, respectively using both algorithms. The variability in combined synergies produced by different filtering conditions and factorization methods on the same data set suggests caution when attributing a neurophysiological nature to the combined synergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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42. Is maximum stimulation intensity required in the assessment of muscle activation capacity?
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Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., Maganaris, Constantinos N., Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
- Abstract
Voluntary activation assessment using the interpolation twitch technique (ITT) has almost invariably been done using maximal stimulation intensity, i.e., an intensity beyond which no additional joint moment or external force is produced by increasing further the intensity of stimulation. The aim of the study was to identify the minimum stimulation intensity at which percutaneous ITT yields valid results. Maximal stimulation intensity and the force produced at that intensity were identified for the quadriceps muscle using percutaneous electrodes in eight active men. The stimulation intensities producing 10-90% (in 10% increments) of that force were determined and subsequently applied during isometric contractions at 90% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) via twitch doublets. Muscle activation was calculated with the ITT and pain scores were obtained for each stimulation intensity and compared to the respective values at maximum stimulation intensity. Muscle activation at maximal stimulation intensity was 91.6 (2.5)%. The lowest stimulation intensity yielding comparable muscle activation results to maximal stimulation was 50% (88.8 (3.9)%, p<0.05). Pain score at maximal stimulation intensity was 6.6 (1.5) cm and it was significantly reduced at 60% stimulation intensity (3.7 (1.5) cm, p<0.05) compared to maximal stimulation intensity. Submaximal stimulation can produce valid ITT results while reducing the discomfort obtained by the subjects, widening the assessment of ITT to situations where discomfort may otherwise impede maximal electrostimulation.
- Published
- 2012
43. Strength Training for Adolescents with cerebral palsy (STAR): study protocol of a randomised controlled trial to determine the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of resistance training for adolescents with cerebral palsy.
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Ryan, Jennifer M., Theis, Nicola, Kilbride, Cherry, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Waugh, Charlie, Shortland, Adam, Lavelle, Grace, Noorkoiv, Marika, Levin, Wendy, and Korff, Thomas
- Abstract
Introduction: Gait is inefficient in children with cerebral palsy, particularly as they transition to adolescence. Gait inefficiency may be associated with declines in gross motor function and participation among adolescents with cerebral palsy. Resistance training may improve gait efficiency through a number of biomechanical and neural mechanisms. The aim of the Strength Training for Adolescents with cerebral palsy (STAR) trial is to evaluate the effect of resistance training on gait efficiency, activity and participation in adolescents with cerebral palsy. We also aim to determine the biomechanical and neural adaptations that occur following resistance training and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of such an intervention for adolescents with cerebral palsy. Methods and analysis: 60 adolescents (Gross Motor Function Classification System level I-III) will be randomised to a 10-week resistance training group or a usual care control group according to a computergenerated random schedule. The primary outcome is gait efficiency. Secondary outcomes are habitual physical activity, participation, muscle-tendon mechanics and gross motor function. General linear models will be used to evaluate differences in continuous data between the resistance training and usual care groups at 10 and 22 weeks, respectively. A process evaluation will be conducted alongside the intervention. Fidelity of the resistance training programme to trial protocol will be quantified by observations of exercise sessions. Semistructured interviews will be conducted with participants and physiotherapists following the resistance training programme to determine feasibility and acceptability of the programme. Ethics and dissemination: This trial has ethical approval from Brunel University London's Department of Clinical Sciences' Research Ethics Committee and the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) Committee London--Surrey Borders. The results of the trial will be submitted for publication in academic journals, presented at conferences and distributed to adolescents, families and healthcare professionals through the media with the assistance of the STAR advisory group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercise: can the repeated bout effect be removed?
- Author
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Margaritelis, Nikos V., Theodorou, Anastasios A., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Paschalis, Vassilis, Kyparos, Antonios, and Nikolaidis, Michalis G.
