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Using direct numerical simulation, the primary atomization of shear-thinning liquid jets into stagnant gas is investigated. Starting from a Newtonian configuration with material properties approximately corresponding to a Diesel injection, two hypothetical shear-thinning cases using the power-law and the Carreau-Yasuda models for the calculation of the apparent viscosity are investigated. A recently developed tracking algorithm is used to identify droplets newly formed from the core jet, as well as all other droplets in the computational domain, and a number of relevant droplet characteristics, such as droplet volume, surface area and center of mass, is recorded at each time step. This allows a comparison of droplet characteristics on the basis of probability density functions. It is observed that the shear-thinning behavior of the liquid phase, which is particularly relevant at the interface, influences the droplet volumes and shapes. While the mean viscosity differs significantly for the different cases, the first- and second-order velocity and volume fraction statistics remain nearly unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to study in vitro atomization properties of the self-developed sodium sivelestat for inhalation, evaluate the feasibility of this preparation as an aerosol inhalation, and provide the guidance for the following animal administration experiment. Firstly, in order to ensure accurate, uniform and stable doses of the self-developed product after administration, its atomization performance was analyzed through the testing of fine particle mass and the total emitted dose, and the results of its atomization parameters meet the requirement of inhalation. Next, Atomization characteristics of two commonly used nebulizers, air compressed nebulizer and mesh nebulizer, were studied and compared. The results showed that mesh atomizers have a smaller and more uniform particle size distribution. And then, the experiment of acute lung injury induced by aerosol inhalation of lipopolysaccharide in mice was used to test the therapeutic effect of our self-developed formulation, and compared with the positive control (sodium sivelestat for injection). The results showed that inhalation had a lower concentration and was equally effective than injection of sodium sivelestat. All the results support that the self-developed sodium sivelestat can be used as an aerosol inhaled drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of the burnt degree of the coil（cotton wick)has a serious impact on consumer health and experience. Sweeteners are an important component of e-liquids, but Neotame is the only option for sweetener in e-liquids listed in the Chinese national standard. There still lacks systematic and comparative report on sweeteners, and it’s hard to directly evaluate the effect of sweetener on the burnt degree of the coil(cotton wick). The sensory evaluation on the sweetness characteristics of glucose-stevioside(GSG), rubusoside, sucralose, Neotame, Fulltame（FA)and acesulfame（AK)was employed. The thermal stability and volatility of the sweeteners or their solution(propylene glycol-glycerol mixture as the solvent) were analyzed with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, respectively. The coil-burnt experiment was conducted with the coils absorbed the sweetener solution in a Muffle furnace, and the effect of sweeteners on the burnt degree of coil was investigated with visual inspection and whiteness measurement. The assayed sweeteners can be entirely aerosolized by PG-VG in the absence of coil. The ratio of propylene glycol to glycerol, baking temperature, baking time and sweetener type are the influence factors for the coil whiteness after burning. By baking the coil soaked sweetener solution（4% in e-liquids)at 260 ℃ for 30 min, the mass retention rate of coil follows：sucralose＞AK＞GSG＞Neotame＞FA＞blank, while the whiteness of the baked coil, which indicates less enhancement on the degree of burning followed：GSG-FA＞blank＞ Neotame＞sucralose＞AK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly efficient surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducers offer significant advantages for microfluidic atomization. Aiming at highly efficient atomization, we innovatively accomplish dual-surface simultaneous atomization by strategically positioning the liquid supply outside the IDT aperture edge. Initially, we optimize Lamb wave transducers and specifically investigate their performance based on the ratio of substrate thickness to acoustic wavelength. When this ratio h / λ is approximately 1.25, the electromechanical coupling coefficient of A0-mode Lamb waves can reach around 5.5% for 128° Y-X LiNbO3. We then study the mechanism of droplet atomization with the liquid supply positioned outside the IDT aperture edge. Experimental results demonstrate that optimized Lamb wave transducers exhibit clear dual-surface simultaneous atomization. These transducers provide equivalent amplitude acoustic wave vibrations on both surfaces, causing the liquid thin film to accumulate at the edges of the dual-surface and form a continuous mist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of pure copper (Cu) has been a challenge for laser-based additive manufacturing for many years since copper powders have a high reflectivity of up to 83% of electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength of 1070 nm. In this study, Cu particles were coated with sub-micrometer tungsten (W) particles to increase the laser beam absorptivity. The coated powders were processed by powder bed fusion-laser beam for metals (PBF-LB/M) with a conventional laser system of <300 watts laser power and a wavelength of 1070 nm. Two different powder manufacturing routes were developed. The first manufacturing route was gas atomization combined with a milling process by a planetary mill. The second manufacturing method was gas atomization with particle co-injection, where a separate W particle jet was sprayed into the atomized Cu jet. As part of the investigations, an extensive characterization of powder and additively manufactured test specimens was carried out. The specimens of Cu/W powders manufactured by the milling process have shown superior results. The laser absorptivity of the Cu/W powder was increased from 22.5% (pure Cu powder) to up to 71.6% for powders with 3 vol% W. In addition, a relative density of test specimens up to 98.2% (optically) and 95.6% (Archimedes) was reached. Furthermore, thermal conductivity was measured by laser flash analysis (LFA) and thermo-optical measurement (TOM). By using eddy current measurement, the electrical conductivity was analyzed. In comparison to the Cu reference, a thermal conductivity of 88.9% and an electrical conductivity of 85.8% were determined. Moreover, the Vickers hardness was measured. The effect of porosity on conductivity properties and hardness was investigated and showed a linear correlation. Finally, a demonstrator was built in which a wall thickness of down to 200 µm was achieved. This demonstrates that the Cu/W composite can be used for heat exchangers, heat sinks, and coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent studies have increasingly focused on integrating detonation processes into engine technologies, advancing beyond the fundamental research phase of detonation research. The present study investigates the detonability and combustion characteristics of liquid fuels, specifically ethanol, with an emphasis on the effects of atomization properties facilitated by different atomizer designs to implement pulse detonation combustion engines. Oxygen was used as the oxidizer. We employed internal injectors (I45, I90, IB4) and atomizer venturis (VA, VB, VR) to examine how variations in liquid fuel atomization and atomizer configurations influence detonation. The occurrence of detonation was assessed using predicted Sauter mean diameters (SMDs) and exit velocities for different atomizer setups. