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This paper investigates the potential of the Gamified Metaverse as a platform for promoting library services. The study compares the effectiveness of a traditional library program with a Metaverse- based library program in terms of knowledge acquisition and library anxiety. The research also examines students' perceptions of implementing gamification within the context of the Gamified Metaverse platform. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, including pre- and post-test analysis, statistical analysis, and qualitative data collection. The results indicate that both the traditional and Metaverse-based library programs effectively increased the participants' knowledge, with no significant difference between the two approaches. However, the Metaverse-based program was found to be less effective in facilitating interaction with librarians and reducing library anxiety. Additionally, students expressed positive perceptions of implementing gamification in the Gamified Metaverse platform, finding it engaging and motivating. These findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of the Metaverse as a tool for promoting library services and enhancing knowledge acquisition. However, it is not as effective in reducing library anxiety, particularly in terms of interaction with librarians and staff. It should be noted that the platform may have limitations such as high costs and potential side effects of virtual reality, making it more suitable as an additional tool for promoting library services, taking into account its feasibility and potential benefits for specific student populations and larger libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic drastically reduced opportunities for surgical skill sharing between high-income and low to middle-income countries. Augmented reality (AR) technology allows mentors in one country to virtually train a mentee in another country during surgical cases without international travel. We hypothesize that AR technology is an effective live surgical training and mentorship modality. METHODS: Three senior urologic surgeons in the US and UK worked with four urologic surgeon trainees across the continent of Africa using AR systems. Trainers and trainees individually completed post-operative questionnaires evaluating their experience. RESULTS: Trainees rated the quality of virtual training as equivalent to in-person training in 83% of cases (N = 5 of 6 responses). Trainers reported the technologys visual quality as acceptable in 67% of cases (N = 12 of 18 responses). The audiovisual capabilities of the technology had a high impact in the majority of the cases. CONCLUSION: AR technology can effectively facilitate surgical training when in-person training is limited or unavailable.

Skull base surgery has evolved significantly since Harvey Cushings first descriptions in the early 1900s. Computer aided surgery (CAS) applications continue to expand; they include virtual surgical planning, augmented and virtual reality, 3D printing of models/cutting guides/implants, surgical navigation, and intraoperative imaging. The authors will review the current skull base CAS literature and propose a computer aided surgical workflow categorizing these applications into 3 phases: 1) Virtual planning, 2) Surgical execution, 3) Intraoperative verification.

Purpose: This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of the metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Methods: A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive review of the applications of the metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality in in-vivo intraoperative navigation, in the training of orthopedic residents, and in the latest innovations proposed in ex-vivo studies was conducted. Results: A total of 22 articles were included in the review. Data on navigated shoulder arthroplasty was extracted from 14 articles: seven hundred ninety-three patients treated with intraoperative navigated rTSA or aTSA were included. Also, three randomized control trials (RCTs) reported outcomes on a total of fifty-three orthopedics surgical residents and doctors receiving VR-based training for rTSA, which were also included in the review. Three studies reporting the latest VR and AR-based rTSA applications and two proof of concept studies were also included in the review. Conclusions: The metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality present immense potential for the future of orthopedic surgery. As these technologies advance, it is crucial to conduct additional research, foster development, and seamlessly integrate them into surgical education to fully harness their capabilities and transform the field. This evolution promises enhanced accuracy, expanded training opportunities, and improved surgical planning capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human errors are prevalent in manual assembly line statistics, but humans are still a necessary and numerous working force for assembly tasks. Since faster and shorter production cycles lead to higher mental efforts, an alternative to decrease the cognitive load and errors of manual assembly lines is using augmented reality (AR). AR increases system interaction and assists operators in the step-by-step of any tasks performed. Its use allows granular production data, enabling an increase in quality control and timely detection of assembly problems. However, AR alone is not enough to avoid demotivation and lack of engagement in the task, which is repetitive. Gamification can become an auxiliary resource to increase operators' motivation and engagement. This paper presents a system model to integrate AR and gamification for a manual assembly line of printed circuit boards (PCBs) called GRAAL, used to develop an actual system for PCB assembly, which can guide operators using AR but also tracks down their efficiency and efficacy which is then used for gamifying their performance. A prototype system was implemented and assessed by 34 specialist respondents. TAM 3 (Technology Acceptance Model 3) Questionnaire was used to assess the system, which allowed us to find that GRAAL was well accepted (all scores were above the center of a Likert scale from 1 to 7 values), suggesting that GRAAL may be useful as an auxiliary resource to manual assembly lines. We conclude that modeling a system that merges AR and gamification is feasible but a non-trivial task in industry. The system's features are dependent on conditioning factors such as Application Environment, Application Context, Application Audience, AR hardware, and gamification elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clustering is a popular data analysis technique that can explore the structure of data through cluster analysis. Similar data are put into the same cluster, while dissimilar data allocate to other clusters. The similarity/dissimilarity among data objects is determined using a distance function. Further, clustering algorithms aim to choose the optimal set of centroids for obtaining better partitioning, but clustering accuracy is always susceptible. This issue of clustering is addressed through meta-heuristic algorithms. This research also aims to handle the accuracy issue and presents a new algorithm for effective cluster analysis. The proposed clustering algorithm is inspired by a water flow optimizer (WFO). The WFO algorithm performance is validated on the well-defined clustering problems based on SSE, accuracy (AR) and detection rate (DR) parameters. The results indicate that the WFO algorithm gets higher clustering results in terms of SSE, AR and DR than the same class of algorithms. The performance is also validated using Friedman statistical test followed by a post hoc test. Results indicated that the proposed WFO gets better statistical results than other clustering algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a proof-of-concept Augmented Reality (AR) system known as "SMARTLab" for safety training in hazardous material science laboratories. The paper contains an overview of the design rationale, development, methodology, and user study. Participants of the user study were domain experts (i.e., actual lab users in a material science research department, n = 13), and the evaluation used a questionnaire and free-form interview responses. The participants undertook a virtual lab experiment, designed in collaboration with a domain expert. While using the AR environment, they were accompanied by a virtual assistant. The user study provides preliminary findings about the impact of multiple dimensions, such as Performance Expectancy, Emotional Reactivity, and Spatial Presence, on SMARTLab acceptance by analyzing their influence on the Behavioral Intention dimension. The findings indicate that users find the approach useful and that they would consider using such a system. