Search

The genus Aloe is widely used for medicinal purposes throughout its predominantly African distribution, but detailed knowledge of the contemporary value of aloes is patchy. The main aim of this study was to determine the value of Aloe in the Highlands of Ethiopia, a region of rich Aloe diversity, by documenting local uses and perceptions of the sustainability of the species used. Amhara and Tigray community members participated in semi-structured interviews from 110 respondents aged 24-72. Eleven species of Aloe were recorded for medicine, social and environmental uses, animal food, and as bee plants managed for honey production. Of these, the majority of use records were for human medicine to treat malaria and wounds. We found no evidence of non-sustainable harvesting for medicine, but extensive habitat loss and interest in the commercial uses of Aloe present acute threats and indicate the vulnerability of Aloe species in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia.

The aim of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) is to end hunger, improve food security and nutrition and promote sustainable crop production by 2050. However, climate change, increasing soil salinization and the inadequate availability of fresh water have negatively affected crop production around the world including South Africa, making it difficult to meet the required target. This necessitates the use of wild edible plants that are adapted to adverse conditions such as drought and salinity in order to mitigate this problem. The genus Trachyandra (Asphodelaceae) consist of three edible species (T. ciliata, T. divaricata and T. falcata) which are native to the dry saline environments of the western Cape coastal sand dunes. The genus is less studied with no record of cultivated species, although the existing literature states that T. ciliata, (wild cabbage) was originally used as a food source by the indigenous Khoi-san people who lived on the South African Cape coast. Colonization and removal of indigenous people from cultural lands led to erosion and detachment from the knowledge of the land and its useful plants. The species is used in selected restaurants where the inflorescence is steamed and eaten as a vegetable or added into a stew. This review explores the importance of Asphodelaceae family, T. ciliata as a vegetable crop and its potential as a pharmaceutical candidate. Furthermore, this review examines potential technological advances such as hydroponics that could be used for sustainable crop production of T. ciliata. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was utilized in the selection of articles in this review. The existing literature provided useful information on the potential of T. ciliata as a vegetable crop and the importance of using halophytes to achieve food security. This appraisal is expected to serve as a template for researchers, food enthusiasts, potential farmers and policy makers who may be keen in exploring further nutritional composition and medicinal potential of this plant.&nbsp

Aloe affinis Berger (1908: 206) (Fig. 2). Also treated in: Groenewald (1941: 69, 131, 156–158, 167, Figs14–17), Reynolds (1950: 243), Judd (1967: 14, plate 4), Jeppe (1969: 80), Bornman & Hardy (1971: 105), Jacobsen (1977: 70), Jacobsen (1986: 140), Van Wyk & Smith (1996: 182), Glen & Hardy (2000: 57, pro parte excl. A. immaculata), Newton (2001: 106), Van Wyk & Smith (2003: 186), Smith & Van Wyk (2008: 84), Grace (2009: 111, pro parte excl. A. immaculata), Carter et al. (2011: 186), Grace et al. (2011: 7, pro parte excl. A. immaculata), Van Wyk & Smith (2014: 210), Klopper (2015: 324, 573), Newton (2020: 494). Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga province, near Mashishing [Lydenburg], August 1894, F. Wilms 1490 (holotype B †; lectotype P P02053262 [https://plants.jstor. org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.p02053262]; isolectotype E E00193926 [https://plants.jstor.org/stable/ viewer/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.e00193926] and E E00200122 [https://plants.jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap. specimen.e00200122], Z Z-000086741). Lectotype designated by Smith et al. (2020b). [Note: The specimen kept at Herb. Z is filed under the name Aloe dyeri Schönland (1905: 289).] Nomenclatural note on the type of the name Aloe affinis :—The typification of the name A. affinis was discussed in detail by Smith et al. (2020b: 79). Description:—Plants medium-sized, low-growing, solitary, rosettes erect, 0.2–0.3 m tall. Stem absent or very short. Leaves densely rosulate, arcuate-erect to suberect, slightly spreading, ± 300–450 mm long, usually with additional 100 mm dried twisted reddish brown apex, 90–110 mm wide at base; adaxial surface yellowish green, immaculate or occasionally obscurely spotted, distinctly dark-lined, mostly flat, sometimes concave; abaxial surface usually paler green, immaculate, more obscurely lineate; margin very prominent, horny, reddish brown to dark brown, with pungent deltoid reddish brown teeth, 5–8 mm long, 10–15 mm apart, straight or slightly curved towards leaf base; exudate drying pale yellow. Inflorescence 1–2 per rosette simultaneously or consecutively, up to 1 m high, erect, 5–10- branched panicle, branched from about middle or below, branches widely spreading to arcuate-erect; peduncle stout, deep green to brownish with grey powdery bloom, without sterile bracts below first branch, with few bracts below racemes, narrowly deltoid, up to 70 mm long, dry. Racemes cylindrical-acuminate, apex rounded, up to 250 mm long, erect, rather densely flowered; buds erect to spreading, flowers pendent at anthesis. Floral bracts narrowly deltoid, spreading and recurved, sometimes coiled backwards, 15–20 mm long, 3 mm wide, as long as or longer than pedicels, very thin, scarious, ± 5-nerved. Pedicels 15–20 mm long. Flowers: perianth: dull brick-red to coral-red, 40–45(–50) mm long, 9–10 mm across ovary, abruptly constricted above ovary to 5–6 mm to yield bulbous base, widening to 8–9 mm towards slightly upturned mouth, slightly decurved, outer segments free for 10 mm, tips slightly spreading; stamens with filiform-flattened filaments, not or very shortly exserted; ovary 9 mm long, 3 mm diam., green; style exserted 2–4 mm. Fruit a bluish grey capsule, ± 17 × 8 mm, dry remains of perigone persistent for long time. Seed not seen. Chromosome number: 2 n = 14 (Groenewald 1941: 156–158, 167, Figs14–17). Flowering time: — Aloe affinis flowers between May and June(–July) (winter in the southern hemisphere), Habitat: — Aloe affinis grows in dense grassy patches in very fire-prone habitats and is often found on gentle slopes in rocky, hilly places or on open grassy slopes. Some areas where A. affinis used to occur are densely planted with exotic pine and eucalyptus species for the commercial paper and pulp industry. Distribution: — Aloe affinis mainly occurs from northwestern Eswatini, and Airlie and White River in the south along the eastern escarpment to the Mariepskop area in the Mpumalanga province, and to near the Echo Caves (north of Ohrigstad), Limpopo province, South Africa (Fig. 3). Outlying forms resembling A. affinis are known from Ermelo, Mpumalanga province, in the south, and north to Tzaneen, Limpopo province, South Africa. In the latter instance the specimen could not be located in Herb. PRE to verify its identity. Additional specimens investigated: — ESWATINI. Mtutusi River, Havelock, 29 June 1961, R.H. Compton 29121 (K; NBG, 2 sheets). Havelock, 3 July 1963, R.H. Compton 29121 (NBG, 2 sheets). SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga province. East of Airlie, and along road to Godwan River, 6 May 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1284 (K, 2 sheets; PRE, 2 sheets). Nort-northwest of White River, August 1955, flowered at Greendale, Salisbury [Harare, Zimbabwe], May 1957, L.C. Leach 244 (K). Rosehaugh, 8 May 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1302 (PRE, 3 sheets); 17 June 1941, G.W. Reynolds NBG 1119/35 (NBG). Schoemanskloof, June 1932, J.C. Smuts 308 (PRE); J.C. Smuts 309 (K; PRE); 4 May 1938, F.Z. van der Merwe 1687 (K; PRE, 2 sheets). Schoemans Kloof, east of Machadodorp, Flowered in Johannesburg 7 July 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1122 (PRE). Schoemans Kloof road, east of Lydenburg turn-off, 8 August 2003, R. Klein, L.A. Nkuna & E. van Wyk 700 (K, 3 sheets). Crocodile River Valley, northeast of Machadodorp, 21 June 1937, G.W. Reynolds 2491 (K; PRE, 2 sheets). Wonderkloof Natuurreservaat, 12 September 1979, J.P. Kluge 1944 (PRE). South of Sabie, 10 May 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1305 (K, 2 sheets; PRE, 2 sheets). Vertroosting Nature Reserve, 15 June 1968, D. Edwards 4034 (K; PRE). Lydenburg, flowered at Union Buildings [Pretoria], 21 August 1904, I.B. Pole Evans 18 (PRE). Lydenburg, collected 21 August 1914, flowered at [Botany] Laboratory, Pretoria, 22 May 1916, I.B. Pole Evans 149 (K; PRE). Lydenburg, 6 August 1941, E. Struben NBG 1153/30 (NBG). Near Lydenburg, August 1894, F. Wilms TM10169 (PRE). Lydenburg, Witklip, 24 June 1974, J.P. Kluge 585 (LNBG; PRE). Mt Anderson, 29 April 1980, G.L. Mohle 334 (LNBG; PRE). Ohrigstaddam Nature Reserve, 22 May 1973, N.H.G. Jacobsen 2873 (PRE). Ehlanzeni, Mac Mac Falls, between Sabie and Graskop, 11 July 2007, O. Grace, E. van Wyk, L.A. Nknuna & W.F. Mabatha 87 (K; PRE). Between Sabie and Graskop, 8 August 2003, E. van Wyk, R.G. Klein & L.A. Nkuna 698 (PRE). North of Graskop, 24 June 2002, M. MacMahan MM00127 (PRE). Pilgrims Rest, 5 May 1916, Mr Ellor 153A & B (PRE). East of Pilgrims Rest, 18 June 1937, G.W. Reynolds 2468 (K; PRE, 2 sheets). The Berg, west of Pilgrims Rest, 11 May 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1309 (PRE, 2 sheets). Mariepskop, s.d., J.F. van der Schijff 4930 (PRE). SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo. Near Echo Cave, 24 May 1961, R.G. Strey 3768 (K, PRE). Specimens resembling A. affinis: — SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga province. Carolina, Buffelspruit, 12 August 1969, I.C. Verdoorn 2521 (PRE). Midway between Ermelo and Carolina, s.d., A. Hertzog PRE38084 (PRE, 3 sheets). SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo province. East of Tzaneen, road to Leydsdorp, 5 May 1961, D.R.J. van Vuuren 1218 (PRE [specimen not located]). [The latter three localities are not reflected on the distribution map presented in Fig. 3.], Published as part of Smith, Gideon F. & Klopper, Ronell R., 2022, Aloe immaculata and A. affinis (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), two endemics from northern and eastern South Africa, are different maculate aloe species, pp. 291-300 in Phytotaxa 571 (3) on pages 297-298, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7284713, {"references":["Berger, A. (1908) 8. Aloe L. In: Engler, A. (ed.) Liliaceae-Asphodeloideae-Aloineae. Das Pflanzenreich IV. 38. III. II. Heft 33. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 159 - 326. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 68230 page / 165 / mode / 1 up]","Groenewald, B. H. (1941) Die aalwyne van Suid-Afrika, Suidwes-Afrika, Portugees Oos-Afrika, Swaziland, Basoetoeland, en ' n spesiale ondersoek van die klassifikasie, chromosome en areale van die Aloe Maculatae. Die Nasionale Pers Beperk, Bloemfontein, 172 pp.","Reynolds, G. W. (1950 [December]) The aloes of South Africa. The Trustees, The Aloes of South Africa Book Fund, Johannesburg, 520 pp.","Judd, E. (1967) What aloe is that? A Purnell Pocketbook. Southern African Series. Purnell, Cape Town & Johannesburg, 76 pp.","Jeppe, B. (1969) South African aloes. Purnell & Sons S. A. (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, Johannesburg, London, 144 pp.","Bornman, H. & Hardy, D. [S.] (1971) Aloes of the South African veld. Voortrekkerpers, Johannesburg, 299 pp.","Jacobsen, H. (1977) Lexicon of succulent plants. Short descriptions, habitats and synonymy of succulent plants other than Cactaceae. Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, Dorset, 682 pp.","Jacobsen, H. (1986) A handbook of succulent plants. Descriptions, synonyms and cultural details for succulents other than Cactaceae. Vol. 1. Abromeitiella to Euphorbia. Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, Dorset, 464 pp.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. [F.] (1996) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 1 st edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 302 pp.","Glen, H. F. & Hardy, D. S. (2000) Aloaceae (First part): Aloe. In: Germishuizen, G. (ed.) Flora of southern Africa, Vol. 5, Part 1, Fasc. 1. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, pp. 1 - 167.","Newton, L. E. (2001) Aloe. In: Eggli, U. (ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 103 - 186.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. [F.] (2003) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 2 nd edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 304 pp.","Smith, G. F. & Van Wyk, B. (2008) Aloes in southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 136 pp.","Carter, S., Lavranos, J. J., Newton, L. E. & Walker, C. C. (2011) Aloes. The definitive guide. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew / British Cactus & Succulent Society, London, 719 pp.","Grace, O. M., Klopper, R. R., Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G. F. (2011) The aloe names book. Strelitzia 29. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 232 pp. https: // hdl. handle. net / 20.500.12143 / 270","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. F. (2014) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 3 rd edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 376 pp.","Klopper, R. R. (2015) Contributions to the systematics of the genus Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) in southern Africa. Ph. D. thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 712 pp.","Newton, L. E. (2020) Aloe. In: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (eds.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Monocotyledons, Vol. 1. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, pp. 485 - 696.","Smith, G. F., Figueiredo, E. & Esser, H. - J. (2020 b) The aloes of Friedrich Wilms: notes on Aloe wilmsii Diels ex Hausen, A. affinis A. Berger, and A. cinnabarina Diels ex A. Berger (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), with a biographical sketch of Wilms. Bradleya 38: 75 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.25223 / brad. n 38.2020. a 10","Schonland, S. (1905) On some South African species of Aloe with special reference to those represented in the Herbarium of the Albany Museum. II. Records of the Albany Museum 1: 282 - 295. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 31254 page / 308 / mode / 1 up]"]}

Aloe immaculata Pillans (1934: 25) (Fig. 1). Also treated in: Groenewald (1941: 134), Reynolds (1950: 239), Judd (1967: 28, plate 7), Jeppe (1969: 81), Bornman & Hardy (1971: 101), Jacobsen (1977: 84), Jacobsen (1986: 170), Van Wyk & Smith (1996: 200), Newton (2001: 143), Smith (2003: 32), Van Wyk & Smith (2003: 204), Smith & Van Wyk (2008: 89), Carter et al. (2011: 185), Van Wyk & Smith (2014: 240), Klopper (2015: 342, 592), Newton (2020: 579). Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo province, Pietersburg [Polokwane] district, Malips Drift, s.d., s.c. s.n., Flowered in Stellenbosch University Garden, August 1933, H. Herre SUG6774 (holotype BOL [Image available at https://plants. jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.bol140159]). Nomenclatural note on the type of the name Aloe immaculata :— Reynolds (1950: 240) noted that the type specimen of A. immaculata is not typical of the species. This could be because the plant was cultivated outside of its natural distribution range or as a result of possible hybridisation at the original collecting site (see further under ‘Notes’ below). It is not known by who and when the plant that provided the type material was collected in the field. When