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of nitrogen dilution at concentrations of 0%, 25%, and 50% on velocity variations and changes in detonation characteristics. The findings suggest that while higher exit velocities decrease SMD, facilitating detonation, excessively high velocities hinder detonation initiation. Conversely, lower exit velocities emphasize the role of SMD in initiating detonation. However, the introduction of nitrogen, which reduces the SMD, was found to decrease reactivity and impede detonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometry of an orifice is a major determinant of nozzle internal flow and cavitation, which directly govern spray atomization and consequently affect combustion and fuel economy in internal combustion engines. In this study, simulation models of the nozzle at different angles between the normal and the injection hole inlet cross-section and the injection hole axis, as well as with different injection hole cone angles (a positive angle between the injection hole axis and its walls implies a divergent hole), were investigated by means of a previously developed numerical model that was validated based on experimental data from X-ray image technology. The results indicate that as the angle between the normal and the injection hole inlet cross-section and the injection hole axis increases, the cavitation asymmetry within the injection hole intensifies, accompanied by a decrease in the gas volume fraction. On one side of the injection hole, the hydraulic flip width expands, while, on the other side of the injection hole, the flow state gradually changes from hydraulic flip to super-cavitation flow, transitional cavitation and fully reattached flow. The divergent orifice layout intensifies cavitation, and the higher the positive injection hole cone angle, the bigger the hydraulic flip width. The convergent layout of the injection hole suppresses cavitation, and cavitation inside the nozzle disappears completely when the injection hole cone angle is less than −10°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the breakup and atomization mechanisms of the fuel-jet in air crossflow and realize the accurate and controllable atomization effect of fuel, this paper proposes a method by coupling the large eddy simulation method and the VOF to DPM method. The results show that the breakup and atomization of the fuel-jet are mainly caused by the Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) unstable surface wave and the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instability. The density of fuel-particles is higher near the central region of the fuel jet trajectory, decreasing as distance from the central region increases. As the momentum ratio increases, the penetration depth of the fuel-jet column also increases, resulting in a more concentrated spatial distribution of fuel particles. Conversely, with a lower momentum ratio, the spatial distribution of fuel particles becomes more uniform. For the spatial distribution of fuel particles, a new mathematical model is established to characterize the spatial distribution boundary of fuel particles. At the same momentum ratio, the higher the air velocity, the smaller the average particle diameter. At the same Weg number, the higher the fuel-jet velocity, the higher the average particle diameter. The relative error of the average particle diameter between the experiment and numerical simulation is very small, which is 6.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents an improved comprehensive atomization model for a pressure swirl atomizer. The model integrates internal flow predictions, linear instability analysis of a swirling annular liquid sheet, primary atomization sub-model, and droplet velocity sub-model. Measurement data combined with the inviscid theory model predict the internal flow, providing liquid sheet velocity and thickness at the atomizer outlet. The dispersion relation of surface disturbances is obtained through linear instability analysis. A primary breakup predictive model for particle size distribution is constructed based on the wavelength and growth rate within the full unstable wavenumber range of the dispersion relation. Assuming uniform circumferential distribution and a normal distribution of spray angles, the droplet velocity is assigned according to the liquid sheet velocity. The model is implemented into Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations as initial conditions for discrete phase droplets to simulate the spray field. Results show the model can accurately predict the Sauter mean diameter with an error of less than 6% and effectively predicts the spray structure and spray cone angle. The dependency of the model on its parameters is also studied, determining that the values of the ligament constant and dispersion angle have an obvious impact on the prediction of Sauter mean diameter and spray structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum induction-melting gas atomization (VIGA) is considered a widely applied method to prepare metal powders. However, the nozzle clogging problem in the VIGA process seriously affects the continuity of production and greatly increases the economic and time costs. In the atomization initial stage, the existence of unsteady state atomization mainly results in the nozzle clogging challenge. To understand the formation mechanism of nozzle clogging, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established to simulate the influence of unsteady state atomization sequence on the primary atomization of alloy melt. Typically, there are two kinds of sequence including starting the gas before pooling the alloy (namely, GA) and pouring the alloy before opening the gas (AG). The movement trajectory of the alloy melt droplet at the end of the delivery-tube was clarified. Based on CFD simulation, the atomization sequence of AG and GA was precisely controlled in the atomization pressure range of 2.5 MPa, 3.5 MPa, and 4.5 MPa to address the nozzle clogging issue. In the GA process, relatively finer powder was obtained at 3.5 MPa without nozzle clogging occurring. In contrast, the AG process greatly reduces the probability of nozzle clogging at 2.5–4.5 MPa, the final prepared powder is coarser. The predicted results of industrial experiments and numerical simulations are consistent. This study provides theoretical support for understanding the formation mechanism of nozzle clogging during the VIGA process.