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the SMARTLab assessment data suggests that a) AR-based training is a potential solution for laboratory safety training without the risk of real-world hazards, b) realism remains an important property for some aspects such as fluid dynamics and experimental procedure, and c) use of a virtual assistant is welcome and provides no sense of discomfort or unease. Furthermore, the study recommends the use of AR assistance tools (a virtual assistant, an attention funnel, and an in-situ arrow) to improve usability and make the training experience more user-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We compared computed tomography (CT) images and holograms (HG) to assess the number of arteries of the lung lobes undergoing lobectomy and assessed easiness in interpretation by radiologists and thoracic surgeons with both techniques. Methods: Patients scheduled for lobectomy for lung cancer were prospectively included and underwent CT for staging. A patient-specific three-dimensional model was generated and visualized in an augmented reality setting. One radiologist and one thoracic surgeon evaluated CT images and holograms to count lobar arteries, having as reference standard the number of arteries recorded at surgery. The easiness of vessel identification was graded according to a Likert scale. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and κ statistics were used. Results: Fifty-two patients were prospectively included. The two doctors detected the same number of arteries in 44/52 images (85%) and in 51/52 holograms (98%). The mean difference between the number of artery branches detected by surgery and CT images was 0.31 ± 0.98, whereas it was 0.09 ± 0.37 between surgery and HGs (p = 0.433). In particular, the mean difference in the number of arteries detected in the upper lobes was 0.67 ± 1.08 between surgery and CT images and 0.17 ± 0.46 between surgery and holograms (p = 0.029). Both radiologist and surgeon showed a higher agreement for holograms (κ = 0.99) than for CT (κ = 0.81) and found holograms easier to evaluate than CTs (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Augmented reality by holograms is an effective tool for preoperative vascular anatomy assessment of lungs, especially when evaluating the upper lobes, more prone to anatomical variations. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04227444 Relevance statement: Preoperative evaluation of the lung lobe arteries through augmented reality may help the thoracic surgeons to carefully plan a lobectomy, thus contributing to optimize patients' outcomes. Key points: • Preoperative assessment of the lung arteries may help surgical planning. • Lung artery detection by augmented reality was more accurate than that by CT images, particularly for the upper lobes. • The assessment of the lung arterial vessels was easier by using holograms than CT images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Mixed reality offers potential educational advantages in the delivery of clinical teaching. Holographic artefacts can be rendered within a shared learning environment using devices such as the Microsoft HoloLens 2. In addition to facilitating remote access to clinical events, mixed reality may provide a means of sharing mental models, including the vertical and horizontal integration of curricular elements at the bedside. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of delivering clinical tutorials using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 and the learning efficacy achieved. Methods: Following receipt of institutional ethical approval, tutorials on preoperative anaesthetic history taking and upper airway examination were facilitated by a tutor who wore the HoloLens device. The tutor interacted face to face with a patient and two-way audio-visual interaction was facilitated using the HoloLens 2 and Microsoft Teams with groups of students who were located in a separate tutorial room. Holographic functions were employed by the tutor. The tutor completed the System Usability Scale, the tutor, technical facilitator, patients, and students provided quantitative and qualitative feedback, and three students participated in semi-structured feedback interviews. Students completed pre- and post-tutorial, and end-of-year examinations on the tutorial topics. Results: Twelve patients and 78 students participated across 12 separate tutorials. Five students did not complete the examinations and were excluded from efficacy calculations. Student feedback contained 90 positive comments, including the technology's ability to broadcast the tutor's point-of-vision, and 62 negative comments, where students noted issues with the audio-visual quality, and concerns that the tutorial was not as beneficial as traditional in-person clinical tutorials. The technology and tutorial structure were viewed favourably by the tutor, facilitator and patients. Significant improvement was observed between students' pre- and post-tutorial MCQ scores (mean 59.2% Vs 84.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the HoloLens 2 to facilitate remote bedside tutorials which incorporate holographic learning artefacts. Students' examination performance supports substantial learning of the tutorial topics. The tutorial structure was agreeable to students, patients and tutor. Our results support the feasibility of offering effective clinical teaching and learning opportunities using the HoloLens 2. However, the technical limitations and costs of the device are significant, and further research is required to assess the effectiveness of this tutorial format against in-person tutorials before wider roll out of this technology can be recommended as a result of this study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Robot-assisted surgery facilitates the examination and improvement of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in surgical processes through the provision of comprehensive telemetry data and an advanced viewing interface. Machine learning (ML) techniques enhance the feedback on the development of surgical abilities, the efficacy of the surgical operation, surgical guiding, and predicted results. By incorporating tension sensors on the robotic arms and employing augmented reality techniques, the surgical experience can be greatly improved. This enables the continuous monitoring of organ movements in real time, resulting in enhanced precision and accuracy. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into robotic surgery is anticipated to have a substantial influence on the education of upcoming surgeons and improve the entire surgical process. Both endeavours strive for ultimate accuracy in order to enhance the quality of surgical care. With the rapid increase in computer processing capacity over the past two decades, machine learning techniques have been applied in many sectors of daily life. Machine learning in therapeutic settings is also gaining popularity. We analysed current studies on machine learning in robotic urologic surgery. We searched PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar up to December 2023. Search terms included "urologic surgery", "artificial intelligence", "machine learning", "neural network", "automation", and "robotic surgery". Automatic preoperative imaging, intraoperative anatomy matching, and bleeding prediction has been a major focus. Early artificial intelligence (AI) therapeutic outcomes are promising. Robot-assisted surgery provides precise telemetry data and a cutting-edge viewing console to analyse and improve AI integration in surgery. Machine learning enhances surgical skill feedback, procedure effectiveness, surgical guidance, and postoperative prediction. Tension-sensors on robotic arms and augmented reality can improve surgery. This provides real-time organ motion monitoring, improving precision and accuracy. As datasets develop and electronic health records are used more and more, these technologies will become more effective and useful. AI in robotic surgery is intended to improve surgical training and experience. Both seek precision to improve surgical care. AI in ''master–slave" robotic surgery offers the detailed, step-by-step examination of autonomous robotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study used a virtual environment to examine how older and younger pedestrians responded to simulated augmented reality (AR) overlays that indicated the crossability of gaps in a continuous stream of traffic. Background: Older adults represent a vulnerable group of pedestrians. AR