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Рукопись поступила в редакцию: 25.04.2022. Принята к публикации: 16.05.2022. Bloch E. Zur Originalgeschichte des Dritten Reichs // Bloch E. Werkausgabe : in 16 Bdn. Bd. 4 : Erbschaft dieser Zeit. Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp Verlag, 1985. S. 126–152. Перевод печатается с разрешения издательства Suhrkamp Verlag (ФРГ). Received: 25.04.2022. Accepted: 16.05.2022. В статье Э. Блоха ставится вопрос о том, как присваивается интеллектуальное наследие далекого прошлого современными политическими движениями. Он обращает внимание на актуализацию древних народных мечтаний в начале ХХ века. Конкретно он рассматривает рецепцию средневековых религиозных учений массовым сознанием немцев в период зарождения нацизма в Германии 1920-х — 1930-х годов. Способ, которым внедрялись такие концепты средневекового сознания, как «вождь» и «третий рейх» в сознание современников, Блох квалифицирует как «обман», как искажение их первоначального смысла, превращение значений в противоположные. Философ показывает, что термин «Третий рейх» имеет давнюю историю, подлинно революционную, так как в оригинале «Третий рейх» обозначал социально-революционную идеальную мечту христианского еретичества: мечту о Третьем Евангелии и соответствующем ему мире. Блох рассматривает влияние хилиазма на многие исторические революционные движения. Современный социализм, по Блоху, является попыткой воплощения мечты средневековых народных масс, но без мистической окраски. В статье подробно прослеживается эволюция концепта «освободителя угнетенных», «вождя» с самых древних времен, анализируются книжные тексты и устные легенды. Подчеркивается постоянный мотив «воскресшего» или «проснувшегося» кайзера-освободителя и его укорененность в массовом сознании. Делается вывод о том, как помогало нацистам использование этого образа в установлении их популярности. Особое внимание уделяется жизни и идеям аббата Иоахима Флорского (XII век) как знаковой фигуре социально-хилиастического поворота. Флорский интересует Блоха в связи с другим важным мотивом Средневековья, актуализированным нацизмом: «посюсторонним Евангелием». Блох анализирует предшественников учения Флорского — Эриугену и сен-викторианцев — и доказывает, что в трактовке Флорского мистическое движение души по ступеням было спроецировано на весь процесс движения человечества, его историю. Он «поставил землю под строгие христианские требования», которые должны быть реализованы в последней, третьей стадии. Далее Блох прослеживает развитие идеи троичности стадий исторического движения от ветхозаветных эсхатологических мотивов, Августина, через немецкое Просвещение и романтизм вплоть до современности (Достоевский, Ибсен и другие). В заключение Блох делает выводы, что «пренебрежение старыми путями и формами не остается безнаказанным». Основной итог исследования трактуется как указание на то, что старые формы массовых мечтаний могут быть использованы современными политическими силами совершенно с различными целями и эффектами. The article by E. Bloch raises the question of how the intellectual heritage of the distant past is appropriated by modern political movements. The author draws attention to the actualization of ancient folk dreams at the beginning of the twentieth century. He focuses on the reception of medieval religious teachings by the mass consciousness of Germans during the period of the birth of Nazism in Germany in the 1920s — 1930s. The way in which the concepts of medieval consciousness „leader“ and „Third Reich“ were introduced into the consciousness of contemporaries, Bloch qualifies as „deception“, distortion of their original meaning, transformation of meanings into opposite ones. The philosopher shows that the term „Third Reich“ has a long, truly revolutionary history, since in the original the Third Reich denoted the socio-revolutionary ideal dream of Christian heresy: the dream of the Third Gospel and the world corresponding to it. Bloch examines the infl uence of chiliasm on many historical revolutionary movements. Modern socialism, according to Bloch, is an attempt to realize the dreams of the medieval masses without mystical coloring. Then, the article traces in detail the evolution of the concept of „liberator of the oppressed“, „leader“ from the most ancient times; it also analyzes book texts and oral legends. The author emphasizes the constant motif of the „resurrected“ or „awakened“ Kaiser-liberator and his place in the mass consciousness. The conclusion is made about how the use of this image helped the Nazis in establishing their popularity. The article pays special attention to the life and ideas of Abbot Joachim Florsky (XII century) as an iconic fi gure of the socio-chiliastic turn. Bloch is interested in Florsky in connection with another important motif of the Middle Ages, which was actualized by Nazism: „this world’s Gospel“. Bloch analyzes the predecessors of Florsky’s teaching — Eriugen and the Saint Victorians. He proves that in Florsky’s interpretation, the mystical movement of the soul along the steps was projected onto the entire process of the movement of humanity, its history. He „put the earth under strict Christian requirements“, which should be implemented in the last, third stage. Further, Bloch traces the development of the idea of the trinity of stages of the historical movement from the Old Testament eschatological motives, Augustine, through the German Enlightenment and Romanticism up to the present (Fyodor Dostoevsky, Henrik Ibsen and others). Bloch concludes that „the neglect of the old ways and forms does not go unpunished“. The main result of the study can be understood as an indication that the old forms of mass dreams can be used by modern political forces with completely different goals and effects.