it flowered in August 1933 in the Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden, a specimen was prepared by the then curator of the garden, Hans Herre. This specimen was designated as type when Pillans (1934) described A. immaculata as a new species. Description:—Plants medium-sized, low-growing, solitary, rosette erect, up to 450 mm tall. Stem ± absent or short, to 100(–150) mm long, simple, thickened lower down if present, clothed in persistent, twisted, dried leaves. Leaves very densely rosulate, erect at first, then horizontally spreading, lanceolate-attenuate, (150–)250(–300) mm long, (60–)70(–80) mm wide at base, apical portion dry, twisted; adaxial surface dull green to brownish green, usually immaculate, or with very few scattered spots towards base, faintly to distinctly longitudinally brownish- to greenish- to purplish-lined, lines narrow, not confluent, adaxially flat to canaliculate, texture smooth; abaxial surface dull greyish green to brownish green, immaculate, paler than adaxial surface, sometimes very finely greenish-lined; margins shiny brown to shiny reddish brown, armed with prominent, short, very pungent, elongated deltoid, shiny-brown, yellowishtipped teeth, 4–5(–6) mm long, (7–)10(–5) mm apart, straight to variously curved towards leaf base; exudate drying purple. Inflorescence usually only one produced per season, to ± 1 m tall, erect to slightly leaning, (6–)10(–16)- branched panicle, usually branched below middle, branches gracefully curved upwards; peduncle stout, lacking sterile bracts below racemes, panicle branches subtended by prominent fertile bracts of 15–50 mm long, irregularly deltoid to lanceolate-triangular, dull light brown to creamy white, drying rapidly, distinctly longitudinally dark brown lined. Racemes subcapitate to conical and round-topped, tapering upwards or round-topped, 100–130 mm long, 80–90 mm wide where flowers are at anthesis, rather densely flowered; buds erect to erectly spreading, flowers pendulous at anthesis. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, variously twisted, 8–12 mm long, much narrower than fertile bracts, as long as or slightly shorter than pedicels, creamy white, drying rapidly, 3–many dark brown-nerved. Pedicels (10–) 12– 15 mm long, orange to reddish orange when young, light green with age. Flowers: perianth: buds ± uniformly coral red to dull pink, dark-tipped; open flowers ± uniformly coral red, orange or pink for basal ⅔, alternately light pink and dark-coloured in apical ⅓, ± 28–34 mm long, ± 6–7 mm across ovary, narrowed above ovary to yield bulbous base, distinctly enlarged towards mouth, middle ± straight to down-curved, widening towards mouth; tips of segments slightly spreading, outer segments free for ⅓ of their length; stamens with filiform-flattened filaments, uniformly light yellow, exserted for up to 1–2 mm; ovary 6–7 mm long, 3 mm in diam., light green; style well-exserted, uniformly light yellow; stigma tiny, very slightly capitate, yellowish. Fruit a light green to purplish green capsule, 15–20 × 8–10 mm, dry remains of perigone persistent for long time. Seed not seen. Chromosome number: 2 n = 14 (Riley & Majumdar 1979: 46). Flowering time: — Aloe immaculata flowers between May and August (winter in the southern hemisphere), and often into September (spring). Habitat: — Aloe immaculata grows in often very dense grassy patches in bushveld (savanna) vegetation. Distribution: — Aloe immaculata is only known with certainty from the Chuenespoort and Malipsdrift areas in Limpopo province, South Africa (Fig. 3). Outlying forms resembling A. immaculata have been recorded from Makapan’s Valley further to the west. Notes: —From unpublished correspondence (held at Herb. BOL) between G.W. Reynolds and N.S. Pillans, it is evident that Reynolds spent many hours studying the aloes at and near the type locality of A. immaculata during several visits to that area. Reynolds (1950) concluded that there is a high incidence of hybridisation among the winterflowering maculate aloes [namely