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Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Induction-based breathing sensors in automobiles enable unobtrusive respiratory rate monitoring as an indicator of a driver's alertness and health. This paper introduces a quantitative method based on signal quality to guide the integration of textile inductive electrodes in automotive applications. A case study with a simplified setup illustrated the ability of the method to successfully provide basic design rules about where and how to integrate the electrodes on seat belts and seat backs to gather good quality respiratory signals in an automobile. The best signals came from the subject's waist, then from the chest, then from the upper back, and finally from the lower back. Furthermore, folding the electrodes before their integration on a seat back improves the signal quality for both the upper and lower back. This analysis provided guidelines with three design rules to increase the chance of acquiring good quality signals: (1) use a multi-electrode acquisition approach, (2) place the electrodes in locations that maximize breathing-induced body displacement, and (3) use a mechanical amplifying method such as folding the electrodes in locations with little potential for breathing-induced displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the research on the influence of the shapes of tubes and fins of automobile engine radiators and ethylene glycol coolants of type G12 on the cooling process. This involves cross-flow without mixing of coolant and air. The circular tubes with straight fins are compared with flat tubes with corrugated fins at identical external dimensions of the radiators. The new coolant is compared with the used coolant (10 years of usage) and further with a mixture of the used coolant and the additive (coolant enhancer). The goal is to reduce the heat dissipation time during the cooling process. Forced air convection is generated by three fan variants with diameters ϕ400 mm, ϕ345 mm, and a pair of fans ϕ345 mm and ϕ290 mm. The radiator core with flattened tubes and corrugated fins achieved lower outlet temperatures of 0.35 °C, 1.56 °C, and 2.43 °C compared to circular tubes and straight fins when using the ϕ400 mm diameter fan, the fan pair, and the ϕ345 mm diameter fan, respectively. The addition of the coolant enhancer to the used and new G12 coolant, depending on the fan variant, caused the outlet temperature to decrease in the range of 0.64 °C to 1.47 °C and 0.55 °C to 1.65 °C, respectively. The fan cover is also important for efficient cooling. Refilling of the coolant enhancer in the used coolant ensured that the heat transfer properties were recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a solution to traffic congestion caused by temporary disruptions, such as accidents or road construction, through a method called Congestion Management based on Inflow and Outflow Volumes (COMIO). Topics include the limitations of traditional route control methods, the introduction of COMIO to stabilize traffic flow, and how COMIO manages the balance between traffic inflow and outflow to prevent the recurrence of congestion.

The paper deals with the research on the influence of the shapes of tubes and fins of automobile engine radiators and ethylene glycol coolants of type G12 on the cooling process. This involves cross-flow without mixing of coolant and air. The circular tubes with straight fins are compared with flat tubes with corrugated fins at identical external dimensions of the radiators. The new coolant is compared with the used coolant (10 years of usage) and further with a mixture of the used coolant and the additive (coolant enhancer). The goal is to reduce the heat dissipation time during the cooling process. Forced air convection is generated by three fan variants with diameters ϕ400 mm, ϕ345 mm, and a pair of fans ϕ345 mm and ϕ290 mm. The radiator core with flattened tubes and corrugated fins achieved lower outlet temperatures of 0.35 °C, 1.56 °C, and 2.43 °C compared to circular tubes and straight fins when using the ϕ400 mm diameter fan, the fan pair, and the ϕ345 mm diameter fan, respectively. The addition of the coolant enhancer to the used and new G12 coolant, depending on the fan variant, caused the outlet temperature to decrease in the range of 0.64 °C to 1.47 °C and 0.55 °C to 1.65 °C, respectively. The fan cover is also important for efficient cooling. Refilling of the coolant enhancer in the used coolant ensured that the heat transfer properties were recovered.

Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The achievement and control of desired motions in active machines often involves precise manipulation of artificial muscles in a distributed and sequential manner, which poses significant challenges. A novel motion control strategy based on self-oscillation in active machines offers distinctive benefits, such as direct energy harvesting from the ambient environment and the elimination of complex controllers. Drawing inspiration from automobiles, a self-moving automobile designed for operation under steady illumination is developed, comprising two wheels and a liquid crystal elastomer fiber. To explore the dynamic behavior of this self-moving automobile under steady illumination, a nonlinear theoretical model is proposed, integrating with the established dynamic liquid crystal elastomer model. Numerical simulations are conducted using the Runge-Kutta method based on MATLAB software, and it is observed that the automobile undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, transitioning from a static state to a self-moving state. The sustained periodic self-moving is facilitated by the interplay between light energy and damping dissipation. Furthermore, the conditions under which the Hopf bifurcation occurs are analyzed in detail. It is worth noting that increasing the light intensity or decreasing rolling resistance coefficient can improve the self-moving average velocity. The innovative design of the self-moving automobile offers advantages such as not requiring an independent power source, possessing a simple structure, and being sustainable. These characteristics make it highly promising for a range of applications including actuators, soft robotics, energy harvesting, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the higher requirements of energy-absorbing structures in the lightweight automobile design, the mechanical design and impact energy absorption of porous TPMS structures are studied. Eight kinds of porous TPMS structure elements, Gyroid, Diamond, I-WP, Neovius, Primitive, Fischer-Koch S, F-RD, and PMY, are designed based on Matlab, and the porous structure samples composed of eight elements are printed and molded using SLM. The deformation mechanism, mechanical response, and energy absorption characteristics of different porous TPMS structures are investigated. Gyroid and Primitive elements are selected to fill the internal structure of the energy-absorbing automobile boxes. Traditional thin-walled energy-absorbing boxes served as a control group and were subjected to low-speed impact testing. The results show that the peak load of the energy-absorbing box filled with TPMS porous structures is almost equal to the average load under a 4.4 m/s impact, and the SEA of the energy-absorbing box filled with TPMS porous structures is higher than the traditional thin-walled energy-absorbing box. The problems of excessive peak load and inconsistent load fluctuation of traditional thin-walled energy-absorbing structures are effectively solved by porous TPMS structures with the assurance that the lightweight and energy-absorbing requirements are still met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Electric power steering of vehicles successfully competes with hydraulic boosters of similar purposes, showing high efficiency, energy saving and environmental friendliness. Aim. To study and research electromechanical processes of electric power steering system based on permanent magnet synchronous motor. Methods. Mathematical and numerical modeling using the Matlab/Simulink software package. Results. The article discusses the operating modes of an electric power steering based on an electric motor with permanent magnets. The authors analyzed two classic schemes for constructing steering systems with electric power steering – with the electric motor placed on the steering column and on the steering rack. Block diagrams of the mechanical and electrical parts of the steering system have been developed. Based on mathematical dependencies characterizing the operating modes of the steering system, a complete dynamic simulation model of the electric power amplifier was obtained on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Based on a preliminary analysis of control methods and algorithms in the system to solve the problem of control stability, PI controllers with low-pass filters are implemented to regulate the current and voltage of the electric motor depending on the speed of the vehicle and the angle of rotation of the steering wheels. The simulation results were used to design a real electric power steering for a specific vehicle. Conclusions. The complete simulation model of an electric booster based on a synchronous motor with permanent magnets in a car steering system obtained by the authors adequately reflects the dynamic control processes and can be used in the design of automotive vehicles.

Abstract Accurate trajectory prediction of autonomous vehicles is crucial for ensuring road safety. Predicting precise and accurate trajectories is still considered a challenging problem because of the intricate spatio-temporal dependencies among the vehicles. Our study primarily focuses on resolving this issue by introducing a comprehensive system called “TrajectoFormer”, which can effectively represent the spatio-temporal dependency between vehicles. In this system, we have conducted preprocessing on the NGSIM dataset by constructing an 8-neighborhood for each vehicle that represents the spatio-temporal dependency between vehicles effectively. Second, we have deployed a transformer network that captures dependencies between the target vehicle and its neighbor from the constructed neighborhood and predicts future trajectories for the target vehicle with notably reduced training times and significant accuracy compared to existing methods. Experiments on both NGSIM US-101 and US-I80 show that our proposed approach outperforms the other benchmarks in terms of showing low RMSE value for the 5-s prediction horizon of trajectory prediction. Our conducted ablation study also underscores the effectiveness of each component of our proposed TrajectoFormer model relative to traditional time-series prediction models.

The scientific paper presents in a concrete and elegant manner a comparative study of two existing propulsion sistems on ecological automobiles. It is made by the author with the aim of implementing some concepts in wich technical aspects are presented, carried out through SWOT analyses, wich highlight the qualities of propulsion systems that use hydrogen fuel cells and electric accumulators. In this way, those interested can learn about the advantages offered by these propulsion systems of current automobiles, wich are defined by the source that electrical energy necessary to drive the electric motor (motors) existing in their propulsion systems. Finally, the conclusions in the addressed field are presented.

