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Across the destination countries of migration, i.e. migrant-receiving countries, in Europe there has been an increasing emphasis on return and reintegration programmes. These programmes particularly target rejected asylum-seekers forced to return, irregular migrants unable to legalise their stay in the migration country and migrants wishing to return of their own volition. Reintegration commonly refers to the processes that unfold after the return of migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons to their country of origin or place of residence as they set about trying to re-establish their lives. However, the reintegration trajectories of assisted and non-assisted returning migrants in different contexts have scarcely been researched. Funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) under a Special Initiative on "Tackling the root causes of displacement and (re-)integrating refugees", BICC has undertaken over the past four years (2019-2022) a qualitative research project entitled "Trajectories of reintegration" designed to tackle this desideratum. This Synthesis Report brings together selected findings of the project’s empirical studies in the Western Balkans (Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo), West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, the Gambia) and the Middle East (Iraq). The BICC project team conducted an in-depth, long-term investigation into reintegration trajectories focusing on the perceptions, experiences and strategies of returning migrants. We collected data through in-depth qualitative interviews, life-stories, informal conversations and observations. The interview sample includes returnees who were displaced persons (refugees, rejected asylum-seekers), long-term labour migrants, ‘irregular’ migrants, student migrants, and circular or seasonal migrants. We conducted semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, including government officials, municipal actors and representatives of local NGOs and development agencies. The project team also cooperated closely with local researchers and research assistants, integrating their feedback into the ongoing research findings. To this end we ran training courses and organised several stakeholder workshops in the countries of research.

Migration in northern Iraq is a product of global, postcolonial processes driven by highly unequal international relations of global capitalism and geopolitics. With a focus on 'reintegration' experiences of returnees to northern Iraq who have left abroad over the last four decades and returned since the 1990s, this Working Paper takes into view a myriad of people who had very different reasons for migrating - either for conflict/political and/or economic reason - and returning at some or several points in time. While their experiences after return with settling (back) in are highly individual, this Paper focuses on reintegration as a process from an emic perspective. It analyses the experiences of compelled and self-decided returnees in re-establishing themselves after return by looking at their return preparedness - understood as the willingness and readiness to return - at the individual and institutional level. Therefore, four reintegration dimensions (economic, social, psychological, political-structural) form the lens for the investigation. Studying (northern) Iraq, among other origin and return countries for migrants in Europe, is unique because financial remittances do not constitute a main motivation for emigration as, e.g., in West Africa or the Western Balkans. Instead, Iraqi Kurds seek a better life, and their migration entails the search for autonomy and often signifies a political act of emancipation from governance failure in the origin context.

The migration of healthcare professionals has detrimental impacts on socio-economic development in Albania and Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). Germany’s active recruitment of healthcare professionals contributes to this trend and thus adversely affects the goals of bilateral development cooperation. The Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development should engage with the Ministries of Health and of Labour and Social Affairs to bolster the sustainability of the government’s inter-agency strategy on the recruitment of qualified workers (2019). A detailed whole-of-government approach needs to be put in place that further assesses and prevents adverse long-term demographic and socio-economic effects of emigration of care personnel in origin countries. The German Ministry of Health must ensure that legal and ethical standards for the recruitment of international personnel are observed. It should support the governments of Albania and BiH in monitoring the private mediation companies’ training and recruitment practices of nurses and medical technicians to avoid exploitative practices and adhesion contracts. The German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development should support programmes that provide equipment and know-how. Options for career advancement and training, safety measures and legal protection are the most urgent issues to prevent a care drain and need for medical tourism. The German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development should support such reforms through bilateral cooperation (technical advice) with Albania and BiH to counteract distortions of the labour market due to out-migration and to aid structural economic recovery. The attractiveness of alternative apprenticeships and job profiles needs to be increased, not least because the long-term attachment and increase of skilled workforce will positively affect the investment climate.

