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The TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID) 2019 was a TREC-style video analysis and retrieval evaluation, the goal of which remains to promote progress in research and development of content-based exploitation and retrieval of information from digital video via open, metrics-based evaluation. Over the last nineteen years this effort has yielded a better understanding of how systems can effectively accomplish such processing and how one can reliably benchmark their performance. TRECVID has been funded by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) and other US government agencies. In addition, many organizations and individuals worldwide contribute significant time and effort. TRECVID 2019 represented a continuation of four tasks from TRECVID 2018. In total, 27 teams from various research organizations worldwide completed one or more of the following four tasks: 1. Ad-hoc Video Search (AVS) 2. Instance Search (INS) 3. Activities in Extended Video (ActEV) 4. Video to Text Description (VTT) This paper is an introduction to the evaluation framework, tasks, data, and measures used in the workshop., Comment: TRECVID Workshop overview paper. 39 pages

[No abstract available]

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite the availability of effi cient treatment over the last decades.

A series of laboratory and field experiments were undertaken at the laboratories and experimental farm of Environment, Natural Resources and Desertification Research Institute, NCR and Shendi Research Station experimental farm, ARC, Sudan at season 2015-2016, to evaluate efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus megatherium var. Phosphaticum (BMP), Rhizobium leguminosarum (TAL1399) and the herbicide imazethapyr (pursuit) against Orobanche crenata infesting faba bean. Treatments were laid out in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) in laboratory experiment and in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in the field experiments with four replicates. Results of laboratory experiments showed that T. harzianum and Imazethapyr each alone or in combination significantly reduced O. crenata germination. Field results revealed that, application of T. harzianum, Imazethapyr and Imazethapyr + BMP+TAL1399 significantly delayed the days of O. crenata emergence in Shendi and Soba sites. T. harzianum alone or in combination with bacteria or imazethapyr significantly reduced number of O. crenata emergence and increased faba bean plant height as compared to the corresponding control in Shendi and Soba sites. T. harzanium alone or in combination with T. harzanium + BMP+TAL1399 significantly increased faba bean biomass, pod/plant and grain yield and 100 seed weight insignificantly as compared to the infested control in Shendi and Soba sites.

A group of patients with increased diabetes andhyperlipidemia were divided into male and female groupsand further subdivided into 3 groups. These groupsreceived, either simvastatin (20 mg daily), Omega3-fattyacid (2g/day), or both. The blood pressure and lipid profilewere measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment.Our data showed that treatment with simvastatin did notproduce significant effect on blood pressure, howeverthe blood pressure was significantly reduced in patientsreceived omega 3-fatty acid or simvastatin plus omega3-fatty acid. The total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG),and low density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly decreasedin all treated groups. The high density lipoprotein (HDL)significantly increased in all treated groups except inthe group of males, receiving simvastatin. Alaninetransaminase (ALT) increased significantly in femaleand male groups receiving simvastatin, but significantlydecreased in same groups receiving omega 3-fatty acidand in the male receiving simvastatin plus omega3-fattyacid. The aspartate transaminase (AST) levels significantlydecreased in all treated groups except in the female groupgiven omega3-fatty acid. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP)was significantly increased only in the groups givensimvastatin alone. The levels of urea and creatinine werenot affected in all groups. In our prospective study wefound that simvastatin decreased TC, TG and LDL, and resulted in elevation of liver transaminases. Omega3- fattyacid alone or plus simvastatin has similar effect on lipidprofile and it significantly reduces blood pressure withoutaffecting liver or renal function. Key words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Simvastatin,Omega-3 fatty acid, ALT, AST, ALP

[No abstract available]