The automobile workshop queue system has been optimized using various approaches, such as queuing theory, simulation, and probability. The utilization of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing automobile workshop queue systems is not yet established. The utilization of RSM with direct observation enables the detection of patterns of correlations between variables and responses, which are then represented through mathematical equations. The optimization process involves numerous factors that impact queue performance, which can be categorized into two parts. The number of servers, number of phases, number of workers, worker experience, and layout are classified in inner design. This study examines the relationship between two components of the outer design, specifically the arrival rate and the interarrival time. The responses analyzed are queue cost, service time, average customer waiting time, and number of customers. The findings indicate that queue costs are not reliable for establishing the optimum value due to the significant impact of the cost structure on the structure of the optimal location. This study discovered that the number of leaving customers is related to queue costs and is relevant in selecting the optimal point. This study also formulates mathematical equations for predicting the optimal point. This study emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to uncover alternative mathematical equations that can precisely predict the optimal conditions for various types of services.

This paper presents rooftop automobile antennas designed for Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and navigation system applications. The proposed antennas are housed within a shark-fin structure on the car's roof, and comprise a main antenna and a diversity antenna. The main antenna and diversity antenna combine for spatial diversity, receiving and processing the same signal to optimize signal quality. To accommodate the limited space within the shark-fin housing, various miniaturization and multiband techniques are utilized. The hexagonal substrate is more closely fitted to the shape of the shark fin, thus making full use of the space of the shark-fin shell. The main antenna and the diversity antenna are perpendicular to each other, which saves the space of the overall antenna and improves the utilization rate of the overall antenna space. The proposed main antenna, compactly sized at 50 mm × 20 mm × 1.59 mm, maintains a VSWR value below 2 across the frequency range of 1.19–2.8 GHz, enabling support for LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 34, 39, 40, and 41, as well as WLAN 2400 bands. The diversity antenna maintains a VSWR value below 2 across the frequency range of 1.5–2.6 GHz, which can cover BeiDou B1-1, LTE 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 34, 39, and 40, and WLAN 2400 bands. The main antenna and the diversity antenna both demonstrate favorable radiation patterns on the azimuth plane. Simulation and measurement results exhibit a high level of agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview is provided of behavioral research into human steering and collision avoidance including the processing of optic flow, optical looming and the role of the human mobile gaze system. A consideration is then made of the issues that may occur for autonomous vehicles (AV) when they move from gridtype road networks into complex inner-city streets and interact with human drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. Comparisons between human processing and AV processing of these interactions are made. This raises issues as to whether AV control systems need to mimic human visual processing more closely and highlights the need for AV systems to develop a "theory of road users" that allows attribution of intent to other drivers, cyclists or pedestrians. Guidelines for the development of a "theory of road users" for AVs are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on survey data from Chinese households, this study uses a fixed effects model to examine the impact of car ownership on household energy consumption. The results show that car purchases lead to a significant 46% increase in household energy consumption costs. Purchasing cars leads to a 108% increase in household transportation expenditure (including gasoline expenditure), showing a significant direct effect, while heating costs increase by 17.1%, 12.0%, and 23.3%, respectively, representing an indirect effect. Furthermore, in regions with rapid EV growth, EVs have alleviated the promotion of cars in energy consumption, which is conducive to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. This study helps provide measures to reduce future household energy consumption and promote the realization of carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary contributors to automobile exhaust pollution is the significant deviation between the actual and theoretical air-fuel ratios during transient conditions, leading to a decrease in the conversion efficiency of three-way catalytic converters. Therefore, it becomes imperative to enhance fuel economy, reduce pollutant emissions, and improve the accuracy of transient control over air-fuel ratio (AFR) in order to mitigate automobile exhaust pollution. In this study, we propose a Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) Hydrogen Doping Compensation Controller (HDC) to achieve precise control over the acceleration transient AFR of gasoline engines. By analyzing the dynamic effects of oil film and its impact on AFR, we establish a dynamic effect model for oil film and utilize hydrogen's exceptional auxiliary combustion characteristics as compensation for fuel loss. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can rapidly regulate the AFR close to its ideal value under three different transient conditions while exhibiting superior anti-interference capability and effectively enhancing fuel economy.

Aiming at the large weight of automobile steel solid shaft, this paper innovates aluminum alloy hollow shaft. The rolling process of automobile hollow shaft was simulated by using the short process flexible precision forming process and the Finite Element Method (FEM). The variation of the shape and inner hole of the rolled piece, the roundness of the outer surface and the wall thickness during the rolling process were analyzed. The numerical results verify the feasibility of rolling aluminum alloy automobile hollow shaft by this process, and provide a theoretical basis for forming aluminum alloy automobile hollow shaft in China.

