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Objective: This study was aim to investigate the relationship of vaginal bacterial species with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and bacterial vaginosis (BV).Methods: One hundred and twenty-one women were included in the study. Gram stain was performed for the diagnosis of BV and evaluated according to the Nugent score. HR-HPV diagnosis was made by real-time PCR . Detection of vaginal microbial species and Gardnerella vaginalis subtypes were also performed by real-time PCR.Results: The prevalence of BV was found as 38.8%. The mean number of species was found significantly higher in BV-positive samples compared to BV-intermediate and BV-negative samples (p=0.001). Lactobacillus iners (p=0.036), BVAB2 (p=0.043), Provetella spp. (p=0.015), Leptotrichia/Sneathia (p=0.001), Megaspheara (p=0.048) were found to be associated with bacterial vaginosis. Gardnerella vaginalis subtypes were evaluated in 50 randomly selected samples. The most common strain that was found was “clade 4”. The prevalence of HR-HPV was 9.9%. HPV 16 was the most common HR-HPV type (58.3%). There was no significant difference between the mean value of Lactobacillus sp. HR-HPV-positive and negative samples (p=0.23). No association was found between the specified species and HR-HPV-positive samples (p=0.436).Conclusion: Bacterial diversity was greater in BV-positive patients and BV was significantly associated with Lactobacillus iners, Megaspheara, BVAB2, Provetella spp. and Leptotrichia / Sneathia.

Objective: To assess the indications for termination of pregnancy (TOP) in pregnant patients who were followed up with suspicion of fetal anomaly in a Turkish tertiary referral center. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in patients who were followed up with suspicion of fetal anomaly between May 2016 and May 2019 at the Perinatology Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in Pamukkale University Hospital, which is a tertiary hospital in Denizli province in Turkey. Women were divided into two depending on gestational period: group 1 23 weeks of gestation). Results: Four hundred and seventeen pregnant women were evaluated and TOP was performed at a mean gestational age of 27.7 +/- 6.3 weeks. There were 308 (73.8%) women in group 1 and 109 (26.2%) in group 2. The decision to terminate pregnancy was due to fetal anomaly in 117 (28.1%). The majority of termination pregnancies in group 2 were performed because of multiple malformations and/or central nervous system defects. All chromosomal diseases were detected in group 1. Conclusion: With a good perinatal screening program, fetal anomalies can be diagnosed early. Therefore, early TOP is possible. Thus, pregnancy termination can be made before reaching the life limit.

Purpose: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is related to metabolic diseases such as endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, insülin resistance and dyslipidemia. Adropin is a peptide secretion that positively affects glucose homeostasis and hepatic steatosis in patients with PCOS. Lipocalin-2 mediates obesity, insulin resistance, and apoptosis induced by IL-3. The levels of adropin and lipocalin-2 in PCOS patients were studied in this study.Materials and methods: Women with PCOS (n=37) and healthy controls (n=34) were assessed in this observational and cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements, demographic data, metabolic and hormonal profiles, Adropin and Lipocalin-2 levels were measured in both groups.Results: In the study it was determined that PCOS group Adropin and Lipocalin-2 levels were significantly reduced. LDL-C cholesterol, Total cholesterol, Total testosterone, LH, FAI, Triglyceride and LH/FSH values and hirsutism score considerably lower in the control group than the PCOS group.Conclusion: The fact that adropin levels were reduced significantly in PCOS patients who had not yet acquired insulin resistance or who could not be detected using existing methods suggests that adropin changes in PCOS are independent of insulin. The study shows that the level of adropin decreases significantly before insulin resistance reaches pathological levels, which is associated with the young population. Low Lipocalin-2 levels in patients with PCOS suggest that this cannot be blamed for insulin receptor dysfunction secondary to apoptosis in PCOS.