This article reports the design and experiment of a novel air-assisted nozzle for pesticide application in orchard. A novel air-assisted nozzle was designed based on the transverse jet atomization pattern. This article conducted the performance and deposition experiments and established the mathematical model of volume median diameter (D50) and liquid flow rate with the nozzle design parameters. The D50 of this air-assisted nozzle ranged from 52.45 mmto 113.67 mm, and the liquid flow rate ranged from 142.6 ml/min to 1,607.8 ml/min within the designed conditions. These performances meet the low-volume and ultra-low-volume pesticide application in orchard. The droplet deposition experiment results demonstrated that the droplet coverage distribution in different layers and columns is relatively uniform, and the predicted value of spray penetration (SP) numbers SPiA, SPiB, and SPiC (i =1,2,and3)are approximately 70%, 60%, and 70%, respectively. The droplet deposits on the foliage of the canopy (inside and outside) uniformly bring benefit for plant protection and pesticide saving. Compared with the traditional air-assisted nozzle that adopts a coaxial flow atomization pattern, the atomization efficiency of this air-assisted nozzle is higher. Moreover, the nozzle air pressure and liquid flow rate are considerably lower and greater than the traditional air-assisted nozzle, and these results proved that this air-assisted nozzle has great potential in orchard pesticide application. The relationship between the D50 and nozzle liquid pressure of this air-assisted nozzle differs from that of traditional air-assisted nozzles due to the atomization pattern and process. While this article provides an explanation for this relationship, further study about the atomization process and mechanism is needed so as to improve the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal mine acid drainage is a type of industrial wastewater generated in the process of coal production and utilization that has a low pH and contains a small amount of organic matter and SO42−, which is harmful to the environment. The ·OH scavenger was used to optimize the grounded electrode atomized corona discharge (GEACD) technology for the treatment of coal mine acidic wastewater. The effects of various factors on the discharge effect were investigated, and the optimal operating scheme for the subsequent test was determined as 35 mm distance between barrel electrodes, 0.6 mm diameter of wire electrodes, and a flow rate of 45 mL/min. The effects of discharge voltage, discharge time, and ·OH scavenger on COD removal rate and pH in coal mine acid drainage were also investigated. The results showed that at the optimum discharge voltage of 12 kV, discharge time of 66 min, and SO42− to ethanol concentration ratio of 1, the COD value decreased from 152.84 mg/L to 43.27 mg/L, and the pH value increased from 5.6 to 6.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomization is a treatment method to make inhaled liquids into aerosols and transport them to target organs in the form of fog or smoke. It has the advantages of improving the bioavailability of drugs, being painless, and non-invasive, and is now widely used in the treatment of lung and oral lesions. Aerosol inhalation as the route of administration of therapeutic proteins holds significant promise due to its ability to achieve high bioavailability in non-invasive pathways. Currently, a great number of therapeutic proteins such as alpha-1 antitrypsin and Dornase alfa are effective. Recombinant humanized collagen type III (rhCol III) as a therapeutic protein is widely used in the biomedical field, but atomization is not a common route of administration for rhCol III, presenting great potential for development. However, the structural stability of recombinant humanized collagen after atomization needs further investigation. This study demonstrated that the rhCol III subjected to atomization through compressed air had retained its original molecular weights, triple helical structures, and the ability to promote cell adhesion. In other words, the rhCol III can maintain its stability after undergoing atomization. Although more research is required to determine the efficacy and safety of the rhCol III after atomization, this study can lay the groundwork for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation of β-carotene was investigated using pullulan and whey protein isolate (WPI) as a composite matrix at a weight ratio of 20:80, employing both spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques. The influence of processing parameters such as the concentration of wall material, flow rate, and inlet temperature for SP encapsulants, as well as wall-material concentration for FZ encapsulants, was examined in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE). The morphology, structural characterization, moisture sorption isotherms, and thermal properties of the resulting encapsulants at optimum conditions were determined. Their stability was investigated under various levels of water activity, temperature conditions, and exposure to UV–Vis irradiation. β-carotene was efficiently encapsulated within SP and FZ structures, resulting in EE of approximately 85% and 70%, respectively. The degradation kinetics of β-carotene in both structures followed a first-order reaction model, with the highest rate constants (0.0128 day−1 for SP and 0.165 day−1 for FZ) occurring at an intermediate water-activity level (aw = 0.53) across all storage temperatures. The photostability tests showed that SP encapsulants extended β-carotene's half-life to 336.02 h, compared with 102.44 h for FZ encapsulants, under UV–Vis irradiation. These findings highlight the potential of SP encapsulants for applications in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and carotenoid supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an antibody used in numerous therapeutic indications. For this reason, high-purity IgG is required, which implies the use of selective adsorption chromatographic purification techniques. Although, before using chromatography, it is highly important to study the interaction between IgG and the adsorbent. Due to its characteristics, biopolymeric adsorbents are widely studied. However, there are no studies in the literature that evaluate IgG adsorption onto fibroin, a natural polymer that can be used as an ion exchange adsorbent. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the adsorption of human IgG on fibroin microparticles. The microparticles were prepared from fibroin solution using the atomization method, with an average diameter of 108.5 μm. Three buffers (MOPS, MES and Tris–HCl), with different pH, were used, and for the best conditions, the influence of ionic strength (NaCl from 0 to 1 mol L−1), temperature (4 °C to 37 °C) and rotation (20 rpm to 40 rpm) were studied. The highest adsorption capacity (906.45 mg g−1) was reached with the MOPS buffer at pH 8.0, without NaCl, 25 °C and 30 rpm, which is higher than typical adsorption capacities found in the literature for other adsorbents. The adsorption capacity reduced with increasing temperature from 25 °C to 37 °C and rotation rate from 30 to 40 rpm. The thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic. These results open up new possibilities of application of fibroin microparticles, considering the medium in which they are inserted, and highlights the improvement of IgG chromatographic purification for uses in pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased demand for natural products nowadays most specifically probiotics (PROs) is evident since it comes in conjunction with beneficial health effects for consumers. In this regard, it is well known that encapsulation could positively affect the PROs' viability throughout food manufacturing and long-term storage. This paper aims to analyze and review various double/multilayer strategies for encapsulation of PROs. Double-layer encapsulation of PROs by electrohydrodynamic atomization or electrospraying technology has been reported along with layer-by-layer assembly and water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions to produce multilayer PROs-loaded carriers. Finally, their applications in food products are presented. The resistance and viability of loaded PROs to mechanical damage, during gastrointestinal transit and shelf life of these trapping systems, are also described. The PROs