The advancement of Intelligent vehicle is leading to a growing prevalence and importance of automotive interactive interfaces, attracting considerable research focus. With the increasing trend of global aging, the number of elderly drivers is on the rise. Research on the search performance of the automobile interactive interface for elderly users has yet to be carried out. Based on this, this research adopts eye tracking technology to explore the effects of varying icon colors on the preferences and perceptions of elderly drivers within car-human interfaces, employing eye-tracking technology to gauge their impact. This work aims to improve driving experience by enhancing drivers’ information processing capabilities and interaction comfort with in-car interfaces. In this study, we examined six distinct foreground colors against two background colors in icon designs, conducting eye-tracking experiments in standard indoor lighting. The analysis results show that elderly drivers have faster search speeds for orange icons and the slowest search speeds for yellow icons. Additionally, the variation in search times for different icon colors is more pronounced on a white background. These conclusions hold significant implications for future automotive interface designers. They can leverage these results to optimize the background and icon designs of interactive interfaces, thereby enhancing drivers’ safety and driving experience, and contributing efforts to the transportation industry.

Safe driving is related to the choice of speed by automobile drivers according to atmospheric conditions, as well as when driving in zones of both reduced visibility and of limited visibility. Reduced visibility is associated with natural phenomena, such as fog, rain, snow, darkness, etc. Limited visibility is related to objects located on the traffic lane and near it, as well as topography of the area that obstruct the visibility of the driver. This paper outlines a dynamic study of a significant problem in driving connected with limited visibility from the driver’s seat due to automobile interior equipment. The research was done implementing experimental and numerical study, obtaining the relative motion of a zone of partially limited visibility from the front left and right car pillars in relation to the trajectory of the pedestrian. At the moment of pedestrian detection, they fall into the danger zone for the car.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to solve the problem of operational management of the current technical condition of the rolling stock. Based on this, technical diagnostics activities become important because they allow you to quickly identify the current technical condition of the vehicle in question. At the same time, it is important, even at the stage of planning diagnostic measures, to choose such operational modes of movement along the test section that would ensure the best information content of the test runs. The theoretical substantiation of the choice of speed modes of arrivals of the studied vehicles along the test section of the road during express diagnostics was the purpose of this work. Research methods: analytical mechanics, differential methods, matrix calculus methods, mathematical numerical methods. The main results are in the proposal of a dynamic model of the vehicle transmission, which takes into account the disturbing effects from the engine and from the support base of the test section, where diagnostic runs are carried out. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of vibration accelerations of the vehicle body are calculated when it moves at given speeds along the simulated test diagnostic section. The practical significance of the study is confirmed by the results of the analysis of the obtained graphs, during which a conclusion was made about the most vibration-dangerous frequency ranges. This is important, since vibrations that occur at certain frequencies, which are directly dependent on the speed of movement, as a rule, cause the most intense responses in specific components and parts of transmission units. Further research is related to the theoretical substantiation of the choice of rational ranges of speed modes of the studied vehicles on the test diagnostic section of the support base, taking into account the characteristics and features of its surfaces. The results of the work are aimed at improving the system of maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of motor vehicles, namely, its diagnosis to determine the presence and degree of development of operational defects and damage, as well as the current technical condition of the transmission units.

This paper explores some of the basic similarities and differences between fault-based and no-fault systems of automobile accident insurance from the perspective of a U.S. state and the laws of Macedonia. The majorities of U.S. states have adopted an at-fault system of compensation and therefore share more similarities with Macedonia than the laws of a dozen U.S. states that have adopted a no-fault system. Whereas Macedonia employs a system of nearly universal health care, such is not the case in the United States. The respective states have adopted either a fault-based system or a no-fault system, but in either case issues of coverage for automobile accidents is more complicated for the lack of a nationalized health care system that at minimum acts as a safety net for treatment of injuries related to automobile accidents. It is posited that complications relating to the lack of universal health care coverage in the United States has led to significantly heightened regulatory intervention by the several states such that the similarities between the free-market approach of the states and of civil law (code) systems are greater than the differences. The paper is not based on empirical data of the legal systems or the medical systems, nor is the undeniable interrelation between a medical system and the corresponding legal system with regard to insurance coverage of primarily health-based issues considered other than to highlight how both may play a part in regulation of the automobile accident insurance industry in light the involvement of public health, safety and welfare.