Amaç: Yüksek dereceli servikal intraepitelyal lezyonların (HSIL) tedavisinde eksizyon sonrası cerrahi sınırdaHSIL devamlılığı saptanır ise yeniden eksizyon veya 4-6 ay sonra kontrol seçenekleri gündeme gelmektedir.Ancak bu olgularda re-eksizyon materyalinde HSIL’in persiste edip etmediğini öngörebilen parametreler henüztanımlanmamıştır. Biz bu çalışmada lezyon persistansı ile ilişkili olabilecek klinik ve histopatolojik parametrelerideğerlendirmeyi amaçladık.Gereç ve yöntem: Elektrocerrahi ile eksizyonel tedavi sonrası cerrahi sınırda HSIL devamlılığı izlenen ve bunedenle yeniden eksizyon yapılan olguların bilgileri retrospektif olarak taranmıştır. Hastaların sosyodemografikverileri, başvuru sırasındaki HPV (Human Papillomavirus) tiplemesi (HPV tip 16/18 veya diğer yüksek risklitipler), maksimal lezyon çapları, odak sayısı, yüksek dereceli lezyonun derecesi (CIN2 veya CIN3), eksizyonelmateryalin maksimal çapı, cerrahi sınır durumu ve derecelendirilmesi (Grade 1: şüpheli veya rölatif olarak tamsınırda olan cerrahi sınır pozitifliği; Grade 2: belirgin cerrahi sınır pozitifliği) ile sonraki eksizyonel işlemde HSIL’inpersiste edip etmemesi analiz için kayıt edilmiştir.Bulgular:Çalışma kriterlerine uyan toplamda 73 hasta belirlendi. Yeniden eksizyon yapılan hastaların 23(%31,5) tanesinde yüksek dereceli lezyonun persiste ettiği saptandı. Sosyodemografik ve histopatolojik faktörler(yaş, menapoz, sigara kullanımı, başlangıçtaki yüksek riskli HPV tipi, eksizyonun büyüklüğü, histolojik tip (CIN2/CIN3) lezyon büyüklüğü, lezyonun odak sayısı ve cerrahi sınır pozitifliğinin derecesi) incelendiğinde, rezidüelhastalığın saptandığı ve saptanmadığı gruplar arasında istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı (p=0,116,p=0,50, p=0,601, p=0,092, p=0,719, p=0,501, p=0,699, p=0,131, p=0,884, sırasıyla).Sonuç: Olguların yaklaşık üçte birinde re-eksizyon materyalinde HSIL’in persiste ettiği saptanmıştır. Ancakne klinik özellikler ne de ilk eksizyondaki patolojik bulgular ile lezyonun varlığı arasında anlamlı bir ilişkigösterilememiştir.

Amac: β hucrelerinin fonksiyonlarindaki degisiklikler polikistik over sendromunun (PCOS) patogenezinde onemli roller oynayabilir. Pankreatic Derived Factor (PANDER), patolojik kosullar altinda pankreatik β hucre apoptozunu indukleyen sitokin benzeri bir proteindir. Bu arastirma, serum PANDER duzeylerini belirlemek ve serum PANDER duzeylerinin oksidatif stres ve PCOS'taki insulin direnci ile iliskili olup olmadigini belirlemek icin planlanmistir. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu kontrollu klinik calismada PKOS tanisi almis 27 hasta ve 24 saglikli kadin control grubu olarak degerlendirildi. Serum lipit alt fraksiyonlari, aclik glikozu, insulin, gonadotropinler ve androjenler, malondialdehit (MDA) ve PANDER duzeyleri olculdu. Insulin direncini tahmin etmek icin homeostaz model degerlendirmesi (HOMA-IR) kullanildi. Bulgular: Calisma ve kontrol grubundaki denekler bel olcumleri, gonadotropinler, lipit alt fraksiyonlari, MDA ve PANDER duzeyleri acisindan benzerdi, PKOS'lu kadinlar saglikli kadinlardan onemli olcude daha yuksek FAI ve HOMA-IR'ye sahipti. Serum PANDER duzeyleri calisilan parametrelerle iliskili degildi. Sonuc: Bu sonuclar PANDER seviyesinin PCOS'ta insulin direnci, over kaynakli hiperandrojenizm ve oksidatif stres ile iliskili olmadigini gostermistir.

Kortikal tabaka oluşumuyla sonuçlanan nöral migrasyon olarak adlandırılan süreç 3. ve 6. aylar arasında olmakla birlikte bu sürecin sağlıklı bir şekilde ilerleyememesi durumunda nöral migrasyon defekti oluşur. Ultrasonografi ve Manyetik rezonans görüntüleme ile bu durumun ve ek anomalilerin tespiti her geçen gün artmaktadır. Ultrasonografi ve Manyetik rezonans görüntüleme günümüzde fetusa ait bir çok anomali hakkında bilgi verebilirken, özellikle belirli haftalarda uygulandığında fetal beyin anomalilerini göstermede çok faydalıdır. Bu bildiride, literatür eşliğinde gebelikte fetal beyin yapılarının görüntüleme yöntemleri ile nöral migrasyon defekti bulguları tartışıldı.