Fear of detention and deportation prevents many migrants in Europe (especially the undocumented) from asking for advice on their options to return. Statebased Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) programmes should disseminate information on return programmes to a broader spectrum of third sector organisations (e.g. churches, diaspora organisations) to inform potential returnees of their options. Migration management policies have to reflect domestic politics in destination and return countries. National policies relating to migration need to be unified to synergise and streamline AVRR programmes efficiently. A holistic and participatory approach that includes community-based and civil society organisations would help to better adapt (multi)national policies to the realities of domestic politics concerning return and reintegration. The lengthy bureaucratic processes involved in AVRR programmes is one of the biggest challenges for beneficiaries, that lead to frustrations and push people into additional expenses. The high level of formality involved in these programmes disregards that the Ghanaian context is in many ways fundamentally different from the European Union. Reintegration assistance should be coordinated with local non-governmental and civil society organisations to ensure that the assistance being offered does not multiply red tape.

Since February this year, the intergovernmental negotiation process on developing the Global Compact for Migration has been taking place in New York. The German government should (1) advocate for the National Labour Migration Strategy and the National Labour Policy of the Government of Afghanistan to be taken into account. It should (2) support a reduction in transfer fees for remittances sent by Afghan migrants, as suggested by the KfW. The government should work towards ensuring that internally displaced people in Afghanistan and refugees in the regional host countries, Iran and Pakistan, receive the right to education, land and housing, medical care and effective legal protection as a matter of principle. Administrative authorities in the German states should only carry out deportations of Afghans if they can guarantee the safety of the deportees in the long term and enable sustainably humane living conditions. An immigration law would regulate legal access to the German jobs and educational/training markets for qualified people and skilled workers from abroad, including from Afghanistan, and rule out the immigration of ineligible people. Training and employment schemes should be implemented in areas that are under the control of the government as well as outside of these areas through collaboration with locally elected community development councils, guilds and professional associations.

As of 2017, 65 million people worldwide had been forcibly displaced by war and political violence. Several millions more have fled because of environmental disasters and socio-economic marginalisation. As there is no immediate end in sight to this steadily increasing global trend, forced migration is one of the central challenges in world politics today - and it is very likely to remain so in the near to medium-term future. Only a small (albeit increasing) proportion of forced migrants have managed to come to the Global North. The main flows take place within and between Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. A focus on South–South displacement thus represents not only a more pluralistic, but also a more accurate picture of global forced-migration trends. The most visible drivers of forced migration are war and political violence. While Syria stands out in this regard, the country also shows that conflict-induced displacement is often intertwined with forced migration resulting from environmental disasters and the adverse effects of development projects. Disaster-induced displacement denotes population movements in the wake of global environmental change, including fast-onset events such as floods, storms, or fires, and slow-onset events, such as droughts, land degradation, and sea-level rise. With its low-elevation islands, the Pacific region of Oceania is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels. Development-induced displacement results from socio-economic exclusion as a result of large-scale infrastructure projects, mining, deforestation, urbanisation, and biosphere projects. The case of India underlines that many development-induced forced migrants are typically internally displaced. As forced migration continues to occur mostly within the Global South, it is necessary to better understand its causes, dynamics, and effects in Africa, Asia, ­Latin America, and the Middle East in their own right - and not primarily or even exclusively in terms of the implications for the Global North. Also, when drafting policy responses to forced migration, a holistic understanding of the complex interlinkages between conflict-, disaster-, and development-induced drivers and dynamics precludes one-size-fits-all approaches.