Introduction. Forensic fire and technical examination of a car is of high demand, and at the same time it is one of the most complicated examinations, because of its complicated nature and need in involvement of experts of various specialties. The design of automobiles and their components is continually improving. In this connection the methodological base of fire and technical examination should be duly adapted to present-day requirement. The safety requirements for prevention of fuel ignitions in a motor cabinet of a car have been analyzed during the research.Materials and Methods. Under the conditions of an accredited laboratory specializing in testing automobile fuels and oils, we have carried out the experiments in ignition of K4-class petrol being fed in drops and stream-like fed on a hot surface. We have also undertaken the experimental studies in order to find out an actual temperature of elements of engine exhaust systems of М1 and М1G automobiles of various models under the actual operating conditions. A thermal imaging camera and a thermocouple have been used to measure the surface temperature of the engine exhaust system parts. An elemental composition of a film formed on a hot steel surface upon contact with petrol has been determined with the use of a scanning electron microscopeResults. We have received the actual results on the temperature of the elements of light car exhaust systems under the various operating conditions. There are the results of experiments on the discharge of the petrol in the form of drops and stream on a hot surface presented in the article. An elemental composition of a film formed on a hot steel surface upon contact with petrol has been analyzed, and secondariness of film formation towards the fire cause has been proved.Conclusion. The results of the research could be used in the conduct of fire and technical examination of vehicles of М1 and М1G categories, what could increase reliability and validity of its conclusions.

An overview is provided of behavioral research into human steering and collision avoidance including the processing of optic flow, optical looming and the role of the human mobile gaze system. A consideration is then made of the issues that may occur for autonomous vehicles (AV) when they move from grid-type road networks into complex inner-city streets and interact with human drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. Comparisons between human processing and AV processing of these interactions are made. This raises issues as to whether AV control systems need to mimic human visual processing more closely and highlights the need for AV systems to develop a “theory of road users” that allows attribution of intent to other drivers, cyclists or pedestrians. Guidelines for the development of a “theory of road users” for AVs are suggested.

This paper presents a case study of the design, fabrication, and evaluation of an automotive rear-frame model made of variable axial composites (VAC), using a tailored fiber placement (TFP) technique. Conventionally, the design of a three-dimensional complex VAC structure places significant demands on mechanical engineering expertise (for anisotropic structural design) and on man-hours (for fiber-path CAD). The proposed methods facilitate the design of complex VAC structures with significantly reduced manpower requirements. A computational design method, anisotropic topology optimization, was used to create the base design. The fiber paths on the preform surfaces were generated using a Turing pattern algorithm (based on optimized fiber orientation distributions) subsequent to designing developable three-dimensional surfaces to fill the interior of the target structure. The preforms were fabricated using a computer numerical control (CNC) embroidery machine by stitching the raw fiber tow onto the base fabric in accordance with the generated fiber path data. After stacking the preforms in the mold, they were formed using vacuum-assisted resin-transfer molding (VaRTM). The static stiffness of the prototype was evaluated experimentally, and the results were compared with numerical simulations. This study demonstrates the potential for achieving further weight reduction in large-scale 3D structures by combining innovative computational design techniques with advanced fabrication methods.

In the early twentieth century, American national identity became increasingly associated with automobility and the move from “a nation of horsemen to a nation of mechanics,” as automotive periodical Horseless Age described it. As well as advocating for the removal of horses from “civilized” society due to their anti-modern associations (a familiar colonialist solution), Horseless Age also encouraged nationalistic attachment to the automobile—the new hallmark of civilization. Up to this point, the (colonial) history of the automobile in the United States had Indigenous Americans positioned not in the driving seat but in the background, as primitive people who made up part of the scenery. However, as the present study demonstrates, John Joseph Mathews’s novel Sundown (1934) complicates this notion by presenting Indigenous ownership and operation of automobiles following the Osage Oil Boom. Sundown follows the life of Osage American Chal Windzer, growing up in Osage County during the oil boom and struggling to balance his Indigenous roots with the desire to find routes into white settler culture. Drawing on a range of literary historical sources such as Horseless Age, Mathews’s ecological writing, and traditional stories of the Osage, my reading of Sundown examines the inherent difficulties in separating the symbolism of the automobile from its material ecological consequences. In much the same way that animal symbols are co-opted in automotive branding, Indigenous identities are exploited in car culture to conjure up a nostalgic past in which the ecological and colonial violence of American Modernity is conveniently forgotten. I will argue that Mathews’s Osage characters find themselves in a double-bind as they seek to refute stereotypes of technological primitivism whilst still maintaining and respecting Indigenous connections to the natural world.

Based on survey data from Chinese households, this study uses a fixed effects model to examine the impact of car ownership on household energy consumption. The results show that car purchases lead to a significant 46% increase in household energy consumption costs. Purchasing cars leads to a 108% increase in household transportation expenditure (including gasoline expenditure), showing a significant direct effect, while heating costs increase by 17.1%, 12.0%, and 23.3%, respectively, representing an indirect effect. Furthermore, in regions with rapid EV growth, EVs have alleviated the promotion of cars in energy consumption, which is conducive to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. This study helps provide measures to reduce future household energy consumption and promote the realization of carbon neutrality.