has the potential to make the task of street-crossing safer and easier for older adults. Method: We used an immersive virtual environment to conduct a study with age group and condition as between-subjects factors. In the control condition, older and younger participants crossed a continuous stream of traffic without simulated AR overlays. In the AR condition, older and younger participants crossed with simulated AR overlays signaling whether gaps between vehicles were safe or unsafe to cross. Participants were subsequently interviewed about their experience. Results: We found that participants were more selective in their crossing decisions and took safer gaps in the AR condition as compared to the control condition. Older adult participants also reported reduced mental and physical demand in the AR condition compared to the control condition. Conclusion: AR overlays that display the crossability of gaps between vehicles have the potential to make street-crossing safer and easier for older adults. Additional research is needed in more complex real-world scenarios to further examine how AR overlays impact pedestrian behavior. Application: With rapid advances in autonomous vehicle and vehicle-to-pedestrian communication technologies, it is critical to study how pedestrians can be better supported. Our research provides key insights for ways to improve pedestrian safety applications using emerging technologies like AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) is rapidly becoming a popular technology for exhibitions. The extended content provided through virtual elements offers a higher level of interactivity and can increase the appeal of the exhibition for younger viewers, in particular. However, AR technology in exhibition settings is typically utilized to extend the effects of exhibits, focusing solely on individual experiences and lacking in shared social interactions. In order to address this limitation, in this study, we used AR technology to construct a participatory exhibition-viewing system in the form of an AR mobile application (app), "Wander Into Our Sea". This system was developed as a component of the 2022 Greater Taipei Biennial of Contemporary Art exhibition titled "Log Into Our Sea". The app features two modes: exhibition-viewing mode and message mode. The first embodies passive exhibition-viewing while the second offers channels for active participation. The app has three functions: (1) in exhibition mode, visitors passively view the exhibition content through the AR lens, (2) in message mode, visitors can use the AR lens to leave messages in the 3D space of the exhibition to become part of the exhibit, and (3) during the use of either mode, the app collects data on visitor behavior and uploads it to a cloud to create a research database. The third function allowed us to compare the behaviors of exhibition visitors while they used the two modes. Results revealed that without restricting the ways and sequences in which AR content was viewed, there were no significant differences in the duration of viewing, or the distance covered by visitors between the two modes. However, the paths they took were more concentrated in the exhibition-viewing mode, which indicates that this mode encouraged visitors to view the exhibit in accordance with the AR content. In contrast, in message mode, visitors were encouraged to leave text messages and read those left by others, which created disorganized unpredictable paths. Our study demonstrates an innovative application of AR positioning within an interactive exhibition-viewing system, showcasing a novel way to engage visitors and enrich their experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, piezo–tribo hybrid nanogenerators are developed using the synergistic effect. Exploration of multi‐crystalline piezoelectric materials adds the advantage of mechanically to electrically converting hybrid systems. On the way, the multi‐crystalline 0.3Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3–0.7BaSn0.12Ti0.88O3 (BCST) materials are characterized by the structural, vibrational, and ferroelectric properties. The synergistic effect‐based polydimethylsiloxane/BCST hybrid composite film is prepared for multi‐energy harvesting. The triboelectric nanogenerator produces a maximum output voltage of 210 V. The hybrid device obtains the maximum output performance of 326 V. The harvested energy is used to charge commercial capacitors and power low‐power electronics. The signal processing and analysis unit is constructed for monitoring or functioning in real‐time finger movement. In the future, this kind of system can be coupled with augmented and virtual reality applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Augmented reality (AR) has gained popularity in various sectors, including gaming, entertainment, and healthcare. The desire for improved surgical navigation within orthopaedic surgery has led to the evaluation of the feasibility and usability of AR in the operating room (OR). However, the safe and effective use of AR technology in the OR necessitates a proper understanding of its capabilities and limitations. This review aims to describe the fundamental elements of AR, highlight limitations for use within the field of orthopaedic surgery, and discuss potential areas for development. Recent Findings: To date, studies have demonstrated evidence that AR technology can be used to enhance navigation and performance in orthopaedic procedures. General hardware and software limitations of the technology include the registration process, ergonomics, and battery life. Other limitations are related to the human response factors such as inattentional blindness, which may lead to the inability to see complications within the surgical field. Furthermore, the prolonged use of AR can cause eye strain and headache due to phenomena such as the vergence-convergence conflict. Summary: AR technology may prove to be a better alternative to current orthopaedic surgery navigation systems. However, the current limitations should be mitigated to further improve the feasibility and usability of AR in the OR setting. It is important for both non-clinicians and clinicians to work in conjunction to guide the development of future iterations of AR technology and its implementation into the OR workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was the design and validation of a mobile learning environment (ML) based on Augmented Reality (AR) visualization with the purpose of developing skilled trades in the field of carpentry in indigenous populations. A pedagogical model focused on lifelong learning was used, in order to promote the acquisition of skilled trades and knowledge in carpentry. The implementation of the ML environment was carried out in the Wayuu community, characterized by its high rate of poverty and limited access to education. During face-to-face meetings, three indigenous people participated in a learning process in which they were instructed on the use of trade tools and became familiar with the different types of trees and wood. To support this process, the AR was used together with the M-L environment. Subsequently, the participants built a chair applying the knowledge acquired during the learning process. During this stage, recordings of the indigenous people were made while they carried out the construction. Then, the performance of the apprentices was evaluated through a competency-based evaluation system, in which three experts analyzed the recordings. Finally, the three indigenous people were able to acquire skills in real time through their mobile device, following the instructions and observing 3D images and videos that showed the entire manufacturing process of a wooden chair, from sanding the material to final assembly and polishing. In addition, it was found that these indigenous people were able to successfully market the products they made in the carpentry workshop, thus improving their family income. The fundamental idea behind the pedagogical implementation of this model in the Wayuu indigenous community of northern Colombia is to provide them with training in various trades that allow them to obtain decent jobs and support their families. That is why the ML environment is ideal for vulnerable people, not only indigenous people, but also for those who are displaced, the elderly or deaf-mute. The visual approach used in this method dispenses with the need for voice and text making it accessible to everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that mainly affects social interaction and effective communication, showing problems in their learning, reflected in the lack of attention in schools, such as in anatomy classes. The main objective of the project is