Type 2 of diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with progressive failure of pancreatic B-cells to secrete insulin, decreased insulin action, due to reduced insulin receptors at the target sites. Dyslipidemia is a common risk of DM and is responsible to a large extent for cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality. This study was planned to compare the effects of metformin alone and a combination of metformin and insulin in presence of simvastatin on glycemic and lipid levels in Libyan diabeticpatients. This retrospective study was conducted at Benghazi Diabetic Center (Libya) on 100 patients with type 2 DM of 40-60 years old. Patients were selected for follow up on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were divided into three groups. The first group (n=30), received metformin (1-2 gm/day). The second group (n=40) received metformin (1-2 gm/day) and insulin (mixtard 30/70, 30-60 units/day) and third group (n=30) received metformin (1-2 gm/day), insulin (30-60 units/day) plus simvastatin (40 mg/day). Glucose blood levels (FBG, PPBG and HBA1c), lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and AI), hepatic function (ALT, AST, ALP and Bilirubin) and renal function (creatinine and urea) were measured for each patient. All the patients had a good glycemic control with significant decrease in HbAc1 of metformin plus insulin treated group. No significant differences in lipid profile of metformin treated group and metformin plus insulin treated group were observed. Date revealed both significant increase in HDL-C and decrease in TC, LDL-C and atherogenic index levels but without any change in TG in metformin and insulin treated group as compared with metformin, insulin plus simvastatin treated group. All the findings of hepatic and renal functions were within the normal range except for bilirubin which significantly increased in metformin, insulin plus simvastatin treated group compared with other treated groups.In conclusion, the efficacy of metformin in controlling hyperglycemia was enhanced with insulin without negative effects. Simvastatin was effective in controlling dyslipidemia associated with DM and produced a profound reduction in TC and LDL-C of the patients.

Six laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the fungicide Benomyl on pure cultures of some plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and some fungi. The highest LD50 was recorded for Bacillus circulans and proved to be the most resistant to the fungicide, followed by Azospirillum braziliense, while Penicillium sp. was the most affected microorganism. LD50 values for the affected microorganisms were in 21-240 orders of magnitude lower in comparison with the LD50 value for Azospirillum braziliense. The results indicate a strong selectivity for Benomyl against Rhizobium meliloti and Penicillium sp. when compared to other microorganisms tested. The highest safety coefficient was recorded for Bacillus circulans followed by Azospirillum braziliense, while Rhizobium meliloti, showed the lowest safety coefficient value compared to other bacteria. The lowest toxicity index was recorded for Bacillus circulans and Azospirillum braziliense. The slope of the curves for Bacillus sp. and Rhizobium meliloti was steeper than that of the other curves, suggesting that even a slight increase of the dose of the fungicide can cause a very strong negative effect. In conclusion, Benomyl could be applied without restriction when using inocula based on growth promoting bacteria such as symbiotic nitrogen fixers (Rhizobium meliloti), non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers (Azospirillum braziliense) or potassium solibilizers (Bacillus circulans), given that the fungicide is applied within the range of the recommended field dose.

A pot experiment was conducted at the Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute, NCR, Sudan to investigate the effect of organic (Elkhairat (T) and Elkhasseb (X)) and microbial (Azospirillin (A) and Phosphobacterin (B)) bio-fertilizers and their combinations on S. hermonthica growth and development in Maize. Results showed that all treatments reduced emergence of the parasite, except inoculation with A which enhanced Striga emergence compared to control. Treating maize plants with Striga, irrespective to treatments reduced maize height as compared with free maize. Plants fertilized with T sustained the highest plant growth at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS). It increased maize height by 79% as compared to infested control. At 6 WAS fertilization with X, B+T and A+B+T were significantly increased plant heights as compared to infested control. Leaf number was affected due to Striga infestation. At 6 WAS, all treatments significantly increased leaf numbers except B, A+B and X as compared to infested control. While at 10 WAS, results showed that only A+B+T was significantly increased leaf numbers compared to infested control. Averaged across all fertilization treatments, maize plants infested with Striga had smaller leaf areas than did uninfected plants. At 6 and 10 WAS, X sustained the highest leaf area index compared to all other treatments. Maize treated with X and A+B+T sustained the highest shoot dry weight as compared to infested control . Maize fertilized with X, A+T and A+X showed the highest root dry weight as compared to infested control.

Semantic indexing, or assigning semantic tags to video samples, is a key component for content-based access to video documents and collections. The Semantic Indexing task has been run at TRECVid from 2010 to 2015 with the support of NIST and the Quaero project. As with the previous High-Level Feature detection task which ran from 2002 to 2009, the semantic indexing task aims at evaluating methods and systems for detecting visual, auditory or multi-modal concepts in video shots. In addition to the main semantic indexing task, four secondary tasks were proposed namely the "localization" task, the "concept pair" task, the "no annotation" task, and the "progress" task. It attracted over 40 research teams during its running period. The task was conducted using a total of 1,400 hours of video data drawn from Internet Archive videos with Creative Commons licenses gathered by NIST. 200 hours of new test data was made available each year plus 200 more as development data in 2010. The number of target concepts to be detected started from 130 in 2010 and was extended to 346 in 2011. Both the increase in the volume of video data and in the number of target concepts favored the development of generic and scalable methods. Over 8 millions shots×concepts direct annotations plus over 20 millions indirect ones were produced by the participants and the Quaero project on a total of 800 hours of development data. Significant progress was accomplished during the period as this was accurately measured in the context of the progress task but also from some of the participants' contrast experiments. This paper describes the data, protocol and metrics used for the main and the secondary tasks, the results obtained and the main approaches used by participants.