encapsulation in double- and multiple-layer coatings combined with other technologies can be examined to increase the opportunities for new functional products with amended functionalities opening a novel horizon in food technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of elliptical injector will not only increase the atomization quality, but also reduce spray tip penetration, which has the potential to avoid wall wetting. However, so far the research on the effect of elliptical GDI nozzle on impinging spray is seldom reported. In this study, A GDI nozzle with circular and elliptical cross section shapes was employed to study the spray impingement characteristics through VOF-spray one way coupling method. The results revealed that the elliptical spray has shorter penetration as compared to circular spray, and the circular spray impingement time is earlier than the elliptical spray. Additionally, the spray rebound height of the circular spray was larger than that of the elliptical spray at the initial injection progress, while the elliptical spray rebound height became higher at the end of the injection. Furthermore, the elliptical spray impingement wall film mass and area were always smaller as compared with circular spray, and the injection pressure showed a negative influence on wall film mass. Finally, the average film thickness of the spray-wall impingement for an elliptical nozzle is observed to be reduced by 10.3% compared to that of a circular nozzle. Increasing the injection pressure is helpful to decrease the average wall film thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggested that friction-based processing is a promising method for fabricating oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel. In this study, we combined friction consolidation and friction extrusion to successfully manufacture ODS steel rods using precursor powder made with gas atomization reaction synthesis. We examined the microstructure evolution from the initial powder to the final extruded rod, which revealed the dispersion process of Y. Additionally, by comparing the microstructures of three rods extruded at different temperatures, we showed that low-temperature friction extrusion effectively enhanced microstructure uniformity and prevented grain coarsening, leading to improved mechanical properties. Our findings provide practical guidelines for adjusting processing parameters in the production of ODS steel using friction-based processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermochemical conversions are pathways for biomass utilization to produce various value-added energy and chemical products. For the development of novel thermochemical conversion technologies, an accurate understanding of the reaction performance and kinetics is essential. Given the diversity of the thermal analysis techniques, it is necessary to understand the features and limitations of the reactors, ensuring that the selected thermal analysis reactor meets the specific need for reaction characterization. This paper provides a critical overview of the thermal analysis reactors based on the following perspectives: 1) gas flow conditions in the reactor, 2) particle's external and internal heat and mass transfer limitations, 3) heating rate, 4) temperature distribution, 5) nascent char production and reaction, 6) liquid feeding and atomization, 7) simultaneous sampling and analyzing of bed materials, and 8) reacting atmosphere change. Finally, prospects and future research directions in the development of analysis techniques are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detonation engines are gaining prominence as next-generation propulsion systems that can significantly enhance the efficiency of existing engines. This study focuses on developing an injector utilizing liquid fuel and a gas oxidizer for application in detonation engines. In order to better understand the spray characteristics suitable for the pulse detonation engine (PDE) system, an injector was fabricated by varying the Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio and the geometric features of the fuel injection hole. Analysis of high-speed camera images revealed that the Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics of air-assist or air-blast atomization. Under the conditions of an exit diameter ratio of Re/Ri = 1.0, the formation of a liquid film at the exit was observed, and it was identified that the film's length is influenced by the geometric characteristics of the fuel injection hole. The effect of the fuel injection hole and Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio on SMD was analyzed by using droplet diameter measurement. The derived empirical correlation indicates that the atomization mechanism varies depending on the Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio, and it also affects the distribution of SMD. The characteristics of the proposed injector, its influence on SMD, and its velocity, provide essential groundwork and data for the design of detonation engines employing liquid fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, novel Al2O3 particles were used to reinforce heterogeneous CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) matrix composites with nano- (5.0 wt.%) and nano- + micro- (5.0 wt.% + 10.0 wt.%) specimens. Al2O3 particles were fabricated via gas atomization and spark plasma sintering. The microstructure evolution and properties, i.e., density, hardness, and room temperature compression, were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the concentration of the Cr element in the pure CoCrFeMnNi HEA and the HEA matrix composite can be effectively reduced by using a gas-atomized HEA powder as the matrix. The formation of an impurity phase can also be inhibited, while the distribution uniformity of matrix elements can be improved. The composites prepared via gas-atomized powders formed a network microstructure composed of continuous Al2O3-rich regions and isolated Al2O3-poor regions, exhibiting good plasticity and improved density. The relative densities of the pure HEA, nano- (5.0 wt.%), and nano- + micro- (5.0 wt.% + 10.0 wt.%) composites were 98.9%, 97%, and 94.1%, respectively. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the relative densities compared to the values (97.2%, 95.7%, and 93.8%) of the composites prepared via mechanical alloying. In addition, compared to the compressive fracture strains of nano- (5.0 wt.%) and nano- + micro- (5.0 wt.% + 10.0 wt.%) composites based on the mechanically alloyed HEA powder, the values of the nano- (5.0 wt.%) and nano- + micro- (5.0 wt.% + 10.0 wt.%) specimens prepared via gas atomization and spark plasma sintering increased by 80% and 67%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of bronchoscopic drug injection and cryotherapy combined with atomization inhalation for tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB). Methods From May 2019 to February 2023, 60 patients with TBTB treated in Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine were selected as the study subjects, and were randomly divided into two groups with 30 cases in each group by the central randomization method. The control group received conventional thearpy combined with atomization of anti-tuberculosis treatment, while the observation group received bronchoscopic drug injection and cryotherapy of anti-tuberculosis on the basis of the control group. After 3 months of treatment, sputum negative conversion rate, immune function-related indicators ［CD4+, CD8+, adenosine deaminase (ADA)］, inflammation-related indicators ［γ-interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)］, symptom relief time and adverse reactions were compared between two groups. Results After 3 months of treatment, IFN-γ and ESR levels, and symptom relief time in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group (P＜0.05), while the sputum negative conversion rate, CD4+, ADA and IL-4 levels were significantly higher than those in control group (P＜0.05). The incidence of total adverse reactions in observation group was lower than that in control group (10.00% vs 33.33%, χ2=4.812, P＜0.05). Conclusion Bronchoscopic drug injection and cryotherapy combined with atomization inhalation of anti-tuberculosis for TBTB has a good clinical efficacy, and it can effectively improve the immune function, relieve the inflammatory response, and reduce the adverse reactions in patients with TBTB."