İnsan papillomavirüs (HPV) enfeksiyonu servikal kanser gelişmesinde en önemli risk faktörüdür. Yapılan çalışmalar HPV prevalansı ve genotip dağılımının bölgeler arası büyük farklılık gösterdiğini ortayakoymuştur. Bu çalışmada HPV prevalansı ve genotip dağılımının retrospektif olarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Anabilim Dalına başvuran 1170 hasta dahil edilmiştir.Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların Bethesda sistemine göre incelenmiş olan servikal sürüntü örneklerininsitolojik olarak incelenmesi olan “Pap smear” sonuçları ile servikal HPV moleküler test sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. HPV tanımlama ve tiplendirmesinde “Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche MolecularSystem, ABD)” kullanılmıştır. Hastalar yaşlarına göre beş gruba ayrılarak incelenmiştir. HPV oranı en fazla17-30 yaş arasında görülürken yüksek riskli HPV (HR- HPV) en sık 51-60 yaş arasında saptanmıştır. Bin yüzyetmiş hastanın 978 (%83.6)’i normal sitolojik bulgulara,192 (%16.4)’si anormal sitolojik bulgulara sahipbulunmuştur. Hastaların toplam %37.2’sinde HPV saptanmıştır. HR-HPV oranı %21.2, olası yüksek riskliHPV oranı %6.4, düşük riskli HPV oranı %9.5 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sitolojik bulgularla HPV arasındakiilişkiye bakıldığında normal sitoloji saptanan hastaların %67.8’inde HPV negatif, %32.2’sinde HPV pozitifsaptanırken, anormal sitoloji saptanmış olan hastaların %37.5’inde HPV negatif, %62.5’inde HPV pozitifliği saptanmıştır. En yüksek HPV prevalansı %8.9 ile HPV 16 olarak bulunmuştur. Toplam 354 hastayabiyopsi yapılmış, bunların 177’si normal, 111’i servikal intraepitelyal neoplazi (CIN) 1.66’sı CIN 2 ve üzeriolarak rapor edilmiştir. Normal patolojik bulgulara sahip grupta HR-HPV oranı %15.8 iken, CIN 1’de%44.1, CIN 2-3’te %63.6 olarak bulunmuştur. CIN 2 ve daha üzeri lezyonu olanlarda tarama testlerininduyarlılık, özgüllük, pozitif prediktif ve negatif prediktif değerleri incelenmiştir. HR-HPV’de duyarlılık veözgüllük sırasıyla %63.6 ve %73.3 olarak bulunurken, HPV’de aynı oranlar sırasıyla %81.8 ve %58.7olarak saptanmıştır. En yüksek duyarlılık HPV’de, en yüksek özgüllük ise HR-HPV ve pozitif smear sonucuolarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızda bulduğumuz HPV prevalansı ve genotip dağılımı dünyada bildirilen oranlara benzer, fakat ülkemizde daha önce yapılan çalışmalardan yüksektir. Bu durumun kullanılan yönteme ve çalışma grubumuzun hastaneye başvuran hastalardan oluşmasına bağlı olduğudüşünülmüştür. Tarama testi olarak yalnız smear veya HR-HPV testleri yeterli olmayıp, HPV’nin diğer genotiplerinin de taramalara katılmasının duyarlılığı artıracağı kanaatine varılmıştır.

Preeclampsia continues to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. The etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia is not fully understood. Neopterin and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production reflects cellular immunity. Our purpose was to determine the levels of neopterin and interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, and assess the implications of these findings in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Fourteen women with preeclampsia were compared with 14 healthy pregnant women. Serum levels of neopterin were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA), and IL‐2R levels were determined by an immunoassay method with an Immulite analyzer. The levels of neopterin and IL‐2R were significantly higher in the preeclamptic subjects than in normotensive women (P

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Vitamin D for relieving vaginal atrophy. Methods: In our cross-sectional study, 60 eligible women were consecutively identified among patients who were followed in physical medicine and rehabilitation's outpatient clinic, during the period March June 2001. The sample consisted of 30 postmenopausal women on 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D (calcitriol) treatment, 30 postmenopausal women taking neither hormone replacement nor osteoporosis treatment. Vaginal atrophy was determined by symptoms, physical examination and maturation index (MI). Results: The mean physical findings score in Vitamin D treatment (VDT) group was significantly lower than the mean physical findings score in the group without treatment. Symptom scores were lower in both groups and there was not significantly difference between two groups. As maturation indices: in VDT group, superficial cells proportion was significantly higher and basal, parabasal cells proportion was lower than in the group without treatment. Conclusion: The results of current study seem to indicate that vaginal tissue may be a new target organ for therapeutically applied Vitamin D analogues. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Denizli, Turkey. Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Pathol, Denizli, Turkey. Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Denizli, Turkey.