In the early twentieth century, American national identity became increasingly associated with automobility and the move from "a nation of horsemen to a nation of mechanics," as automotive periodical Horseless Age described it. As well as advocating for the removal of horses from "civilized" society due to their anti-modern associations (a familiar colonialist solution), Horseless Age also encouraged nationalistic attachment to the automobile--the new hallmark of civilization. Up to this point, the (colonial) history of the automobile in the United States had Indigenous Americans positioned not in the driving seat but in the background, as primitive people who made up part of the scenery. However, as the present study demonstrates, John Joseph Mathews's novel Sundown (1934) complicates this notion by presenting Indigenous ownership and operation of automobiles following the Osage Oil Boom. Sundown follows the life of Osage American Chal Windzer, growing up in Osage County during the oil boom and struggling to balance his Indigenous roots with the desire to find routes into white settler culture. Drawing on a range of literary historical sources such as Horseless Age, Mathews's ecological writing, and traditional stories of the Osage, my reading of Sundown examines the inherent difficulties in separating the symbolism of the automobile from its material ecological consequences. In much the same way that animal symbols are co-opted in automotive branding, Indigenous identities are exploited in car culture to conjure up a nostalgic past in which the ecological and colonial violence of American Modernity is conveniently forgotten. I will argue that Mathews's Osage characters find themselves in a double-bind as they seek to refute stereotypes of technological primitivism whilst still maintaining and respecting Indigenous connections to the natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific paper presents in a concrete and elegant manner a comparative study of two existing propulsion sistems on ecological automobiles. It is made by the author with the aim of implementing some concepts in wich technical aspects are presented, carried out through SWOT analyses, wich highlight the qualities of propulsion systems that use hydrogen fuel cells and electric accumulators. In this way, those interested can learn about the advantages offered by these propulsion systems of current automobiles, wich are defined by the source that electrical energy necessary to drive the electric motor (motors) existing in their propulsion systems. Finally, the conclusions in the addressed field are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile passive keyless entry (PKE) system is a potential source of electromagnetic interference (EMI). We aim to determine the incidence and significance of EMI from automobile PKE system in cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) patients. This was a single-center cross-sectional study conducted at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai hospital, Thailand. Patients with CIED were instructed to lock and unlock two automobiles using the PKE system. Any EMI or arrhythmias were detected by CIED interrogation and single-lead electrocardiogram event recorder. We also used a spectrum analyzer to identify the automobiles working frequency bandwidth. There was a total of 102 CIED patients. Device types included 48.0% defibrillators, 37.3% permanent pacemakers, and 14.7% cardiac resynchronization therapy device. Both interrogated data from device and event monitor revealed no incidence of EMI during the PKE activation. We failed to identify the working frequency bandwidth of the two studied cars due to very low signal strength, thus blended in with the background noise. Automobile PKE systems transmitted very low power signals. Therefore, under normal circumstances, CIED patients can use automobile PKE system safely without any EMI regardless of key fob positions in relation to the CIED pulse generator. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (), and the identification number is NCT03016390. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe driving is related to the choice of speed by automobile drivers according to atmospheric conditions, as well as when driving in zones of both reduced visibility and of limited visibility. Reduced visibility is associated with natural phenomena, such as fog, rain, snow, darkness, etc. Limited visibility is related to objects located on the traffic lane and near it, as well as topography of the area that obstruct the visibility of the driver. This paper outlines a dynamic study of a significant problem in driving connected with limited visibility from the driver's seat due to automobile interior equipment. The research was done implementing experimental and numerical study, obtaining the relative motion of a zone of partially limited visibility from the front left and right car pillars in relation to the trajectory of the pedestrian. At the moment of pedestrian detection, they fall into the danger zone for the car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image defect detection of casting parts is a key part of the production process in the machinery manufacturing industry. The traditional methods are ineffective because traditional computer image processing methods require a large number of manual features to be set artificially, and the detection time is too long. In order to save human resources and improve the efficiency of image defect detection, this paper proposes a deep learning-based defect detection method for automobile parts. This paper selects EfficientNetB0 as the backbone framework of the target detection network, which significantly reduces the memory usage of the model and shortens the model inference time, while improving the model detection accuracy. Facing the problem of small samples of defect image dataset, we analyze the image characteristics of the dataset and introduce shape transformation and scale scaling as the basic online data enhancement method according to the industrial field image projection law. Then, it is expected to combine the traditional image processing algorithms according to the characteristics of casting parts with different depth distribution and multiple morphological changes, and develop a special image defect data enhancement method. This further improves the performance of the model and increases the detection accuracy of the algorithm by 22.3% without increasing the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, the authors consider the transport problems of the largest and largest cities on the example of Krasnodar. The growth of housing construction in recent years has led to an increase in motorization, which increases the load of the city’s road network. Based on the analysis, we can conclude about the main directions of the development of the transport network of cities and the most anticipated problems. Purpose: is to analyze the rate of population growth in cities, the growth of motorization and draw conclusions about the main transport problems of the city associated with these factors. Method or methodology of the work: statistical analysis, synthesis were used in the article. Results: the main directions of activity for solving transport problems of large and largest cities are determined on the example of Krasnodar, the growth rates of population, population density, growth of motorization are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the influence of these factors on the functioning of the city’s transport system. Scope of application of the results: research activity on the development of new approaches in the field of organization of transportation and transport services.