Contains fulltext : 163213.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) TRECVID 2016

Sensitivity of some nitrogen fixers and the target pestFusarium oxysporumto fungicide thiramThis study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of the fungicide thiram (TMTD) against five nitrogen fixers and the thiram target pestFusarium oxysporumunder laboratory conditions. Nitrogen fixing bacteriaFalvobacteriumshowed the highest values of LD50and proved to be the most resistant to the fungicide followed byFusarium oxysporum, whilePseudomonas aurentiacawas the most affected microorganism. LD50values for these microorganisms were in 2-5 orders of magnitude lower in comparison with LD50value forFusarium oxysporum. Thiram was most toxic toPseudomonas aurentiacafollowed byAzospirillum. The lowest toxicity index was recorded forFusarium oxysporumandFlavobacterium. The slope of the curve forAzomonas, Fusarium oxysporumandFlavobacteriumis more steep than that of the other curves, suggesting that even a slight increase of the dose of the fungicide can cause a very strong negative effect. Thiram was more selective toPseudomonas aurentiacafollowed byAzospirillum, Rhizobium melilotiandAzomonas. The lowest selectivity index of the fungicide was recorded forFalvobacteriumfollowed byFusarium oxysporum. The highest safety coefficient of the fungicide was assigned forFlavobacterium, whilePseudomonas aurentiacashowed the lowest value.

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of bacterial strains and chicken manure on broomrape in faba bean. Results displayed that all treatments reduced Orobanche emergence except the combinations of Rhizobial bacterial strain TAL 1399 and composted chicken manure at 35 g/pot. Among all treatments faba bean inoculated with TAL 1399 alone or in combinations with Bacillus megatherium var phosphaticum (BMP) or Azospirillum braziliense (Ab) plus chicken manure at 35 g/pot displayed no Orobanche emergence (above the ground) until the end of the experiment. However, Orobanche attachment was observed only when faba bean was inoculated with TAL 1399 plus BMP. Moreover, all treatments increased faba bean plant height and dry matter as compared to the control. Faba bean inoculated with bacterial strain TAL 1399 alone or in combination with chicken manure at 30 g/pot sustained the highest plant height as compared to infested or non infested control. They increased faba bean height by 17-19%. Furthermore, crop treated with TAL 1399 plus chicken manure at 30g/pot was significantly higher in root, shoot and total dry weight as compared to the control and other treatments. Results displayed that faba bean growth was improved, especially if soil was mixed with chicken manure. These treatments could offer a new environmentally safe procedure to manage broomrapes, using farm resources and hence improve the sustainability of crop management. It would also be an effective asset in organic farming.

In vitro studies were carried out, using four selective media, to determine the effect of the main groups of soil microorganisms on the degradation of fungicide Thiram in soil. Soil from El Geraif (East Khartoum) that had no history of pesticide exposition was chosen to conduct this experiment. In general, Thiram have a fluctuating effect on the growth of organic nitrogen using bacteria up to 13 weeks of incubation after which a steady increase in the numbers of these microorganisms was observed. This was found to coincide with the lack of the fungicide residue in soil. Soil fungi were the most affected by the addition of the fungicide Thiram compared to other major groups of soil microorganisms. Although to a lesser extent Thiram have negatively affected the growth of inorganic nitrogen using bacteria and actinomycetes .On the other hand the fungicide has stimulated the growth of soil microorganisms capable of growing on poor media (Nitrate Agar). Microbial degradation of the fungicide Thiram in soil was assessed under laboratory conditions. Fungicide residues in soil were determined in synchronization with microbial counts. Under laboratory conditions, soil microorganisms degraded Thiram in a period ranging from two to eight weeks depending on its concentration. Maximum degradation percentage (97.36%) was recorded after eight weeks of incubation. The half – life of fungicide Thiram in soil determined in this study is 10 days at pH 7.8 at room temperature.