Рукопись поступила в редакцию: 27.09.2021. Принята к публикации: 15.11.2021. Перевод печатается с разрешения издательства Suhrkamp Verlag (ФРГ). Bloch, E. (1985), “Erbschaft dieser Zeit”, in Bloch, E., Werkausgabe, in 16 Bdn., Bd. 4, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, S. 104–126. The translation is printed with the permission of the publisher Suhrkamp Verlag (West Germany). Received: 27.09.2021. Accepted: 15.11.2021. Предлагаемый перевод избранных фрагментов работы немецкого философа Эрнста Блоха «Наследство нашего времени» посвящен темпоральным характеристикам различных социальных групп германского общества начала ХХ века. Основными в этих характеристиках являются, во-первых, понятие «неодновременность», которое рассматривается в различных аспектах, во-вторых, понятие «наследство» как совокупность экономических, политических, культурных, ментальных элементов прошлого, сохранившихся в германском обществе 1930-х гг. Блох показывает влияние этих элементов на жизнь средних слоев — крестьян, ремесленников, мелкой городской буржуазии. Использование этих элементов в нацистской пропаганде объясняет, согласно Блоху, популярность нацизма в Германии. Дается характеристика Германии как «классической страны неодновременности». Автор ставит задачу переформулировать по-марксистски иррациональное в массовом сознании и не отдавать мечты и образы будущего реакционным силам. При этом Блох опирается на европейскую философскую традицию в лице Г. Гегеля и К. Маркса. Он вводит парные понятия «объективно неодновременные противоречия» и «субъективно неодновременные противоречия» в анализ современного капитализма. Социальная диалектика должна быть, по Блоху, в темпоральном аспекте многослойной. The proposed translation of selected fragments of the work of the German philosopher Ernst Bloch “The Heritage of Our Times” is devoted to the temporal characteristics of various social groups of German society at the beginning of the 20th century. The fi rst fundamental concept in these characteristics is the concept of non-simultaneity considered in different aspects. Second, it is the concept of heritage as a set of economic, political, cultural, mental elements of the past that remained in German society of the 1930s. Bloch showed the impact of these elements o on the life of the middle class (peasants, craftsmen, small-scale urban bourgeoisie). In Bloch’s view, the fact that the Nazis used these elements in their propaganda explains the popularity of Nazism in Germany. The author also forwards the characteristic of Germany as a classical state of non-simultaneity and poses the task to re-formulate the Marxist-style irrational in the mass consciousness and not to hand over dreams and images of the future to reactionary forces. Here Bloch makes use of the European philosophical tradition of Hegel and Marx. He introduces the concept of objectively non-simultaneous and subjectively non-simultaneous contradictions into the analysis of modern capitalism. Social dialectics, according to Bloch, should be multi-layered in the temporal aspect.

International audience; The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas established ZIKV as a major public health threat and uncovered its association with severe diseases, including microcephaly. However, genetic epidemiology in some at-risk regions, particularly Central America and Mexico, remains limited. We report 61 ZIKV genomes from this region, generated using metagenomic sequencing with ZIKV-specific enrichment, and combine phylogenetic, epidemiological, and environmental data to reconstruct ZIKV transmission. These analyses revealed multiple independent ZIKV introductions to Central America and Mexico. One introduction, likely from Brazil via Honduras, led to most infections and the undetected spread of ZIKV through the region from late 2014. Multiple lines of evidence indicate biannual peaks of ZIKV transmission in the region, likely driven by varying local environmental conditions for mosquito vectors and herd immunity. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ZIKV transmission in Central America and Mexico challenges arbovirus surveillance and disease control measures. Thézé et al. examine the genomic epidemiology of Zika virus in Central America and Mexico. Following its likely introduction to Honduras in 2014, the virus spread undetected in the region. Genetic and epidemiological data indicate that biannual transmission peaks occurred, and could potentially be explained by local variation in mosquito abundance.