- Subjects
MUSCLE injuries ,MUSCULOSKELETAL system injuries ,MYOSITIS ,NONARTICULAR rheumatism ,ANTISYNTHETASE syndrome - Abstract
The current consensus in exercise physiology is that the repeated bout effect always appears after few eccentric exercise sessions. This is the first attempt to challenge this tenet, by exploiting specificity in muscle plasticity. More specifically, we examined whether the opposing adaptations in muscle induced after concentric and eccentric exercise can attenuate and/or remove the repeated bout effect. Seventeen young men were randomly assigned into one of the following groups: (1) the alternating eccentric-concentric exercise group; and (2) the eccentric-only exercise group. Both groups performed 8 weeks of resistance exercise using the knee extensors of both legs on an isokinetic dynamometer. The alternating eccentric-concentric exercise group performed an alternating exercise protocol, switching between eccentric-only and concentric-only exercise every 4 weeks, while the eccentric-only group performed eccentric exercise. Evaluation of muscle damage using physiological (isometric torque, delayed onset muscle soreness, and range of movement) and biochemical (creatine kinase) markers and inflammation (C-reactive protein) was performed at weeks 1, 5, and 10. Baseline isometric peak torque was also evaluated at week 14 after another cycle (4 weeks) of alternating or eccentric-only exercise training. In the alternating eccentric-concentric exercise group, the concentric exercise training performed prior to eccentric exercise reduced dramatically the repeated bout effect by reversing muscle back to its unaccustomed state. On the contrary, the eccentric-only exercise group exhibited a typical manifestation of the repeated bout effect. Interestingly, muscle strength was elevated similarly for both alternating and eccentric-only exercise groups after 13 weeks of training. The alternating eccentric-concentric exercise scheme, implemented in the present study, has for the first time successfully overcame the repeated bout effect. The similarity in muscle strength measurements following the two protocols is against the notion that inflammation plays an important role in exercise-induced adaptations in muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Muscle activation assessment:Effects of method, stimulus number, and joint angle
- Author
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Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Maganaris, Constantinos N., Bampouras, Theodoros M., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
- Abstract
Activation capacity has traditionally been assessed using the interpolated twitch technique (ITT) and central activation ratio (CAR). However, the quantitative agreement of the two methods and the physiological mechanisms underpinning any possible differences have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to compare and assess the sensitivity of the ITT and CAR to potential errors introduced by (1) evoking inadequate force, by manipulating the number of stimuli, and (2) neglecting differences in series elasticity between conditions, by manipulating joint angle. Ten subjects performed knee extension contractions at 30° and 90° knee-joint angles during which the ITT and CAR methods were applied using 1, 2, 4, and 8 electrical stimuli. Joint angle influenced the ITT outcome with higher values taken at 90° (P < 0.05), while the number of stimuli influenced the CAR outcome with a higher number of stimuli yielding lower values (P < 0.05). For any given joint angle and stimulus number, the CAR method produced higher activation values than the ITT method by 8%-16%. Therefore, in the quantification of voluntary drive with the ITT and CAR methods consideration should be given not only to the number of stimuli applied but also to the effect of series elasticity due to joint-angle differences, since these factors may differently affect the outcome of the calculation, depending on the approach followed.
- Published
- 2006
46. Differences in human antagonistic ankle dorsiflexor coactivation between legs; can they explain the moment deficit in the weaker plantarflexor leg?
- Author
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Maganaris, Constantinos N., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Sargeant, Anthony J., Maganaris, Constantinos N., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Sargeant, Anthony J.
- Abstract
The present study examined the hypothesis that the antagonistic ankle dorsiflexor coactivation level during maximum isometric voluntary plantarflexion (MVC) is a function of ankle angle. Six male subjects generated plantarflexion and dorsiflexion MVC trials at ankle angles of −15 deg (dorsiflexed direction), 0 deg (neutral position), +15 deg (plantarflexed direction) and +30 deg having the knee flexed at an angle of 90 deg. In all contractions surface EMG measurements were taken from tibialis anterior and soleus which were considered representative muscles of all dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, respectively. Antagonistic dorsiflexor coactivation was expressed as normalized EMG and moment. Calculations of the antagonistic dorsiflexor moment were based on the tibialis anterior EMG—dorsiflexor moment relationship from contractions at 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10% of the dorsiflexion MVC moment. In both legs dorsiflexor coactivation level followed an open U-shaped pattern as a function of ankle angle. Differences of 9 and 14% (P < 0·05) were found in the measured net plantarflexion MVC moment between legs at ankle angles of −15 and +30 deg, respectively. No difference (P > 0·05) was found in the calf circumference between legs. Differences were found in the antagonistic dorsiflexor coactivation between legs at ankle angles of −15 and +30 deg. In the weaker leg the antagonistic EMG measurements were higher by 100 and 45% (P < 0·01) and the estimated antagonistic moments were higher by 70 and 43% (P < 0·01) compared with the weaker leg at −15 and +30 deg, respectively. This finding was associated with a decreased range of motion (ROM) in the weaker leg (14%, P < 0·01), such that no difference (P > 0·05) was found in dorsiflexor antagonistic coactivation between legs at end-range ankle angles. The findings of the study (i) have to be taken into consideration when estimating musculoskeletal loads in the lower extremity, (ii) imply that stretching training can result in a stronger
- Published
- 1998
47. Human standing: does the control strategy preprogram a rigid knee?
- Author
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Di Giulio, Irene, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Maganaris, Constantinos N., and Loram, Ian D.