Although peroxisome proliferators are considered non-genotoxic agents, most of them, nevertheless, were found to promote and/or induce, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rodents. The aim of the present study is, first, to investigate whether the peroxisome proliferator perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) possesses inherent liver cancer promoting activity, and second, to study the possible mechanisms involved. To acheive these aims two protocols have been applied, a biphasic protocol (initiation by diethyl-nitrozamine (DEN) 200 mg/kg i.p. followed by treatment with 0.005% or 0.02% perflourooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 14 and 25 weeks) and a triphasic initiation, selection-promotion (IS) protocol (initiation by giving 200 mg/kg DEN i.p. followed by a selection procedure for 2 weeks consisting of giving 0.03% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in diet). In the middle of this treatment a single oral dose of carbon tetrachloride (2.0 ml/kg) was given, followed by giving diet containg 0.015% of PFOA for 25 weeks. After applying both protocols, our results showed slight increase in the catalase activity while acyl CoA oxidase activity was markedly increased. Both experiments indicated that PFOA has a liver cancer promoting activity. Other groups of rats were given either basal diet or diet containing 0.02% PFOA. Five or nine weeks later they were sacrificed and the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the isolated DNA were estimated. The data showed a slight nonetheless insignificant increase in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. From the present data, it is concluded that PFOA is a true liver cancer promoter that may not require extensive initial DNA damage for its promoting activity.

56 pages - TRECVID workshop notebook papers/slides available at http://www-nlpir.nist.gov/projects/tvpubs/tv.pubs.org.html; International audience; The main goal of the TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID) is to promote progress in content-based analysis of and retrieval from digital video via open, metrics-based evaluation. TRECVID is a laboratory-style evaluation that attempts to model real world situations or significant component tasks involved in such situations. Six tasks were proposed in 2011: Semantic indexing (SIN), Known-item search (KIS), Content-based copy detection (CCD), Surveillance event detection (SED), Instance search (pilot) (INS) and Multimedia event detection (MED). 60 teams from various research organizations -- 25 from Asia, 18 from Europe, 12 from North America, 2 from South America, and 3 from Australia -- completed one or more of six proposed tasks. Further details about each particular group's approach and performance for each task can be found in that group's paper in the TRECVID publications webpage: http://www-nlpir.nist.gov/projects/tv2011/tv2011.html.

The TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID) 2009 was a TREC-style video analysis and retrieval evaluation, the goal of which was to promote progress in content-based exploitation of digital video via open, metrics-based evaluation. Over the last 9 years TRECVID has yielded a better understanding of how systems can effectively accomplish such processing and how one can reliably benchmark their performance. 63 teams from various research organizations — 28 from Europe, 24 from Asia, 10 from North America, and 1 from Africa — completed one or more of four tasks: high-level feature extraction, search (fully automatic, manually assisted, or interactive), copy detection, or surveillance event detection. This paper gives an overview of the tasks, data used, evaluation mechanisms and performance

The TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID) 2008 is a TREC-style video analysis and retrieval evaluation, the goal of which remains to promote progress in content-based exploitation of digital video via open, metrics-based evaluation. Over the last 7 years this effort has yielded a better understanding of how systems can effectively accomplish such processing and how one can reliably benchmark their performance. In 2008, 77 teams (see Table 1) from various research organizations --- 24 from Asia, 39 from Europe, 13 from North America, and 1 from Australia --- participated in one or more of five tasks: high-level feature extraction, search (fully automatic, manually assisted, or interactive), pre-production video (rushes) summarization, copy detection, or surveillance event detection. The copy detection and surveillance event detection tasks are being run for the first time in TRECVID. This paper presents an overview of TRECVid in 2008.

Visceral leishmaniasis VL, caused by Leishmania donovani is endemic over several parts of Sudan. The disease is fatal if not treated. Although sodium stibogluconate Pentostam, a pentavalent antimonial is not free from toxicity, it has been in use for treatment of VL for the last 50 years. Like other infectious diseases, neurological manifestations of VL and sodium stibogluconate have been documented. In this report, we present 2 cases of cerebellar ataxia most likely induced by Pentostam, and explain the probable cause.