Hydration energies contribute significantly to the stability of hydrated clay minerals. However, thermodynamic data of hydration for clay minerals are still poorly known. The present study aims to improve our comprehension of the hydration processes of sodic smectite MX80, and to implement a new methodology for extracting thermodynamic data of hydration of the smectite.

Hydration properties of swelling clay minerals may be very variable depending on the chemical composition of the clay, on the nature of the interlayer cations and on the interlayer charge (Berend et al., 1995; Vieillard et al., 2011). The Wyoming smectite has been largely studied, notably for assessing its hydration behavior as a function of the interlayer cations, in connection with its structural characteristics (Ferrage et al., 2005; Salles et al., 2007). In the present work, carried out as part of a collaborative Andra/BRGM/HydrASA research program for ThermoChimie project, we propose an original experimental study, based on adsorption and desorption isotherms performed on MX80 clay samples. The goal is to determine energetic contributions to the reactions of hydration, which have been revealed to be non-negligible with respect to the stability of the clay minerals (Gailhanou et al., submitted). In particular, the present work addresses the problems of the hysteresis loop between adsorption and desorption isotherms and of the irreversibility of hydration reactions. This is directly related to the application of classical thermodynamics to the hydration reactions of clay minerals. In a first stage, an experimental study is dedicated to better understand the origin of the hysteresis loop which is systematically observed for the adsorption-desorption isotherms at 25°C. The development of the hysteresis loop has been studied by considering several kinetically related parameters: stabilization periods, temperatures (from 25°C to 60°C) and hydration steps (Figure 1). No sensible change was observed in the hysteresis loop. Therefore, the amount of adsorbed water depends on the followed reaction pathway (adsorption or desorption). The variations in microstructures and in the distribution of hydration layers (0/1/2 water layers; Ferrage et al., 2005) as a function of relative humidity (RH) could provide a possible explanation for this phenomenon.

We compared initial screening transferrin saturation (TfSat) and serum ferritin (SF) phenotypes and HFE C282Y and H63D genotypes of 645 Native American and 43,453 white Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening Study participants who did not report a previous diagnosis of hemochromatosis or iron overload. Elevated measurements were defined as TfSat >50% in men and >45% in women and SF>300 ng/ml in men and >200 ng/ml in women. Mean TfSat was 31% in Native American men and 32% in white men (p = 0.0337) and 25% in Native American women and 27% in white women (p < 0.0001). Mean SF was 153 mg/l in Native American and 151 μ/l in white men (p = 0.8256); mean SF was 55 μ/l in Native American women and 63 μ/l in white women (p = 0.0015). The C282Y allele frequency was 0.0340 in Native Americans and 0.0683 in whites (p < 0.0001). The H63D allele frequency was 0.1150 in Native Americans and 0.1532 in whites (p = 0.0001). We conclude that the screening TfSat and SF phenotypes of Native Americans are similar to those of whites. The allele frequencies of HFE C282Y and H63D are significantly lower in Native Americans than in whites. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2006.

To study retrospectively all newborns admitted between 1992 and 1998 in our Neonatology Unit with convulsions before 30 days of life.77 patients, 63.6% male, with an average gestational age of 36.42 weeks, and an average birth weight of 2,653 g. Apgar score at five minutes was below 4 in 4 newborns.In 35 patients the first convulsion occurred in the first 48 hours of life, 7 patients showed status epilepticus. There was a single type of seizure in 49 newborns (65.3%), specially tonic and clonic (multifocal and focal). Head ultrasound was abnormal in 33 newborn, CT scan and/or MRI abnormal in 24, EEG was pathologic in 55. Phenobarbital was the initial treatment in 81.8%, half of them required a therapeutical change. 34 patients (55.7%) still received treatment at hospital discharge. The etiology was hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (39%), though less important than in previous studies, intracranial hemorrhage (13%), central nervous system malformations (9%), among other. 16 patients died, 35 showed an abnormal outcome (45.4%): cognitive delay in 24, epilepsy in 19, motor abnormalities in 12.The worst outcome was found in malformations, meningitis, intracranial hemorrhages, metabolic diseases and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, while the best in hypoglycemia and in benign idiopathic neonatal seizures.

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