There are two methods to verify the durability characteristics of a new designed leafspring, there are physical test which takes more time and cost and CAE simulation which is time-saving and cost-saving. Aiming at coming up an effective CAE simulation of the leafspring life, the CAE simulation for stiffness and strength with rig test is validated. Base on the validated CAE method, with material property from test, CAE fatigue simulation is conducted with different surface treatment factor and validated with rig test to find out the best parameter for good life correlation. Finally, an effective CAE life prediction of automotive leafspring is provided, and the solution can serve as a good reference for the industry.

Digital Twin (DT) has been considered one of the most promising technologies promoting the development of the industry and has successfully achieved significant applications in many fields including national defense, intelligent manufacturing, smart cities, and so on. In addition, DT is gradually used in the research of automobiles which are necessary means of transportation in people's life. A systematic review of the definitions of DT and its applications in automotive-related fields reported in the literature is presented in this paper, with the overall goal to summarize almost all the related research achievements and stimulate innovative thinking. The digital twin, its structure, and its evolution are systematically reviewed. And all reviewed automotive applications of DT are divided into three categories: automotive industry, transportation, and batteries which is the research hotspot in the automotive field. Besides, these methods and ideas will be emphasized in this paper. Particularly, future development directions of digital twins in the automotive field are highlighted.

Neoliberal policies have impacted transportation and mobility. This paper analyzes the trends and structures resulting from the mobility of the Renca commune, a pericentric territory of Greater Santiago in the period between 2001 and 2021, through the analysis of the Origin Destination Surveys and an Origin Destination Survey of own interception applied during the covid-19 pandemic. The aforementioned was developed to obtain the mobility tendencies that these individuals present with the other communes of Greater Santiago. The results express a motorization below the levels of other communes of Greater Santiago; the existence of a 'dependency' of some routes of the public transport system that use the urban highway network. Mobilities are mainly developed due to access to services and education, where these dynamics and destination spaces have not changed substantially despite the covid-19 context in which the interception survey was applied. There is a contrast between the available concession infrastructure, the low access to automobiles, the spatial friction of the infrastructure, and the persistence of mobility patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-aspect-ratio (HAR) rectangular jets have attracted attention in automobile air conditioning (A/C) systems and turbulent jet applications owing to their excellent air delivery and mixing and attractive interior design. Active flow control (AFC) of rectangular jets using plasma actuators (PAs) has proven to be a promising technique because the actuator is simple, has low energy consumption, and can create flow features without interference. This research aims to understand the interaction between PAs and flow from a HAR rectangular nozzle using hot-wire anemometry, particle image velocimetry, and theoretical studies. Understanding how PAs affect the flow is beneficial for designing air vents to fit automobile A/C systems and various engineering applications by recreating the flow features with other AFC techniques and actuators. The combination of periodic excitation and vectoring effects transfers the flow's mean energy to organized structures—known as spanwise vortexes—as large as 6 mm. The interaction between these coherent structures and the dissipative environment compresses the vortexes, resulting in the flow converging on the spanwise–streamwise (X–Z) plane and diverging on the transverse–streamwise (X–Y) plane. HAR rectangular jet flow features controlled by PAs can be predicted for specific cases by calculating the Strouhal number based on PA operating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mechanical Strength / Jixie Qiangdu is the property of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vehicle particle model was built to compare and analyze the effectiveness of three different collision avoidance methods. The results show that during vehicle high-speed emergency collision avoidance, lane change collision avoidance requires a smaller longitudinal distance than braking collision avoidance and is closer to that with a combination of lane change and braking collision avoidance. Based on the above, a double-layer control strategy is proposed to avoid collision when vehicles change lanes at high speed. The quintic polynomial is chosen as the reference path after comparing and analyzing three polynomial reference trajectories. The multiobjective optimized model predictive control is used to track the lateral displacement, and the optimization objective is to minimize the lateral position deviation, yaw rate tracking deviation, and control increment. The lower longitudinal speed tracking control strategy is to control the vehicle drive system and brake system to track the expected speed. Finally, the lane changing conditions and other speed conditions of the vehicle at 120 km/h are verified. The results show that the control strategy can track the longitudinal and lateral trajectories well and achieve effective lane change and collision avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to meet the higher requirements of energy-absorbing structures in the lightweight automobile design, the mechanical design and impact energy absorption of porous TPMS structures are studied. Eight kinds of porous TPMS structure elements, Gyroid, Diamond, I-WP, Neovius, Primitive, Fischer-Koch S, F-RD, and PMY, are designed based on Matlab, and the porous structure samples composed of eight elements are printed and molded using SLM. The deformation mechanism, mechanical response, and energy absorption characteristics of different porous TPMS structures are investigated. Gyroid and Primitive elements are selected to fill the internal structure of the energy-absorbing automobile boxes. Traditional thin-walled energy-absorbing boxes served as a control group and were subjected to low-speed impact testing. The results show that the peak load of the energy-absorbing box filled with TPMS porous structures is almost equal to the average load under a 4.4 m/s impact, and the SEA of the energy-absorbing box filled with TPMS porous structures is higher than the traditional thin-walled energy-absorbing box. The problems of excessive peak load and inconsistent load fluctuation of traditional thin-walled energy-absorbing structures are effectively solved by porous TPMS structures with the assurance that the lightweight and energy-absorbing requirements are still met.