to develop a mobile application for children with autism to improve their learning in Anatomy and social interaction through augmented reality (AR). The methodology to be used is ADDIE which is in charge of analyzing the experience of the work team to find the ease of software development, proposing the efficient development with continuous improvement according to the evaluation to the specialists. The results show the evaluation of the specialists on the mobile application with AR where they will indicate their satisfaction with the application. In conclusion, it will be shown a mobile application with AR that offers a technological and eye-catching novelty for users in order to improve the educational development of children with autism spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The installation and commissioning of production units are crucial for establishing efficient production systems. However, current approaches frequently face challenges such as lengthy commissioning cycles, low productivity, and limited intelligence. This study aims to leverage the synergistic capabilities of augmented reality (AR) technology and digital twin technology in the context of Industry 4.0 to address the challenges faced in production commissioning. Therefore, to achieve intelligent commissioning, optimize the installation and commissioning process of production systems and increase productivity. This paper proposes a novel virtual-real fusion commissioning method utilizing AR for production commissioning. Initially, a digital twin modeling and process planning simulation method is introduced for virtual-real fusion production units; secondly, real-time commissioning and fusion display of the production process are enabled through AR technology; lastly, the approach is applied to the operation and commissioning of the motor rotor–embedded wire production unit. The results demonstrate that the system can simulate the entire production logic and operation even in the absence of certain equipment while visualizing the production process and product status. Furthermore, compared to traditional physical production commissioning, this method has achieved a 43.6% reduction in the commissioning cycle and resulted in space cost savings of 21.8%. Subsequent applications validate the soundness of the proposed modeling and fusion commissioning approach and provide practical theoretical and methodological guidance for digital twin modeling and production commissioning in production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: External cueing can improve gait in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), but there is a need for wearable, personalized and flexible cueing techniques that can exploit the power of action-relevant visual cues. Augmented Reality (AR) involving headsets or glasses represents a promising technology in those regards. This study examines the gait-modifying effects of real-world and AR cueing in people with PD. Methods: 21 people with PD performed walking tasks augmented with either real-world or AR cues, imposing changes in gait speed, step length, crossing step length, and step height. Two different AR headsets, differing in AR field of view (AR-FOV) size, were used to evaluate potential AR-FOV-size effects on the gait-modifying effects of AR cues as well as on the head orientation required for interacting with them. Results: Participants modified their gait speed, step length, and crossing step length significantly to changes in both real-world and AR cues, with step lengths also being statistically equivalent to those imposed. Due to technical issues, step-height modulation could not be analyzed. AR-FOV size had no significant effect on gait modifications, although small differences in head orientation were observed when interacting with nearby objects between AR headsets. Conclusion: People with PD can modify their gait to AR cues as effectively as to real-world cues with state-of-the-art AR headsets, for which AR-FOV size is no longer a limiting factor. Future studies are warranted to explore the merit of a library of cue modalities and individually-tailored AR cueing for facilitating gait in real-world environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerospace industry prioritises safety protocols to prevent accidents that can result in injuries, fatalities, or aircraft damage. One of the potential hazards that can occur while manoeuvring aircraft in and out of a hangar is collisions with other aircraft or buildings, which can lead to operational disruption and costly repairs. To tackle this issue, we have developed the Smart Hangar project, which aims to alert personnel of increased risks and prevent incidents from happening. The Smart Hangar project uses computer vision, LiDAR, and ultra-wideband sensors to track all objects and individuals within the hangar space. These data inputs are combined to form a real-time 3D Digital Twin (DT) of the hangar environment. The Active Safety system then uses the DT to perform real-time path planning, collision prediction, and safety alerts for tow truck drivers and hangar personnel. This paper provides a detailed overview of the system architecture, including the technologies used, and highlights the system's performance. By implementing this system, we aim to reduce the risk of accidents in the aerospace industry and increase safety for all personnel involved. Additionally, we identify future research directions for the Smart Hangar project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, technological advancements have transformed the industry, highlighting the efficiency of automation and safety. The integration of augmented reality (AR) and gesture recognition has emerged as an innovative approach to create interactive environments for industrial equipment. Gesture recognition enhances AR applications by allowing intuitive interactions. This study presents a web-based architecture for the integration of AR and gesture recognition, designed to interact with industrial equipment. Emphasizing hardware-agnostic compatibility, the proposed structure offers an intuitive interaction with equipment control systems through natural gestures. Experimental validation, conducted using Google Glass, demonstrated the practical viability and potential of this approach in industrial operations. The development focused on optimizing the system's software and implementing techniques such as normalization, clamping, conversion, and filtering to achieve accurate and reliable gesture recognition under different usage conditions. The proposed approach promotes safer and more efficient industrial operations, contributing to research in AR and gesture recognition. Future work will include improving the gesture recognition accuracy, exploring alternative gestures, and expanding the platform integration to improve the user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the use of handheld devices continues to proliferate in both private and educational sectors, critical questions emerge concerning the end-of-life management of materials and strategies to curtail waste generation. Augmented reality (AR) technology presents novel avenues for engaging students in science education. This paper presents a novel didactic methodology through a tablet-based, digitally enriched learning scenario that focuses on the properties, synthesis, substitution, and recycling of plastics, particularly in the context of iPads. The scenario utilizes AR technology to provide new perspectives on plastics' chemistry, fostering interest and understanding. Additionally, the present study employs quantitative methods to investigate the impact on situational interest and understanding concerning learning with iPads and learning about plastics used in iPads on students. The analysis also includes an examination of attitudes toward learning experiences based on AR. A total of 65 secondary students participated in the study. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate on context-based learning and its impact on students' interest and engagement in science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) has good potential to promote technology-enhanced learning. Students can benefit from immersive visualization and intuitive interaction in their learning of abstract concepts, complex structures, and dynamic processes. This paper is interested in evaluating the effects of VR learning games in a Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology-Enhanced Learning (VARTeL) environment within an engineering education setting. A VARTeL flipped classroom is established in the HIVE learning hub at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore for the immersive and interactive learning. Experiments are designed for the university students conducting the learning, with three interactive and immersive VR games related to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), i.e., virtual cells, a virtual F1 racing car, and vector geometry. These VR games are a part of the VARTeL apps designed in-house at NTU for STEM education. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are performed. A total of 156 students from Mechanical Engineering participated in the experiment. There are 15 participants selected for an interview after the experiment. Pre-tests and post-tests are performed using two different models, the developed VARTeL and the modified Technology-Rich Outcome-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI), in order to measure the efficiency of the VARTeL environment in Higher Education. Significant improvements of about 24.8% are observed for the post-tests over the pre-tests, which illustrate the effectiveness of the VARTeL for Engineering education. Details of the VR simulation games, methods of data collection, data analyses, as well as the experiment results are discussed. It is observed from the results that all the underlying scales of the modified TROFLEI are above the threshold for the 'Good' category, indicating that a very reliable questionnaire is designed in this research. The mean 'Ideal' values are about 0.7–2.6% higher than the mean 'Actual' values. The limitations of the experiment and future works with recommendations are also presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binaural audio synthesis (BAS) aims to restore binaural audio from mono signals obtained from the environment to enhance users' immersive experiences. It plays an essential role in building Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality environments. Existing deep neural network (DNN)-based BAS systems synthesize binaural audio by modeling the overall sound propagation processes from the source to the left and right ears, which encompass early decay, room reverberation, and head/ear-related filtering. However, this end-to-end modeling approach brings in the overfitting problem for BAS models when they are trained using a small and homogeneous data set. Moreover, existing losses cannot well supervise the training process. As a consequence, the accuracy of synthesized binaural audio is far from satisfactory on binaural differences. In this work, we propose a novel DNN-based BAS method, namely DIFFBAS, to improve the accuracy of synthesized binaural audio from the perspective of the interaural phase difference. Specifically, DIFFBAS is trained using the average signals of the left and right channels. To make the model learn the binaural differences, we propose a new loss named Interaural Phase Difference (IPD) loss to supervise the model training. Extensive experiments have been performed and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the DIFFBAS model and the IPD loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AR technology allows users to interact with virtual objects in real-world settings. Immersive AR experiences can enhance creativity and possibilities. Learners can explore real-life situations in a safe, controlled environment, understand abstract concepts and solve problems. This study investigates whether AR-codes affect boxing beginners' performance in some fundamental defensive techniques. An experimental and control group were created to implement a quasi-experimental design. By using the ASSURE instructional design model, AR technology was incorporated into the educational program and delivered in flipped classroom method to the experimental group. Comparatively, the control group is taught a program using a teacher's command style. A post-measurement of defensive boxing skills was conducted for both groups. Participants were 60 boxing beginners aged 12 to 14 who had enrolled in Port Fouad Sports Club's 2023/2024 training season in Port Said, Egypt. Randomly, participants were divided into control and experimental groups. They were homogenized and equivalent in terms of age, height, weight, IQ, physical fitness, and skill level. According to the study results, the experimental group performed better in post-measurements than the control group. The AR Codes technology had a large effect size on the learning of boxing defensive skills under study. Consequently, it is necessary to use AR Codes technology as an educational resource to enhance the learning process, integrate it with active learning strategies, and use it to teach defensive boxing skills and apply them to offensive and counterattack skills, thereby improving the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) has been used for navigation during total hip arthroplasty (THA). AR computed tomography (CT)-based navigation systems and AR-based portable navigation systems that use smartphones can also be used. This study compared the accuracy of cup insertion during THA using AR-CT-based and portable AR-based navigation systems. Patients with symptomatic hip disease who underwent primary THA in the supine position using both AR CT-based and portable AR-based navigation systems simultaneously between October 2021 and July 2023 were included. The primary outcome of this study was the absolute difference between cup angles in the intraoperative navigation record and those measured on postoperative CT. The secondary outcome was to determine the factors affecting the absolute value of the navigation error in radiographic inclination (RI) and radiographic anteversion (RA) of the cup, including sex, age, body mass index, left or right side, approach, and preoperative pelvic tilt. This study included 94 consecutive patients. There were 11 men and 83 women, with a mean age of 68 years. The mean absolute errors of RI were 2.7° ± 2.0° in the AR CT-based and 3.3° ± 2.4° in the portable AR-based navigation system. The mean absolute errors of RA were 2.5° ± 2.1° in the AR CT-based navigation system and 2.3° ± 2.2° in the portable AR-based navigation system. No significant differences were observed in RI or RA of the cup between the two navigation systems (RI: p = 0.706; RA: p = 0.329). No significant factors affected the absolute value of the navigation errors in RI and RA. In conclusion, there were no differences in the accuracy of cup insertion between the AR CT-based and portable AR-based navigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immersive journalism is a recent field of research focusing on digital technologies such as augmented reality (AR), 360° video, and virtual reality (VR). This research analyzed 69 academic articles published in the Web of Science from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021, using a systematic review of scientific literature (SLR). The prevalence of media effects and quantitative methodologies in investigating immersive journalism was demonstrated. The corpus analysis shows the recurrence of some key macro-concepts. We propose grouping these macro-concepts into affordances (presence, embodiment, and interactivity) and gratifications (comprehension, credibility, emotional engagement, and empathy), which affect in different extents the cognition, affectivity, and behavior of the users. This review highlights the need to expand and combine different theories and methodologies. Another important recommendation is to create specific frameworks for analyzing immersive news stories and examining their various narrative and aesthetic characteristics during both production and post-production. This article discusses the ethical and normative concerns of journalism in relation to current and future research in VR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Studies have shown that the introduction of multidisciplinary tumour boards can have a positive impact on the survival of cancer patients. By bringing together the different disciplines involved in the treatment of cancer patients, tumour boards provide an interdisciplinary approach to decision-making in the treatment of oncological diseases. Tumour boards have become an integral part of treatment planning. However, their preparation is time-consuming and labour-intensive. The multiplicity of sources and clinical systems makes common communication difficult and consumes a lot of resources. Mixed reality technology could provide the necessary information as an interactive user interface. This is a new digital holographic imaging technology that can generate virtual 3D objects in space from radiological sectional images. A mixed-reality-based software prototype will be developed to analyse whether and to what extent this technology is suitable as a platform for decision making in the head and neck