Carbon nano additives (CNAs) are critical to achieving the unique properties of functionalized composites, however, controlling the dispersion of CNAs in material matrix is always a challenging task. In this study, a simple atomization approach was successfully developed to promote the dispersion efficiency of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in cement composites. This atomization approach can be integrated with the direct, indirect and combined ultrasonic stirrings in a homemade automatic stirring-atomization device. Mechanical and microstructure tests were performed on hardened cement pastes blended with GNPs in different stirring and mixing approaches. Results show that the direct ultrasonic stirrings enabled more homogeneous dispersions of GNP particles with a smaller size for a longer duration. The atomized droplets with the mean size of ∼100 ​μm largely mitigated GNPs’ agglomerations. Monolayer GNPs were observed in the cement matrix with the strength gain by up to 54%, and the total porosity decrease by 21% in 0.3 ​wt% GNPs dosage. The greatly enhanced dispersion efficiency of GNPs in cement also raised the cement hydration. This work provides an effective and manpower saving technique toward dispersing CNAs in engineering materials with great industrialization prospects.

Titanium alloys have excellent properties and are widely used in aerospace, medicine, chemical industry, and other fields. With the rapid development of the powder metallurgy and 3D printing industries, the demand for ultra-fine titanium alloy powders has increased significantly. It should be noted that the particle size of titanium alloy powders determines the application process. However, the high melting point of titanium and titanium alloys and the limitation of many factors, such as the prepared powders being easily contaminated by secondary pollution, make the preparation cost higher, which restricts their promotion and application. In this study, the research progress of micro and nano titanium alloy powder preparation process is described, and the existing problems of various processes are analyzed and discussed, and it is proposed that the direct reduction in TiO2 to obtain micro and nano titanium alloy powder is the key research direction in the future. In particular, the preparation of micro and nano titanium alloy powder by “calciothermic self-propagation process” has great industrial potential.

Abstract The combustion performance of a scramjet engine is based on a two-phase mixing process of its fuel. To elucidate the mechanism of jet atomization in supersonic airflows, a numerical simulation of liquid jet atomization in a supersonic crossflow is carried out. The Euler method is used to calculate the gas phase, while the Lagrangian particle tracking method is used to calculate the liquid phase. The Reitz wave model is used to simulate the first breakup of the liquid jet, and the Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor hybrid breakup model is used to simulate the second breakup of the droplets. The influence of the liquid/gas momentum flux ratio and the diameter of the jet on the atomization characteristics is discussed. The results show that the penetration depth increases with increasing nozzle diameter and liquid/gas momentum flux ratio. A jet with a larger liquid/gas momentum flux ratio breaks faster, and its Sauter mean diameter is smaller. The Sauter mean diameter of a droplet decreases with decreasing nozzle diameter. At 30 mm downstream of the nozzle, all jets are basically atomized, and the SMD of the jet is around 10 μm. The nozzle diameter has a greater influence on the jet penetration depth than does the liquid/gas momentum flux ratio.

AbstractOptimizing the efficiency of metal powder production through brush atomization necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between the brush bristles and the molten metal, as well as its consequential effects on the fragmentation of the melt. Thus this study presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models of the brush-melt interplay during the atomization of molten metals. The volume-of-fluid method was used to examine the various stages of melt fragmentation, from when the melt is discharged to when it settles on the brush bristles. The results revealed that the first breakup occurred close to the discharge orifice due to aerodynamic instability and fell within 13 < [Formula: see text]< 40.3. The nature of this breakup depends on the brush speed, bristle length, bristle diameter, brush density, and melt properties. A second breakup was observed when the melt contacted the rotating bristles. The melt bridges formed between two or more bristles due to attractive forces between the closely packed bristles induced by the capillary force of the melt and the surface tension of the meniscus surface are also overcome due to brush rotation. These results are in agreement with the experimental observations and are therefore sufficient for demonstrating the system.

Aluminum/tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene/oleic acid (Al/JP-10/OA) nanofluid fuel is considered a potential fuel for aircraft powered by aviation turbine engines. However, an optimized formula for an Al/JP-10/OA system inducing a secondary atomization and micro-explosion effect and improving the burning performance needs to be developed. With this aim, in this work, the combustion characteristics of pure JP-10, JP-10/OA, JP-10/Al, and Al/JP-10/OA were experimentally tested, and a comparative analysis was conducted. Specifically, the influence of the surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion characteristics of Al/JP-10/OA nanofluid fuel, including the flame structure, the flame temperature, the burning rate, the secondary atomization and micro-explosion effect, etc., were evaluated in detail. The results demonstrate that the addition of OA surfactant and Al nanoparticles had a significant effect on the burning rate of fuel droplets. The OA had an inhibition effect, while the Al nanoparticles had a promotion effect. As both OA and Al nanoparticles were added to the JP-10, the synergetic effect had to be considered. At the optimum ratio of OA to Al for the best suspension stability, there is a critical Al concentration of 1.0 wt.% from promotion to inhibition with increases in the Al concentration. The addition of OA and Al nanoparticles induced the secondary atomization and micro-explosion, resulting in an unsteady combustion and chaotic flame structure. The transient flame temperature of hundreds of Kelvins increased, the high-temperature flame zone widened, and thus, the energy release was elevated. Therefore, the combustion performance and energy release of Al/JP-10/OA nanofluid fuel can be improved through the secondary atomization and micro-explosion effect induced by the surfactant and nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the bubble dynamics and associated breakup of individual droplets of diesel and biodiesel under the influence of femtosecond laser pulses. The bubble dynamics were examined by suspending the droplets in the air through an acoustically levitated setup. The laser pulse energies ranged from 25 to 1050 µJ, and droplet diameters varied between 0.25 and 1.5 mm. High-speed shadowgraphy was employed to examine the influence of femtosecond laser intensity and multiple laser pulses on various spatial–temporal parameters. Four distinct sequences of regimes have been identified, depending on early and late times: bubble creation by individual laser pulses, coalescence, bubble rupture and expansion, and droplet fragmentation. At all laser intensities, early-time dynamics showed only bubble generation, while specifically at higher intensities, late-time dynamics revealed droplet breaking. The droplet breakup is further categorized into three mechanisms: steady sheet collapse, unstable sheet breakup, and catastrophic breakup, all following a well-known ligament and secondary breakup process. The study reveals that laser pulses with high repetition rates and moderate laser energy were