Abstract This research aims at producing and characterizing a low-wear friction lining material using a hybrid mixture of burnt vehicle tyres, pulverized palm kernel shell (PKS), pulverized coconut shell (CS), iron and brass filings obtained from the machine shop floor. The Taguchi method was used to determine the optimum parameter settings to obtain a friction lining with a low wear rate by exploring the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of the smaller-the-better. The developed friction lining was subjected to the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to ascertain the functional groups present in the friction lining, their elemental composition and finally the morphology. The control factors used in the Taguchi analysis are the moulding temperature, cure time and heat treatment. The optimum parameter settings for a low wear rate were obtained as follows: moulding temperature of 175 °C, cure time of 8 min and heat treatment time of 3 h. The XRF spectroscopy indicated that the developed friction lining materials contained the following compounds in large proportions: CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The SEM-EDX results for the two image scans reported show that carbon and oxygen were the predominant elements observed in the micrograph.

The paper touches upon a newly developed methodology for determining the automobile physical wear coefficient, taking into account some technological factors during operation that compose the rolling stock life cycle in the given operating conditions. A concept for determining the operation period of an automobile has been proposed based on maintaining the smooth operation of the rolling stock throughout the life cycle. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of automobile physical wear are determined aimed at solving the problem. The theoretical and scientific experimental research has identified the analytical connections of their interactions and relations. Given the stochastic nature of physical wear coefficient variations, it has been considered as a random value, and the characteristics of its variations pattern have been determined.

Tire wear particles (TWPs) represent one of the major anthropogenic pools of particles ending up in the environment. They contain a large variety of chemicals, a part of which may be released into the environment through leaching, although the influence of sunlight and other environmental factors during this process is still unclear. This laboratory study compares the leaching of organic compounds from TWP in seawater in the dark and under artificial sunlight for 1) cryo-milled tire tread (CMTT), 2) ‘virgin’ crumb rubber (VCR) and 3) crumb rubber immersed in the sea for ≥12 months prior to the experiments (WCR). Leachates were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and 19 tire-derived chemicals, benzothiazoles and phenylguanidines as well as phenylendiamines by liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry. For DOC and most chemicals, the amounts released decreased in the order CMTT > VCR > WCR and increased when leaching occurred under artificial sunlight. sunlight also led to the formation of 23 transformation processes related to 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). In contrast, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) were found in lower amounts upon sunlight exposure. The 19 quantified chemicals, however, did only account for 6%–55% of the DOC in the leachates; most of the DOC, thus, remained unexplained. This study highlights that the amount of chemicals leached from tire particles depends upon their aging history and may be modulated by environmental conditions.

In this study, DC06 cold-rolled plate was tested using the proving ground corrosion test and two accelerated tests for different periods. Corrosion product analysis, morphology and weight loss of DC06 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and gravimetric analysis. To improve the understanding of the corrosion of different vehicle components, predictive models for the roof, front cover, rear cover, left and right chassis were established by the method of gray correlation. This was based on the correlation between the two stimulated accelerated test methods and the proving ground test. The results demonstrated that the cyclic salt spray test was appropriate for determining the corrosion of the roof, front and rear cover of the vehicle. The combination test of neutral salt spray and cyclic immersion was appropriate for both left and right parts of the chassis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]