Der Gegenstand dieser Diplomarbeit ist die Zweisprachigkeit der ausgewanderten kroatischen Gemeinschaft im deutschsprachigen Raum. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist das Thema theoretisch einzuführen und danach die Theorie mit der Praxis zu verknüpfen. Neben der Einführung und dem Schlusswort besteht die Arbeit aus noch zwei Teilen, dem theoretischen und dem praktischem Teil. Im theoretischen Teil wird ein Einblick in die Soziolinguistik gegeben. Außerdem werden Begriffe rund um Mehrsprachigkeit erklärt, darunter Bilingualismus, bilingualer Erstspracherwerb, Interferenz, Code-Switching, etc.. Ein historischer Hintergrund der ausgewanderten kroatischen Bevölkerung in den deutschsprachigen Raum wird gezeigt. Zum Schluss des ersten Teiles wird der Begriff multilinguale Gesellschaft erläutert. Im praktischen Teil wird eine Untersuchung zum Thema dargestellt. Es werden vier unterschiedliche Situationen mit neun Probanden aufgenommen. Zuerst wird eine Beschreibung der Untersuchung gegeben. Folgend werden Daten analysiert und Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass eine Sprache die andere beeinflusst. Predmet ovog diplomskog rada je dvojezičnost kod hrvatskih iseljenika na njemačkome govornom području. Cilj rada je temu teoretski uvesti, a nakon toga povezati teoriju s praksom. Pored uvoda i zaključka rad se sastoji iz još dva dijela, teoretski i praktični dio. U teoretskom dijelu dan je uvid u sociolingvistiku. Objašnjeni su pojmovi vezani uz višejezičnost, uključujući bilingvalizam, bilingvalno usvajanje prvoga jezika, interferencija, code-switching itd. Prikazana je povijesna pozadina iseljenog hrvatskog naroda na njemačkome govornom području. Na kraju ovoga dijela protumačen je pojam multilingvalnog društva. U praktičnom dijelu prikazano je istraživanje na tu temu. Snimljene su četiri različite situacije s devet ispitanika. Najprije je objašnjen način provedbe istraživanja, zatim su podatci analizirani te rezultati podvrgnuti diskusiji. Istraživanje je pokazalo da jedan jezik utječe na drugi.

Resumo O presente texto objetiva expor e divulgar ao mais amplo público leitor um panorama cronológico comentado dos estudos críticos publicados sobre a literatura produzida por imigrantes de língua alemã e seus descendentes no Brasil, mostrando que e por que se tratam de uma crítica parcial, o que evidencia a necessidade de atrair a atenção para este campo de pesquisa, partindo dos novos horizontes abertos pelos estudos culturais, pela imagologia, pelos estudos da memória, além da crítica poética. Parte-se das palavras encorajadoras de Boris Fausto em Fazer a América (1999) e de Wander de Melo Miranda em Nações literárias (2010), pois a literatura de língua alemã gerada no país pertence à cultura brasileira, é uma das nações literárias encastoadas no Brasil. Abstract This text aims to divulge a chronological and commented panorama of the critical studies published about the literature produced by German-speaking immigrants and their descendants in Brazil, arguing that this is a partial critique. This text also aims to emphasize the need to draw attention to this field of research. Nowadays, in addition to the poetic approach, other critical perspectives, such as cultural studies, imagology and memory studies, open new horizons. The encouraging words of Boris Fausto in Fazer a América (1999) must be taken into consideration as well as the support positions of Wander de Melo Miranda in Nações literárias (2010). According to Melo Miranda for example we could say that the literary production in German in Brazil belongs to the Brazilian culture and is a literary nation within this country.

Vorgelegt von: Markus Hollendohner Zsfassung. in engl. Sprache FH Campus Wien, Masterstudiengang Sozialwirtschaft und Soziale Arbeit, Master-Arb., 2015

Rezension zu Egon Schwarz: (Mit) Schwarz lesen: Essays und Kurztexte zum Lesen und Gelesenen. Hrsg. v. Jacqueline Vansant. Wien: Praesens, 2009, Egon Schwarz: Unfreiwillige Wanderjahre. Auf der Flucht vor Hitler durch drei Kontinente. München: Beck, 2009 und Ursula Seeber/Jacqueline Vansant (Hrsg.): Schwarz auf Weiß. Ein transatlantisches Würdigungsbuch für Egon Schwarz. Wien: Czernin, 2007

