Search

The distribution of gas and metals in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) plays a critical role in how galaxies evolve. The MUSE-ALMA Haloes survey combines MUSE, ALMA, and HST observations to constrain the properties of the multiphase gas in the CGM and the galaxies associated with the gas probed in absorption. In this paper, we analyse the properties of galaxies associated with 32 strong |${\rm H\, {\small I}}$| Ly-α absorbers at redshift 0.2 ≲ z ≲ 1.4. We detect 79 galaxies within ±500 kms−1 of the absorbers in our 19 MUSE fields. These associated galaxies are found at physical distances from 5.7 kpc and reach star formation rates as low as 0.1 M⊙ yr−1. The significant number of associated galaxies allows us to map their physical distribution on the Δ v and b plane. Building on previous studies, we examine the physical and nebular properties of these associated galaxies and find the following: (i) 27/32 absorbers have galaxy counterparts and more than 50 per cent of the absorbers have two or more associated galaxies, (ii) the |${\rm H\, {\small I}}$| column density of absorbers is anticorrelated with the impact parameter (scaled by virial radius) of the nearest galaxy as expected from simulations, (iii) the metallicity of associated galaxies is typically larger than the absorber metallicity, which decreases at larger impact parameters. It becomes clear that while strong |${\rm H\, {\small I}}$| absorbers are typically associated with more than a single galaxy, we can use them to statistically map the gas and metal distribution in the CGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of parkin function is responsible for the majority of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. Here, we show that parkin is not only a stress-protective, but also a stress-inducible protein. Both mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induce an increase in parkin-specific mRNA and protein levels. The stress-induced upregulation of parkin is mediated by ATF4, a transcription factor of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that binds to a specific CREB/ATF site within the parkin promoter. Interestingly, c-Jun can bind to the same site, but acts as a transcriptional repressor of parkin gene expression. We also present evidence that mitochondrial damage can induce ER stress, leading to the activation of the UPR, and thereby to an upregulation of parkin expression. Vice versa, ER stress results in mitochondrial damage, which can be prevented by parkin. Notably, the activity of parkin to protect cells from stress-induced cell death is independent of the proteasome, indicating that proteasomal degradation of parkin substrates cannot explain the cytoprotective activity of parkin. Our study supports the notion that parkin has a role in the interorganellar crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria to promote cell survival under stress, suggesting that both ER and mitochondrial stress can contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatography of reaginic sera (to grass pollens and to moulds) on DEAE-cellulose leads to the concentration of reagins in three well separated fractions. They emerge (a) together with siderophilin, (b) with the early albumin-containing fractions, and (c) in association with strongly adsorbed proteins that require a comparatively high ionic strength buffer for their elution. The proportion of reagins in each of these fractions varies with different sera and with small alterations in the experimental procedure. All three reaginic fractions contain small amounts of γ globulins (referred to as R globulins) of mobilities slightly less than that of siderophilin; (c) contains much α2M globulin and there are traces of α2M in (a) and (b). Yet the bulk of the γ globulins are shown to be free from reaginic activity, and the same is true of the α2M and the β2M globulins, of siderophilin and of albumin. The purer the reaginic fractions are the smaller is the portion of the reagins that can be precipitated with the γ globulins by half saturation with ammonium sulphate. In contrast to the bulk of the γ globulins, R globulins and reagins appear to associate readily with other serum proteins, particularly with α2M globulins. Fractionation with sodium sulphate produces three fractions of similar potency although they have little in common; one consists of the bulk of the γ globulins (0-15 per cent w/v), the most active fraction of the remaining globulins (15-18 per cent) and the third fraction (supernatant from the 18 per cent precipitate) of albumin containing some α globulins, but only a trace of γ globulin. Uttracentrifugation studies on three main reaginic DEAE-fractions show that the bulk of the reagins are not macroglobulins although misinterpretation can arise from complex formation with α2M globulin. High agglutination titres (Stavitsky's method, Stavitsky and Arquilla, 1958) for pollen proteins are associated only with the unretarded non-reaginic γ globulins of post-treatment sera (which contain the blocking antibodies) although traces of agglutinating antibodies can be demonstrated in many fractions, including the reaginic fractions derived from the sera of untreated hay fever subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EXPERIMENTS have been carried out to test the predictions of a new theoretical approach to the Oudin technique (Spiers and Augustin, 1957). The graphical method employed for this purpose is described in detail. The antigen (Ag)-antibody (Ab) systems used were crystalline Bovine serum albumin (BSa) and crystalline egg albumin (Ea), with the corresponding rabbit antiserum globulin concentrates. The experimental results fitted the theoretical curves best when both Ag and Ab were incorporated in gel. With Ag in solution the same theoretical curves fitted as for Ag in gel (except for the highest Ag/Ab ratios), but there was a slightly greater scatter of experimental points. The results supported throughout the assumption that the Ag diffused towards the interface and that the Ag concentration was not maintained homogeneous, as claimed by Becker et al. (1951). Conditions for the formation of a stationary line at the gel-gel or liquid-gel interface agreed with those predicted by the new theory rather than with those predicted by Becker et al. By means of the new method it is also possible to obtain estimates of Ag-Ab combining ratios (in the gel) together with a rough estimate of the ratios of the diffusion coefficients of Ag and Ab, neither of which had previously been possible. Diffusion coefficients determined by this new graphical method were about 15 per cent below the accepted values, and the combining ratios R had values in excess of equivalence ratios. Diffusion coefficients calculated from our experimental results according to the theory of Becker et al. (1951) were below those found by the new method. The reasons for this, and results obtained by previous workers, are critically discussed. The effect of variations of temperature and of absolute concentration of the reactants are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]