tumour board. The preparation and implementation of interdisciplinary oncological case reviews are time-consuming and complex. The variety of clinical and radiological information must be presented in a clear and comprehensible manner. Only if all relevant patient-specific information is demonstrated in a short time frame can well-founded treatment decisions be made on this basis. Mixed reality (MR) technology as a multimodal interactive user interface could enhance understanding in multidisciplinary collaboration by visualising radiological or clinical data. The aim of the work was to develop an MR-based software prototype for a head and neck tumour board (HNTB) to support clinical decision-making. The article describes the development phases and workflows in the planning and creation of a MR-based software prototype that were required to meet the multidisciplinary characteristics of a HNTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Three-dimensional reconstructions of state-of-the-art high-resolution imaging are progressively being used more for preprocedural assessment in thoracic surgery. It is a promising tool that aims to improve patient-specific treatment planning, for example, for minimally invasive or robotic-assisted lung resections. Increasingly available mixed-reality hardware based on video pass-through technology enables the projection of image data as a hologram onto the patient. We describe the novel method of real-time 3D surgical planning in a mixed-reality setting by presenting three representative cases utilizing volume rendering. Materials: A mixed-reality system was set up using a high-performance workstation running a video pass-through-based head-mounted display. Image data from computer tomography were imported and volume-rendered in real-time to be customized through live editing. The image-based hologram was projected onto the patient, highlighting the regions of interest. Results: Three oncological cases were selected to explore the potentials of the mixed-reality system. Two of them presented large tumor masses in the thoracic cavity, while a third case presented an unclear lesion of the chest wall. We aligned real-time rendered 3D holographic image data onto the patient allowing us to investigate the relationship between anatomical structures and their respective body position. Conclusions: The exploration of holographic overlay has proven to be promising in improving preprocedural surgical planning, particularly for complex oncological tasks in the thoracic surgical field. Further studies on outcome-related surgical planning and navigation should therefore be conducted. Ongoing technological progress of extended reality hardware and intelligent software features will most likely enhance applicability and the range of use in surgical fields within the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Augmented reality (AR) navigation systems are emerging to simplify and enhance the precision of medical procedures. Lumbosacral transforaminal epidural injection is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment and diagnosis of radiculopathy. Accurate needle placement while avoiding critical structures remains a challenge. For this purpose, we conducted a randomized controlled trial for our augmented reality navigation system. Methods: This randomized controlled study involved 28 patients, split between a traditional C-arm guided group (control) and an AR navigation guided group (AR-NAVI), to compare procedure efficiency and radiation exposure. The AR-NAVI group used a real-time tracking system displaying spinal structure and needle position on an AR head-mounted display. The procedural time and C-arm usage (radiation exposure) were measured. Results: All patients underwent successful procedures without complications. The AR-NAVI group demonstrated significantly reduced times and C-arm usage for needle entry to the target point (58.57 ± 33.31 vs. 124.91 ± 41.14, p < 0.001 and 3.79 ± 1.97 vs. 8.86 ± 3.94, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The use of the AR navigation system significantly improved procedure efficiency and safety by reducing time and radiation exposure, suggesting a promising direction for future enhancements and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic segmentation from a three‐dimensional point cloud is vital in autonomous driving, computer vision, and augmented reality. However, current semantic segmentation does not effectively use the point cloud's local geometric features and contextual information, essential for improving segmentation accuracy. A semantic segmentation network that uses local feature fusion and a multilayer attention mechanism is proposed to address these challenges. Specifically, the authors designed a local feature fusion module to encode the geometric and feature information separately, which fully leverages the point cloud's feature perception and geometric structure representation. Furthermore, the authors designed a multilayer attention pooling module consisting of local attention pooling and cascade attention pooling to extract contextual information. Local attention pooling is used to learn local neighbourhood information, and cascade attention pooling captures contextual information from deeper local neighbourhoods. Finally, an enhanced feature representation of important information is obtained by aggregating the features from the two deep attention pooling methods. Extensive experiments on large‐scale point‐cloud datasets Stanford 3D large‐scale indoor spaces and SemanticKITTI indicate that authors network shows excellent advantages over existing representative methods regarding local geometric feature description and global contextual relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of digital technologies, the use of augmented reality in the tourism sector has received increasing attention. However, the understanding of the factors influencing tourists' post-experience intention with augmented reality devices is incomplete and there is a lack of empirical research. This study explores the impact of AR technical factors, individual factors and situational factors on users' post-experience AR usage intention and destination revisit intention through satisfaction based on a socio-technical perspective. The survey data collected from 254 visitors who visited the Liangzhu Museum using the corresponding AR glasses were analysed, and the results showed that the novelty of the technical aspect, the technology trust of the individual aspect and the aesthetics, education and authenticity of the situational aspect influenced visitors' AR usage intention and destination revisit intention through satisfaction. This study has an impact on future research on the application of augmented reality technology to heritage museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of geo-localization broadly refers to the process of determining an entity's geographical location, typically in the form of Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates. The entity of interest may be an image, a sequence of images, a video, a satellite image, or even objects visible within the image. Recently, massive datasets of GPS-tagged media have become available due to smartphones and the internet, and deep learning has risen to prominence and enhanced the performance capabilities of machine learning models. These developments have enabled the rise of image and object geo-localization, which has impacted a wide range of applications such as augmented reality, robotics, self-driving vehicles, road maintenance, and 3D reconstruction. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of visual geo-localization, which may involve either determining the location at which an image has been captured (image geo-localization) or geolocating objects within an image (object geo-localization). We will provide an in-depth study of visual geo-localization including a summary of popular algorithms, a description of proposed datasets, and an analysis of performance results to illustrate the current state of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road maintenance operators often work in dangerous environments and are in need of a support system to enhance their safety and efficiency. Augmented reality (AR) has proven to be useful in providing support to operators in various industrial sectors. However, the vast majority of the existing applications focus mainly on static, controlled environments, such as industrial shopfloors, although the dynamic flow of information that AR can provide could be very valuable to unstructured, dynamic environments. This paper presents a novel AR—based methodology for human–robot collaboration, real‐time instructions, and support for road maintenance operations, aiming to enhance operator safety and efficiency. A robot operating system‐based architecture is exploited for the communication of the modules. The methodology is tested in a laboratory environment, and the results validate the hypothesized enhancement of road operators. In the future, the application will be validated on real interventions in highways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in sensor technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and augmented reality (AR) have unlocked opportunities across various domains. AR and large language models like GPT have witnessed substantial progress and increasingly are being employed in diverse fields. One such promising application is in operations and maintenance (O&M). O&M tasks often involve complex procedures and sequences that can be challenging to memorize and execute correctly, particularly for novices or in high-stress situations. By combining the advantages of superimposing virtual objects onto the physical world and generating human-like text using GPT, we can revolutionize O&M operations. This study introduces a system that combines AR, optical character recognition (OCR), and the GPT language model to optimize user performance while offering trustworthy interactions and alleviating workload in O&M tasks. This system provides an interactive virtual environment controlled by the Unity game engine, facilitating a seamless interaction between virtual and physical realities. A case study (N=30) was conducted to illustrate the findings and answer the research questions. The Multidimensional Measurement of Trust (MDMT) was applied to understand the complexity of trust engagement with such a human-like system. The results indicate that users can complete similarly challenging tasks in less time using our proposed AR and AI system. Moreover, the collected data also suggest a reduction in cognitive load when executing the same operations using the AR and AI system. A divergence of trust was observed concerning capability and ethical dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various technologies have been used in making teaching and learning sessions more effective, fun, and enjoyable. One of the ways to make teaching and learning interactive is by emphasizing the use of mobile augmented reality (MAR). Thus, this study has proposed using MAR for a chemistry subject, namely science exploration (SCIENEX). This study adopted design and development research (DDR) by employing the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The phases involved in DDR are ADDIE. SCIENEX was evaluated based on its validity, usability, and effectiveness. Five experts validated SCIENEX after it had been completely developed. The samples for usability testing and effectiveness of SCIENEX were 30 secondary school students who were studying chemistry. The results of the evaluation of the experts' validation revealed that SCIENEX is a valid and appropriate MAR application for the learning of topics in chemistry. The result also revealed that the majority of students strongly agreed that SCIENEX is appropriate for the usage of MAR in learning chemistry, as it is fun, easy to use, and helps students to understand their learning. Interestingly, SCIENEX could increase students' performance in their learning (t=21.754; p=0.000). Thus, it can be concluded that SCIENEX is valid, can be used for learning chemistry, and can help students in their learning. The limitations of this study and future suggestions for research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the next generation of in-vehicle intelligent platforms, the augmented reality heads-up display (AR-HUD) has a huge information interaction capacity, can provide drivers with auxiliary driving information, avoid the distractions caused by the lower head during the driving process, and greatly improve driving safety. However, AR-HUD systems still face great challenges in the realization of multi-plane full-color display, and they cannot truly achieve the integration of virtual information and real road conditions. To overcome these problems, many new devices and materials have been applied to AR-HUDs, and many novel systems have been developed. This study first reviews some key metrics of HUDs, investigates the structures of various picture generation units (PGUs), and finally focuses on the development status of AR-HUDs, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing technologies, and points out the future research directions for AR-HUDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on caregivers for children with intellectual disabilities, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has highlighted several obstacles to achieving better oral health. These include challenges with tolerating oral care, sensory processing differences, uncooperative behaviors, and communication impairments. There is limited understanding of what caregivers would consider "successful assistance" in improving oral health for these children. Objectives: This pilot study aimed to examine caregivers' and user's experiences with a Kids Smart Electric Toothbrush used by children with ASD. Methods: It involved open-ended interviews and questionnaires with caregivers prior to utilization of the toothbrush and after 4 weeks of product use by the child. Results: Seventeen children with ASD, aged 5–12, participated. A total of 58.8% of caregivers said their child brushed more often, and all reported brushing at least twice a day by week 4. Caregivers reported that children became more independent while brushing their teeth and achieved better quality brushing. Caregivers' frustration with the brushing process, satisfaction with the device, and need to assist the child with brushing were improved. Caregivers did encounter some technical difficulties with the app. Conclusion: This study will assist in exploring "smart" toothbrush technologies for oral hygiene in children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software developers new to creating Augmented Reality (AR) experiences often gravitate towards simplified development environments, such as 3D game engines. While popular game engines such as Unity and Unreal have evolved to offer extensive support and functionalities for AR creation, many developers still find it difficult to realize their immersive development projects. We ran an observational study with 12 software developers to assess how they approach the initial AR creation processes using a simplified development framework, the information resources they seek, and how their learning experience compares to the more mainstream 2D development. We observed that developers often started by looking for code examples rather than breaking down complex problems, leading to challenges in visualizing the AR experience. They encountered vocabulary issues and found trial-and-error methods ineffective due to a lack of familiarity with 3D environments, physics, and motion. These observations highlight the distinct needs of emerging AR developers and suggest that conventional code reuse strategies in mainstream development may be less effective in AR. We discuss the importance of developing more intuitive training and learning methods to foster diversity in developing interactive systems and support self-taught learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended reality (XR) devices, including virtual and augmented reality head-mounted displays (HMDs), are increasingly utilised within healthcare to provide clinical interventions and education. Currently, XR devices are utilised to assist in reducing pain and improving psychological outcomes for immunocompromised patients in intensive care units, palliative care environments and surgical theatres. However, there is a paucity of research on the risks of infection from such devices in healthcare settings. Identify existing literature providing insights into the infection control risk XR HMDs pose within healthcare facilities and the efficacy of current infection control and cleaning procedures. Three databases (PubMed, Embase and CINAHL) in addition to Google Scholar were systematically searched. A total of seven studies were identified for this review. Microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), were found to be present on XR HMDs. Published cleaning and infection control protocols designed to disinfect XR HMDs and protect users were heterogeneous in nature. Current cleaning protocols displayed varying levels of efficacy with microbial load affected by multiple factors, including time in use, number of users and XR HMD design features. In healthcare settings, fitting XR HMDs harbouring