U ovom radu najprije se razmatra mogući sociološki teorijski koncept prikladan za definiranje pojma povratne migracije, polazeći od modela kolektivno-identifikacijskoga polja migranata kao društvene skupine, što ga konceptualizira S. Mežnarić. Prikazana je i teorija B. I. Reyes, koja integrira četiri pristupa istraživanjima povratnih migracija: teoriju neostvarenih ciljeva, teoriju cirkularnih migracija, teoriju planirane zarade i teoriju društvene mreže, što se pokazalo primjerenim u operacionalizaciji indikatora za istraživanje povratničke motivacije. Cilj je bio istražiti jesu li povratni migranti društvena skupina u sociološkom smislu i koja ih obilježja svrstavaju u isto kolektivno-identifikacijsko polje. Polazna je hipoteza da povratne migracije obuhvaćaju cjelokupnost migrantovih iskustava: iskustvo migracije, iskustvo prilagodbe na novu sredinu procesima integracije (akulturacije i asimilacije) te iskustvo povratka i prilagodbe na "staru" sredinu, odnosno iskustvo reintegracije u zemlju podrijetla, što povratne migrante i čini društvenom skupinom sa sličnim obilježjima i iskustvima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su povratnici, bez obzira na to iz koje se zemlje vraćali, kojoj generaciji pripadali, neovisno koliko su dugo bili u emigraciji, kojem društvenom sloju pripadali i u kojem su stupnju asimilirani, svojim radnim iskustvom ili školovanjem uspješnije profesionalno socijalizirani i ekonomski prilagođeniji životu u tržišnoj privredi. To je iskustvo možda najvažnije sociokulturno obilježje koje je utjecalo na njihovo drugačije viđenje rekonstrukcije kapitalizma u Hrvatskoj, što ih i čini skupinom istog socijalno-identifikacijskoga polja., In this work the author first discusses the possibility of an appropriate sociological theoretical concept for defining the term returning migration, starting from the model of the collective-identification field of migrants as a social group, conceptualised by S. Me`nari}. The theory of B. I. Reynes which integrates four approaches to the research of returning migrations is also presented: the theory of unfulfilled goals, the theory of circular migrations, the theory of planned earnings and the theory of social network, which proved appropriate in operationalising the indicators for researching returning migrations. The goal was to determine whether returned migrants were a social group in the sociological sense and which characteristics placed them in the same collective-identification field. The initial hypothesis was that returning migrations include the entirety of the migrant's experience: the experience of migration, the experience of adjustment to the new environment by means of the processes of integration (acculturation and assimilation) and the experience of returning and adjusting to the "old" environment, i.e. the experience of reintegration into the country of origin, which makes the returned migrants or returnees a social group with similar characteristics and experiences. The results of research show that returnees, regardless of which country they return from, which generation they belong to, regardless of the length of time they spent in emigration or which social class they belong to as well as the extent they have been assimilated to, with their work experience and education have been more successfully professionally socialised and economically adapted to life in a market economy. This experience is perhaps the most important socio-cultural characteristic that has influenced their different outlook on the reconstruction of capitalism in Croatia, which indeed makes them a group of the same social-identification field., In diesem Artikel wird zunächst ein mögliches soziologisches Konzept untersucht, das für die Bestimmung des Begriffs Rückwanderung geeignet wäre. Dabei müsste dem Modell der kollektiven Identifikation von Migranten als einer Bevölkerungsgruppe, wie S. Me`nari} dies konzeptualisiert hat, Rechnung getragen werden. Dem Leser wird auch die Theorie von B. I. Reyes präsentiert, der bei seiner Untersuchung des Rückwanderungsphänomens vier Ansätze integriert. Das sind: die Theorie der unerreichten Ziele, die Rundwanderungs-Theorie, die Theorie des geplanten Verdienstes und die Theorie des gesellschaftlichen Auffangnetzes. Diese integrative Position hat sich bei der Operationalisierung von Indikatoren zur Untersuchung der Rückwanderungs-Motivation als geeignet erwiesen. Mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte festgestellt werden, ob Rückwanderer eine Gesellschaftsgruppe im soziologischen Sinne darstellen und anhand welcher Merkmale man sie demselben kollektiven Identifikationsfeld zuordnen kann. Ausgangspunkt war die Hypothese, dass im Prozess der Rückwanderung die Gesamtheit der Migrationserfahrungen enthalten ist: die Migration als solche, die Anpassung an ein neues gesellschaftliches Umfeld mittels Integrationsprozesse (Akkulturation und Assimilation), Rückkehr und Wiederanpassung an das "alte" gesellschaftliche Umfeld bzw. Reintegrierung in das Herkunftsland, was Rückwanderer zu einer Bevölkerungsgruppe mit ähnlichen Merkmalen und Erfahrungen macht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass Rückwanderer dank ihrer Arbeitserfahrung oder Ausbildung in beruflicher Hinsicht besser sozialisiert und den Lebensumständen in der Marktwirtschaft ökonomisch gesehen besser angepasst sind. Dabei ist ohne Belang, aus welchem Land die Rückwanderer zurückkehren, welcher Generation und welcher Gesellschaftsschicht sie angehören, wie lange sie in der Emigration waren und bis zu welchem Grad sie sich assimiliert haben. Die im Ausland realisierte Arbeitserfahrung oder Ausbildung ist vielleicht das wichtigste soziokulturelle Merkmal, das ihre andersartige Sicht von der Wiedereinführung des Kapitalismus in Kroatien beeinflusst hat und das die kroatischen Rückwanderer zu einer Menschengruppe desselben sozialen Identifikationsfeldes macht.