the optimal choice for precise bubble control and cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to shorten the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) distance of the pulse detonation combustion chamber, an experimental study of the effect of pneumatic atomization injector modification on atomization particle size amd gas-liquid two-phase U-bend pulse detonation combustion (U-PDC) chamber was carried out. Gasoline and air were used as fuel and oxidizer, and the atomization particle size was tested and the detonation characteristics of the U-PDC were obtained using the pneumatic atomization injector before and after the modification. The results show that the atomization size range of the injector before the modification is 111.6~152.9 µm, after the modification of the injector atomization size range of 76.4~107.2 µm, atomization size than before the modification is significantly reduced. The U-PDC using the injector before and after the modification can achieve stable operation in the range of 10~30 Hz, and the DDT distance shortened with the increase in frequency. At an operating frequency of 30 Hz, the DDT distance of U-PDC with the injector before modification is about 676 mm, and the DDT distance of U-PDC with injector after modification is shortened by 8.9% to about 616 mm. In addition, under the same operating conditions, due to the better atomization effect of the injector after modification, The fuel flow rate of U-PDC with the injector after modification is 5~10% smaller than that with the injector before modification when the average detonation pressure reaches its maximum value during the adjustment of fuel-flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to use flash boiling atomization as a new method to inject suspensions with high solid content into the high-power plasma flow. The water-based suspension was prepared with submicron titanium oxide particles with an average size of 500 nm. The investigated solid concentrations were 20, 40, 55 and 70 wt%. Two plasma torches operated at 33, 70 and 110 kW were used to investigate the effect of increasing power on the deposited microstructure and deposition efficiency. At low torch power, the deposition efficiency decreased with increasing solid concentration, and deposits with a high number of unmelted particles were obtained with 70 wt% suspensions. At high torch power, the deposition efficiency increased with increasing solid concentration, and dense deposits were obtained with 70 wt% suspensions. XRD analysis was performed on all deposits to determine the distribution of rutile and anatase phases. The percentage of the anatase phase varied from 35.7% to 66.9%, depending on the power input and solid concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at traditional vegetable grafting using a large number of plastic clips, which cannot be recycled in time and cause serious pollution within the planting environment. This paper proposes a new grafting method based on a UV adhesive instead of plastic clips. First of all, a UV adhesive spray grafting device was designed. The structure includes seedling adsorption positioning mechanisms, a butt joint mechanism, a handling mechanism, a spray valve, a UV curing lamp, etc., to facilitate the adhesive spraying. For the rootstock and scion, a horizontal, lateral seedling and negative pressure adsorption and positioning method is adopted, with fluid dynamics simulation of the diameter and quantity of the adsorption holes in the rootstock adsorption mechanism carried out using Fluent 2022 R1 software and completion of the optimization of the parameters of the adsorption and positioning mechanism. The fluid volume method is used to simulate the adsorption and positioning mechanism. For optimization, the volume of fluid method (VOF) and the discrete particle method (DPM) are used in a coupled simulation of the UV adhesive spraying process, and the value range of the spraying influencing factors is determined: the selected glue pressure, atomization pressure, and spraying height for three-factor, three-level orthogonal simulation. A grafting test is also verification, deriving the significance ranking of their impact on the success rate of the grafting: atomization pressure > spraying height > glue pressure. Under the condition of a 0.25 Mpa atomization pressure, a 0.15 Mpa glue supply pressure, and a 10 mm spraying height, the grafting success rate for watermelon was 100%, the effective spraying rate was 83.03%, the healing success rate was 94.5%, and the length of the film was 7.86 mm. The results of the study can provide a research basis for the research and development of new types of spraying and grafting robot technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important raw material for additive manufacturing (AM), the performance of powder is one of the key factors affecting the final product. Although, existing preparation methods have been maturely applied to AM powder. However, conventional methods cannot meet the urgent needs of AM for high-performance powder. Especially in terms of powder sphericity, particle size distribution, and purity, it is difficult to obtain powder with balanced performance by conventional methods. In view of this, external field–enabled atomization is an effective alternative method. In recent years, a large number of studies have explored the application of external field–enabled atomization in powder preparation. These studies demonstrate the great potential of external field–enabled atomization technology represented by electrospray and ultrasonic atomization for the preparation of high-performance AM powder. However, there is still a lack of systematic discussion to establish the relationship between external field–enabled atomization and AM powder. Therefore, this paper makes a comprehensive and systematic review of the research progress in the field of powder preparation by external field–enabled atomization. Firstly, the influence of powder properties on parts is analyzed from the perspective of AM. Some conventional methods of powder preparation are introduced, and their shortcomings are pointed out. Secondly, the mechanism, equipment, and process parameters of external field–enabled atomization are comprehensively summarized. It is proved that external field–enabled atomization is applicable to the preparation of high-performance powder. Finally, the main challenges of external field–enabled atomization in the field of powder preparation are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality Fe-Cr-Ni-W-B spherical powder is crucial for the powder metallurgy preparation of high-strength and tough Fe-Cr-Ni-W-B alloys. In this study, the controlled preparation of high-quality Fe-Cr-Ni-W-B spherical powder was achieved using the vacuum gas atomization method. The effects and mechanisms of atomization gas pressure, the melt nozzle inner diameter, and heat treatment temperature on the microstructure and flowability of Fe-Cr-Ni-W-B spherical powder were systematically investigated. By optimizing process parameters, spherical Fe-Cr-Ni-W-B powder with a sphericity of 95.1% and a flowability of 15.88 s/50 g was obtained, laying the foundation for the powder metallurgy preparation of high-strength and tough Fe-Cr-Ni-W-B alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of impinging-jet atomization involves the collision of multiple liquid jets to create atomization. This study specifically focuses on a system that utilizes impinging atomization with multiple jets. The injectors used in this study are arranged in either a planar configuration for doublet injectors or a stereoscopic configuration for quadruplet injectors, both designed to facilitate impinging atomization. The angle at which the jets collide is set at 90°, with injector intersection angles of either 60° or 120°. The diameter of the jets ranges from 0.8 to 1.1 mm, while the length–diameter ratio of the pipe remains fixed at 10. To investigate the atomization process, experiments were conducted by varying flow rates (ranging from 30 to 130 mL/min) from each injector