Objective: To determine if reperfusion injury takes place in ovarian tissue following the detorsion of the torsioned ovary. Study design: Fifty-four New Zealand mature nonpregnant female rabbits were divided into six groups. One group served to determine the basal values of thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) and another group was sham. In the third and fourth groups, ovarian torsions and subsequent oophorectomy were performed in I and 3 h, respectively. In the fifth and sixth groups, detorsions were carried out after unilateral ovarian torsion lasting I and 3 h. respectively, then oophorectomies of the detorsioned ovaries were performed 2 It after detorsion. The level of TBARS in ovarian tissues was determined in all subjects. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. Differences were considered to be significant if P < 0.05. Results: The levels of TBARS were not different in the basal and sham groups (P > 0.05), while ovarian torsion caused significant increase in TBARS in the ovary (P < 0.05), and detorsion caused a further significant increase in ovarian TBARS (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Reperfusion injury in ovarian tissue, following the detorsion after the torsion of the ovary lasting up to 3 It was demonstrated biochemically in this study. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objecti6es: To evaluate the effects of menopausal hot flashes on arterial blood gas measurements. Methods: Twelve postmenopausal women with frequent hot flashes were enrolled in this study. Blood samples from femoral artery were collected before and during menopausal hot flashes in each subject, and all blood samples were analyzed for pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3 standard, total CO2, and base excess. Arterial blood gas parameters before and during menopausal hot flashes were compared statistically. Results: pH measurements decreased significantly during hot flashes (PB 0.05); although the difference was found to be statistically significant, the amount of decrease and the range in which the change took place led us to conclude that this change was clinically insignificant. Other parameters did not show any statistically significant differences between the preflash and flash measurements. Conclusions: Our results indicate that menopausal hot flashes do not have any clinically significant effects on arterial blood gas measurements. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives: To determine the effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on 'sympathetic skin response' test which is one of the tests to evaluate autonomic functions. Methods: Sixty postmenopausal women, 30 of whom taking hormone replacement therapy and the remaining 30 without hormone replacement therapy, were enrolled in this study. Sympathetic skin responses were recorded in each subject by Medelec Premiere electromyograph. Latency and amplitude of sympathetic skin response and area under the negative component of sympathetic skin response were measured and the groups were compared statistically regarding these results. Results: Latency values of the groups were not significantly different, whilst the difference between the sympathetic skin response amplitudes of the groups, as well as the difference between the measurements of area under the negative component of sympathetic skin response of the groups were statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of the current study seem to indicate that estrogen has a significant inhibitory effect on the sympathetic neuron pool at the spinal cord level. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in eclamptic women as well as the rates of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and fetal death in APA-positive and -negative eclamptic women. Thirty-six eclamptic and 30 healthy pregnant women were enrolled in this study. APA in those groups were determined. The prevalences of IUGR and fetal death were determined in APA-positive and -negative eclamptic women. In the eclamptic group, APA were positive in 9 out of 36 patients (25%), where as only 2 out of 30 controls (6.7%) were positive (p < 0.05). Fetal death was encountered in 4 out of 9 (44.4%) APA-positive eclamptic women; this was a significantly larger proportion than that for APA-negative eclamptic women (1/27; p < 0.01). The rates of IUGR in APA-positive and -negative eclamptic women were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Similar conclusions about our results could also be made, when weakly positive anticardiolipin antibodies were regarded as negative in our study group and controls. Our study suggests that positive levels of APA in eclamptic women increase the risk for intrauterine fetal death.

Our report describes an unusual presentation of mature cystic teratoma. In this case, 3 mature cystic teratomas were encountered during cesarean section, one in each round ligament and the other in the left ovary. According to the literature, round ligament is one of the rarest sites for the presentation of mature cystic teratoma. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Our purpose was to determine if blood samplings in the mornings after night shifts should be avoided for measuring the basal serum prolactin levels in women working at night and with regular menses; 20 nurses with regular menses, all working only at night shifts, were enrolled in this study. Serum prolactin levels of the subjects were determined twice, first in the morning after a typical night's sleep, with no intercourse within the previous 24 hours, second, in the morning after a typical night shift. All measurements of serum prolactin levels were performed in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Prolactin levels in the mornings after typical night's sleeps and in the mornings after typical night shifts were not significantly different. Prolactin level in the morning after a night shift of a woman with regular menses may represent basal prolactin level of that woman.