microorganisms near biological and mucosal entry points presents an infection control risk. An urgent revision of the Spaulding classification is required to ensure flexibility that allows for these devices to be reclassified from 'Non-critical' to 'Semi-Critical' depending on the healthcare setting and patient population (surgery, immunocompromised, burns, etc.). This review identified evidence supporting the presence of microorganisms on XR HMDs. Due to the potential for HMDs to contact mucosal entry points, devices must be re-considered within the Spaulding classification as 'Semi-critical'. The existence of microbial contaminated XR HMDs in high-risk medical settings such as operating wards, intensive care units, emergency departments, labour and delivery wards and clinical areas with immunosuppressed patients requires urgent attention. Public health authorities have a duty of care to develop revised guidelines or new recommendations to ensure efficient sanitation of such devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of Augmented Reality is taking on an increasingly important role in the digital (and green) transformation of industry, including shipbuilding. Upgraded to the three-dimensional ship model in the form and content of a Digital Twin, (industrial) Augmented Reality contributes to the activities of sale and marketing, development, and design, as well as production and maintenance. Recognizing its leading potential in creating the configuration of Shipyard 4.0, research on the further applicability of Augmented Reality in shipbuilding processes, with an emphasis on outfitting activities, was initiated in collaboration between industry and universities. This paper describes the course of the research, i.e., the development of an Augmented Reality application supportive of the shipbuilding process. The authors emphasize the possibility of achieving savings in shipbuilding project realization by implementing the Augmented Reality application according to the conducted proof of concept, thus contributing to shipbuilding system competitiveness improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present TimberTool (TTool v2.1.1), a software designed for woodworking tasks assisted by augmented reality (AR), emphasizing its essential function of the real-time localization of a tool head's poses within camera frames. The localization process, a fundamental aspect of AR-assisted tool operations, enables informed integration with contextual tracking, facilitating the computation of meaningful feedback for guiding users during tasks on the target object. In the context of timber construction, where object pose tracking has been predominantly explored in additive processes, TTool addresses a noticeable gap by focusing on subtractive tasks with manual tools. The proposed methodology utilizes a machine learning (ML) classifier to detect tool heads, offering users the capability to input a global pose and utilizing an automatic pose refiner for final pose detection and model alignment. Notably, TTool boasts adaptability through a customizable platform tailored to specific tool sets, and its open accessibility encourages widespread utilization. To assess the effectiveness of TTool in AR-assisted woodworking, we conducted a preliminary experimental campaign using a set of tools commonly employed in timber carpentry. The findings suggest that TTool can effectively contribute to AR-assisted woodworking tasks by detecting the six-degrees-of-freedom (6DoF) pose of tool heads to a satisfactory level, with a millimetric positional error of 3.9 ± 1 mm with possible large room for improvement and 1.19 ± 0.6° for what concerns the angular accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of augmented reality (AR) continues to increase, particularly in marketing and advertising, where virtual objects are showcased in the AR world, thereby expanding its various applications. In this paper, a method of linking coordinate systems to connect the metaverse with the real world is proposed and a system for correcting and displaying virtual objects in the AR environment is implemented. The proposed method calculates errors to accurately represent virtual objects in AR and presents a method to show these objects without errors. The proposed method was verified through experiments to successfully display virtual objects in AR. To minimize localization errors, semantic segmentation was used to recognize objects and estimate buildings, thereby correcting the device location. An error correction expression is also presented. The proposed system is designed to correct and display virtual objects in AR, with confirmed functionality for location correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the impact of global warming on climate change becomes noticeable, the importance of energy efficiency for reducing greenhouse gas emissions grows immense. To this end, a platform, solution, and mobile apps are developed as part of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program to support energy optimization in residences. However, to ensure long-term energy optimization, it is crucial to keep users engaged with the apps. Since augmented reality (AR) and a virtual animal companion positively influenced user engagement, we designed an AR companion that represented the user's residence states; thereby making the user aware of indoor information. We conducted user evaluations to determine the effect of the AR companion on user engagement and perceived usability in the context of energy management. We identified that the user interface (UI) with AR (ARUI) barely affected user engagement and perceived usability compared to the traditional UI without AR (TUI); however, we found that the ARUI positively affected one of the user engagement aspects. Our results show AR companion integration's potential benefits and effects on energy management mobile apps. Furthermore, our findings provide insights into UI design elements for developers considering multiple interaction modalities with AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on traceability as a means to ensure sustainability during food development by using augmented reality and addressing the needs of farmers/producers, development and retail companies, and consumers. After reviewing related work, the needs are outlined for an application with a highly visual interface that lets all involved parties insert, explore, and view data about food products, starting from their origin and dietary/heritage value until their placement in a market. In this direction, the research questions examined the usability of such an application along with its validity concerning whether customers would choose healthy food products based on certain criteria, ensuring sustainability at all levels. Data are selected from predefined lists where possible and propagated without disruption from farmers to markets to avoid errors. The analysis led to the AR application, FoodTrace, whose design and prototype implementation are also presented. The evaluation was encouraging as the research goals were largely met regarding both usability and content value and will help further develop the application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Comprehensive exploration of e-commerce landscape; Insights drawn from diverse scholarly sources across disciplines. Objective: Examine key themes, including COVID-19 impact, consumer behavior, business models, regulatory challenges, security, privacy, opportunities, and future trends in digital commerce. Method: The methodology involved a comprehensive literature review spanning various disciplines to explore ecommerce. Scholarly sources were gathered from academic databases and journals, focusing on key themes like the COVID-19 impact, consumer behavior, business models, regulatory challenges, security, privacy, opportunities, and future trends. Data analysis identified patterns and trends, with findings organized into distinct sections. Synthesizing and interpreting the results within the e-commerce context, along with peer feedback, ensured the study's rigor and credibility. Results: Uncover sustained shift in consumer preferences influenced by the pandemic; Provide insights into strategic approaches adopted by businesses in the digital marketplace. Conclusion: Anticipate future e-commerce trajectory, discussing emerging trends like metaverse integration, AI, augmented reality shopping, voice commerce, and online-offline convergence; Serve as a guide for businesses navigating challenges, seizing opportunities, and aligning with emerging trends; Offer a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of e-commerce in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]