using pure water as the working fluid. This resulted in a range of Weber numbers spanning from 4 to 206 and Reynolds numbers ranging from 578 to 3443. Four atomization regimes were observed in the impinging atomization flow field: closed-rim mode, periodic drop mode, open rim mode, and fully developed mode. The experiment utilized a high-speed camera to observe the formation and breakup of the liquid sheet. However, increasing the number of jets and altering the impingement configuration had minimal impact on the liquid sheet patterns as the Weber number increased. Compared to traditional double jet atomization, quadruplet jet atomization resulted in the wider extension of liquid sheets and similar atomization patterns. This study is useful for designing jet impingement-atomization systems for confined spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the working conditions of a Mg/CO 2 rocket engine for Mars exploration, an experimental investigation was carried out to study the breakup and atomization properties of a liquid CO 2 jet in a high-pressure environment. It is shown that the pressure ratio has a significant effect on the location and process of jet evaporation, resulting in significant difference in jet morphology and breakup characteristic. Two dividing points were identified, one near the CO 2 triple point and the other near the saturation point. As the pressure ratio increases, the thermodynamic driving force for jet breakup weakens, leading to larger droplet sizes. The breakup length of the free round jet and Sauter mean diameter are functions of the Weber number and Jacob number, which are influenced by vapor content, injection velocity, and gas-liquid density ratio, in the mass flowrate range of 5.9–9.1 g/(mm2·s). A thermodynamic mechanism dominates when the ambient pressure in the atomize room is low enough, resulting in an unimodal distribution of droplet sizes. When the ambient pressure is in the range of 1–2.5 MPa, both thermodynamic and mechanical breakup mechanisms are active, resulting in a bimodal distribution of droplet sizes. • Liquid CO2 atomization in high-pressure rocket engine conditions is firstly studied through experiments. • Cavitation effects on jet morphology are observed in wide range of ambient pressure. • Semi-empirical predictions for jet breakup length and SMD are derived based on Weber and Jacob numbers. • Unimodal and bimodal droplet size distributions are observed under dual atomization mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged at the end of 2019. SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through droplets, aerosols, and fomites. Disinfectants such as alcohol, quaternary ammonium salts, and chlorine-releasing agents, including hypochlorous acid, are used to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of ionless hypochlorous acid water (HOCl) in suspension and by spraying to inactivate SARSCoV-2. The virucidal efficacy of HOCl solution in tests against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose. Although the presence of organic compounds influenced the virucidal efficacy, HOCl treatment for 20 s was significantly effective to inactivate Wuhan and Delta strains in the suspension test. HOCl atomization for several hours significantly reduced the SARS-CoV-2 attached to plastic plates. These results indicate that HOCl solution with elimination containing NaCl and other ions may have high virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. This study provides important information about the virucidal efficacy and use of HOCl solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure nozzles are widely used in spray drying and other industries. In order to improve the atomization characteristics of pressure cyclone nozzles, a new type of annular jet gas impingement atomization device is developed. We use high-speed imaging and digital image processing and other methods to analyze the spray characteristics of the different annular device configurations (using four, six, and eight tubes) and under different gas–liquid mass flow rates. It is shown that with an increase in the Air–Liquid mass Ratio (ALR), the liquid film breakup process changes from undulating sheet breakup to perforated sheet breakup and the breakup length decreases. The breakup length decreases the most under the condition of six-tube airflow with the range of 31–55%, while the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) basically does not change. With the increase in ALR and the Weber number of liquid (Wel), the droplet size distribution becomes more uniform. The spray characteristics of the atomizer assisted by gas jets reaches the best state when Wel = 4596.3 and m ˙ g = 1.97 g/s. The experimental conclusions have some guiding significance for the design and optimization of the atomization devices in spray drying towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying of oil-in-water emulsions is a widespread encapsulation technique. The oil droplet size (ODS) significantly impacts encapsulation efficiency and other powder properties. The ODS is commonly set to a specific value during homogenization, assuming that it remains unchanged throughout the process, which is often inaccurate. This study investigated the impact of atomizer geometry and nozzle dimensions on oil droplet breakup during atomization using pressure-swirl atomizers. Subject of the investigation were nozzles that differ in the way the liquid is set in motion, as well as different inlet port and outlet orifice dimensions. The results indicate that nozzle inlet port area may have a significant impact on oil droplet breakup, with x90,3 values of the oil droplet size distribution decreasing from 5.29 to 2.30 µm with a decrease of the inlet area from 2.0 to 0.6 mm. Good scalability of the findings from pilot to industrial-scale was shown using larger nozzles. A simplified theoretical model, aiming to predict the ODS as a function of calculated shear rates, showed reasonable agreement to the experimental data for different atomization pressures with coefficients of determination of up to 0.99. However, it was not able to predict the impact of different nozzle dimensions, most likely due to changes in flow characteristics. These results suggest that the stress history of the oil droplets might have a larger influence than expected. Further studies will need to consider other zones of high stress in addition to the outlet orifice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscosity is a physicochemical property that evaluates the resistance that fuel offers to flow, influencing the engine's operation and combustion process. Its control is aimed at good fuel atomization and the preservation of lubricating characteristics. Changes in viscosity can lead to wear on various parts of the engine. Viscometers typically measure the viscosity of fuels in the oil and gas industry. These instruments can measure the time it takes for a fluid to move a given distance through a pipe or the time it takes for an object of a given size and density to pass through the liquid. The traditional test method, ASTM D445, differentiates the procedure for opaque liquids from transparent ones; that is, it requires a warm-up of the sample between 60 °C and 65 °C for 1 h. This additional step can overload laboratory routines, although it is not guaranteed to have a metrologically significant effect on the final result. Thus, this study evaluated the relevance of complying with this step in the test method for the kinematic viscosity of opaque liquids using a 32 factorial experimental design. Based on the F test, p-value, confidence intervals, and percentage contribution of the sum of squares approaches concerning the regression analysis, one concluded that the warm-up time was not a relevant factor in the kinematic viscosity, specifically of very low sulphur fuel oil, Brazilian fuel oil, and atmospheric residue diluted with diesel oil, which are fluids at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Various types of adjuvants are added during application to enhance the spraying