Zeitschrift für Pädagogik 45 (1999) 6, S. 885-902, Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über zentrale Ergebnisse des DFG-Forschungsprojektes FAFRA (Familienorientierung, Frauenbild, Bildungs-und Berufsmotivation von eingewanderten und westdeutschen Frauen und Familien in interkulturell- vergleichender Perspektive), das in den Jahren 1991 - 1997 an der Universität Osnabrück durchgeführt wurde. In diesem Projekt wurden Aussiedlerinnen und Aussiedler aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion vergleichend zu Arbeitsmigrantinnen und Arbeitsmigranten aus der Türkei und zu westdeutschen Frauen und Männern stufenweise mittels quantitativer und qualitativer Befragungen untersucht. Untersuchungsziele waren verschiedene Aspekte des Akkulturations- und Eingliederungsprozesses von in die Bundesrepublik eingewanderten Gruppen. Im Vordergrund standen dabei die Fragen von Geschlechtsrollenwandel und Einwanderung, Sozialisationsbedingungen und Erziehungseinstellungen in den Familien, Familienorientierung, Berufs- und Bildungsorientierung, Stereotypenbildung sowie Vergleichs- und Identifikationsprozesse. (DIPF/Orig.), The authors give a survey of the central results of a research project funded by the DFG (German Research Association) at the University of Osnabrück between 1991 and 1997, which was called FAFRA (family orientation, concept of womanhood, educational and professional motivation of immigrant and of West German woman and families from an intercultural-comparative perspective). Within the framework of this project, woman and men coming from the former Soviet Union and resettling in Germany were gradually investigated and compared with male and female migrant laborers from Turkey and with West German women and men on the basis of quantitative and qualitative surveys. The aim of investigation was to reveal different aspects of the process of acculturation and integration undergone by groups having immigrated into the Federal Republic of Germany. The project centered on the following issues: changes in gender role and immigration, conditions of socialization and pedagogical attitudes of the families, family orientation, professional and educational orientation, formation of stereotypes, as well as processes of comparison and of Identification. (DIPF/Orig.)