- Subjects
KNEE ,JOINTS (Anatomy) - Abstract
Human standing requires control of multisegmental configuration. Does the postural system normally allow flexible adjustment of configuration, or does it minimize degrees of freedom at the ankle, knee, and hip joints? Gentle, external, unpredictable, sagittal, mechanical perturbations (randomized force, 1-10 N; duration, 0.2-2 s; and leg) were applied to either knee of 24 healthy participants who stood symmetrically for 200 s. The translation of knee perturbation force to ankle, knee, and hip joint rotations in the perturbed and unperturbed legs was studied. We assessed whether consequent joint rotations indicated a stiff configuration-conserving or viscous energy-absorbing relationship to the knee perturbation. Two distinctive response patterns were observed. Twenty-two participants showed limited knee flexion and high ankle stiffness, whereas two participants showed substantial knee flexion, low ankle stiffness, measurable internal rotation of the unperturbed hip (0.4 ± 0.3 vs. 3.0 ± 1°, 5.7 ± 17 vs. 0.5 ± 0.3 N/°, 1.1 ± 0.4°, respectively; mean ± SD), and a viscous relationship between perturbation force and subsequent ankle flexion, knee flexion, and perturbed and unperturbed hip internal rotation. The size of knee-flexion response to knee perturbations was uncorrelated with the extent of unperturbed standing sway. Normal standing conceals a large interindividual range in leg control strategies, indicating adaptive potential to progress with development and skill acquisition and decline with age, disease, injury, and fear. Commonly, leg configuration was maintained stiffly. Less commonly, a bilateral, low-stiffness, energyabsorbing strategy utilizing the available degrees of freedom was shown. We propose that identification of individual coordination strategy has diagnostic and prognostic potential in relation to perceptual- posture-movement-fall interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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48. Mechanical correction of dynamometer moment for the effects of segment motion during isometric knee-extension tests.
- Author
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Tsaopoulos, Dimitrios E., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Richards, Paula J., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
- Subjects
DYNAMOMETER ,ISOMETRIC exercise ,KNEE ,FEMUR ,MUSCLE contraction - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dynamometer and joint axis misalignment on measured isometric knee-extension moments using inverse dynamics based on the actual joint kinematic information derived from the real-time X-ray video and to compare the errors when the moments were calculated using measurements from external anatomical surface markers or obtained from the isokinetic dynamometer. Six healthy males participated in this study. They performed isometric contractions at 90° and 20° of knee flexion, gradually increasing to maximum effort. For the calculation of the actual knee-joint moment and the joint moment relative to the knee-joint center, determined using the external marker, two free body diagrams were used of the Cybex arm and the lower leg segment system. In the first free body diagram, the mean center of the circular profiles of the femoral epicondyles was used as the knee-joint center, whereas in the second diagram, the joint center was assumed to coincide with the external marker. Then, the calculated knee-joint moments were compared with those measured by the dynamometer. The results indicate that 1) the actual knee-joint moment was different from the dynamometer recorded moment (difference ranged between 1.9% and 4.3%) and the moment calculated using the skin marker (difference ranged between 2.5% and 3%), and 2) during isometric knee extension, the internal knee angle changed significantly from rest to the maximum contraction state by about 19°. Therefore, these differences cannot be neglected if the moment-knee-joint angle relationship or the muscle mechanical properties, such as length-tension relationship, need to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Why Do Older Sprinters Reach the Finish Line Later?
- Author
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Arampatzis, Adamantios, Degens, Hans, Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, and Rittweger, Jörn
- Abstract
The article discusses how age influences the slowing process of running performance among athletes in sprint events. It notes the relationship between physiological power and speed in human locomotion which is affected by drag and accumulation of kinetic energy. It describes the factors that affect age-associated changes, including reduction of training overload, reduction of maximum force, and change in body composition associated with aging.
- Published
- 2011
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50. Muscle–tendon structure and dimensions in adults and children.
- Author
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O'Brien, Thomas D., Reeves, Neil D., Baltzopoulos, Vasilios, Jones, David A., and Maganaris, Constantinos N.
- Subjects
MUSCLES ,MUSCULOSKELETAL system ,MUSCLE strength ,MEDICAL imaging systems ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,QUADRICEPS muscle - Abstract
Muscle performance is closely related to the architecture and dimensions of the muscle–tendon unit and the effect of maturation on these architectural characteristics in humans is currently unknown. This study determined whether there are differences in musculo-tendinous architecture between adults and children of both sexes. Fascicle length and pennation angle were measured from ultrasound images at three sites along the length of the vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastis medialis and rectus femoris muscles. Muscle volume and muscle–tendon length were measured from magnetic resonance images. Muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was calculated as the ratio of muscle volume to optimum fascicle length. Fascicle length was greater in the adult groups than in children ( P < 0.05) but pennation angle did not differ between groups ( P > 0.05). The ratios between fascicle and muscle length and between fascicle and tendon length were not different ( P > 0.05) between adults and children for any quadriceps muscle. Quadriceps volume and PCSA of each muscle were greater in adults than children ( P < 0.01) but the relative proportion of each head to the total quadriceps volume was similar in all groups. However, the difference in PCSA between adults and children (men ∼ 104% greater than boys, women ∼ 57% greater than girls) was greater ( P < 0.05) than the difference in fascicle length (men ∼ 37% greater than boys, women ∼ 10% greater than girls). It is concluded that the fascicle, muscle and tendon lengthen proportionally during maturation, thus the muscle–tendon stiffness and excursion range are likely to be similar in children and adults but the relatively greater increase in PCSA than fascicle length indicates that adult muscles are better designed for force production than children’s muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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