effect, but most adjuvant formulations are proprietary products, and their exact compositions have not been disclosed. (2) Methods: The spatial distributions of droplet sizes and velocities generated by the atomization of different polymer adjuvants were measured based on the phase Doppler interferometer (PDI) measurement method. The sub-area statistical method was used to quantitatively analyze the droplet characteristics at various points below the nozzle. (3) Results: The polymer (polyethylene oxide (PEO))/associative surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) can increase the droplet size and velocity of the solution after atomization by increasing the amount of the polymer/associative surfactant to reduce the equilibrium surface tension of the solution and increase the viscosity. Different concentrations of polymer/associative surfactant atomization produced larger droplet sizes and better uniformity than polymer/non-associative surfactant (polysorbate-20 (Tween20)). At the same position, the relationship between droplet velocities for the three adjuvant combinations was roughly as follows: PEO/SDS solution had the highest velocity, followed by PEO solution, and PEO/Tween20 solution had the lowest velocity. (4) Conclusions: The optimal of droplet size distribution can be achieved by adding appropriate amounts of associative surfactants to polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic atomization technology has recently been widely used in industry due to its higher atomization efficiency. This paper proposes a method of electrostatic-assisted ultrasonic atomization spraying and designs a particular ultrasonic power supply that can directly introduce high-voltage static electricity onto the surface of the ultrasonic atomization so that the liquid can contact the charge and enhance the charging effect. This paper conducts numerical simulation analysis on the atomization process and statistically analyzes the numerical simulation atomization particle size through image processing. In addition, this paper designs experiments from two aspects of atomization particle size and film-forming effect. The results show that the experimental results are consistent with the numerical simulation results, verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation results. It shows that in sub-droplet formation, introducing static electricity will increase the number of capillary waves, promote two mechanisms of the capillary pinch-off mechanism and the Rayleigh-plain instability, reduce atomization particle size, and increase atomization efficiency. Compared with the traditional airflow beam method, the film-forming surface quality of the electric field beam method is higher, and the surface roughness is lower. It solves the problem that airflow affects film-forming quality in traditional ultrasonic spraying with the airflow beam method. It provides a theoretical basis and scientific guidance for applying electrostatic-assisted ultrasonic atomization technology in the atomization and film preparation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of fluid atomization by an atomizer is studied as a function of the spray energy. The dependence of the maximum values of energy on the fluid flow rate is analyzed. A linear dependence is obtained for flow rates smaller than 80 g/s, which testifies to a high efficiency of fluid atomization. For flow rates greater than 80 g/s, the droplet energy is seen to decrease drastically, leading to an increase in the spray droplet size, which shows that the atomization quality is deteriorated. This behavior is observed in all regimes considered in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion chamber baffle is an important means to suppress the combustion instability of the combustion chamber of liquid rocket engine. In order to study the influence of spray impacting on the baffle on the atomization characteristics of injector, sufficient experimental research has been carried out in this paper. In the present study, the effects of different gas/liquid flow rates and different baffle structures on the atomization characteristics are investigated. The results show that for gas-centered swirl coaxial injector, a wall film is formed on the baffle when the spray impinges on the baffle and it is broken into liquid ligaments and droplets downstream of the baffle by centrifugal force, resulting in a slower spray velocity near the baffle, a significantly larger sauter mean diameter, an increase in flow flux downstream of the baffle and worse spray uniformity. In addition, it is found that there is a spray zoning phenomena by comparing the spray with different baffles. • Three types of baffle structures were designed based on the actual combustion chamber baffle. • The phenomenon of injection zoning under the influence of different baffles was discovered. • It was found that the combustion chamber baffles should be designed to avoid inflection points on the baffle structure. • The effect of baffle structures on velocity distribution, particle size distribution, and flow flux distribution of gas-centered swirl coaxial injectors was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovations in drug delivery systems are crucial for enhancing therapeutic efficiency. Our research presents a novel approach based on using electro-fluid dynamic atomization (EFDA) to fabricate core-shell monophasic particles (CSMp) from sodium alginate blends of varying molecular weights. This study explores the morphological characteristics of these particles in relation to material properties and process conditions, highlighting their potential in drug delivery applications. A key aspect of our work is the development of a mathematical model that simulates the release kinetics of small molecules, specifically sodium diclofenac. By assessing the diffusion properties of different molecules and gel formulations through transport and rheological models, we have created a predictive tool for evaluating the efficiency of these particles in drug delivery. Our findings underscore two critical, independent parameters for optimizing drug release: the external shell thickness and the diffusivity ratios within the dual layers. This allows for precise control over the timing and intensity of the release profile. This study advances our understanding of EFDA in the fabrication of CSMp and offers promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery systems by tailoring release profiles through particle characteristic manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atomization of liquid spray solutions through nozzles is a mechanism for delivering many pesticides to the target. The smallest drop sizes (<150 μm) are known as driftable fines and have a propensity for wind-induced convection. Many agricultural applications include oil-in-water formulations. The experimental metrics obtained from spray images of these formulations include the distance from the nozzle origin to the drop centroid once a drop has formed; the hole location and surface area for holes that form in the liquid sheet (all hole areas approximated as polygons); the angles formed between polygon segments (whose vertices are represented as boundary points); and the ligament dimensions that form from intersecting holes, such as the ligament aspect ratio (R/L), ligament length (L), and ligament radius (width), along with the number of drops a ligament breaks up into. These metrics were used in a principal component regression (PCR) analysis, and the results illustrated that 99% of the variability in the response variable (DT10) was addressed by 10 principal components. Angles formed by the colliding holes, hole distance from the nozzle, drop distance, hole number, ligament number, and drop number were negatively correlated to the atomization driftable fine fraction, while hole area, ligament distance, ligament area, and boundary area were positively correlated. Thus, to decrease/minimize driftable fines, one needs to increase the negatively correlated metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]