A. immaculata, A. greatheadii, A. davyana, and A. mutans] in the region between Chuenespoort and the Olifants River (near Malipsdrift)—the natural geographic distribution range of A. immaculata. However, Reynolds was convinced, as are we, that A. immaculata represents a distinct species that is characterised by unspotted, distinctly brown-lined leaves in solitary rosettes, with racemes that are cylindrical and round-topped, and longer than in A. greatheadii, but shorter and not as pyramidal as in A. davyana. He concluded that, where plants have leaves with few to many, usually obscure spots, the inflorescences are either more capitate or more pyramidal, leading Reynolds to believe that these plants represent hybrids between A. immaculata and A. greatheadii or A. davyana, respectively (Reynolds 1950, and unpublished correspondence and notes held at Herbs BOL and PRE). Since the spellings ‘Chunies Poort’ or ‘Chuniespoort’ were used historically, including on specimen labels, these spellings are retained for the place names from where the specimens cited below were collected. Note though that the standardised spelling is ‘Chuenespoort’ (Raper et al. 2014: 71). Additional specimens investigated: — SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo province. Malips River Valley, 11 July 1937, G.W. Reynolds 2518 (K; PRE, 2 sheets). Malips River Valley, Bewaarkloof road, 11 July 1937, G.W. Reynolds 2516 (K; PRE); G.W. Reynolds 2517 (PRE). Mphatlele’s location, 15 May 1914, I.B. Pole Evans 169 (PRE). Near Chuniespoort, May 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1347A & B (PRE, 2 sheets). East of Chunies Poort Police Post, 11 August 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1530 (K; PRE). East of Chunies Poort Police Post on road to Malips Drift, 21 May 1936, G.W. Reynolds 1582 (GRA; K; PRE). East of Chuniespoort, 28 June 2007, O. Grace, E. van Wyk, L.A. Nkuna & W.F. Mabatha 62 (K; PRE); O. Grace, E. van Wyk, L.A. Nkuna & W.F. Mabatha 64 (K, 2 sheets). South of Chuniespoort, 28 June 2007, G.F. Smith 1159 (PRU). Specimens resembling A. immaculata: — SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo province. Makapan Valley, 20 July 1951, B. Maguire 907 (K; NBG, 4 sheets; PRE). Between Lydenburg & Chuniespoort, May 1932, fl. June 1934 in Garden at DPI [Pretoria], I.B. Pole Evans PRE38083 (PRE). [These localities are not included in the distribution map presented in Fig. 3.], Published as part of Smith, Gideon F. & Klopper, Ronell R., 2022, Aloe immaculata and A. affinis (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), two endemics from northern and eastern South Africa, are different maculate aloe species, pp. 291-300 in Phytotaxa 571 (3) on pages 295-297, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7284713, {"references":["Pillans, N. S. (1934) Plants: new or noteworthy. South African Gardening 24: 25 - 27.","Groenewald, B. H. (1941) Die aalwyne van Suid-Afrika, Suidwes-Afrika, Portugees Oos-Afrika, Swaziland, Basoetoeland, en ' n spesiale ondersoek van die klassifikasie, chromosome en areale van die Aloe Maculatae. Die Nasionale Pers Beperk, Bloemfontein, 172 pp.","Reynolds, G. W. (1950 [December]) The aloes of South Africa. The Trustees, The Aloes of South Africa Book Fund, Johannesburg, 520 pp.","Judd, E. (1967) What aloe is that? A Purnell Pocketbook. Southern African Series. Purnell, Cape Town & Johannesburg, 76 pp.","Jeppe, B. (1969) South African aloes. Purnell & Sons S. A. (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, Johannesburg, London, 144 pp.","Bornman, H. & Hardy, D. [S.] (1971) Aloes of the South African veld. Voortrekkerpers, Johannesburg, 299 pp.","Jacobsen, H. (1977) Lexicon of succulent plants. Short descriptions, habitats and synonymy of succulent plants other than Cactaceae. Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, Dorset, 682 pp.","Jacobsen, H. (1986) A handbook of succulent plants. Descriptions, synonyms and cultural details for succulents other than Cactaceae. Vol. 1. Abromeitiella to Euphorbia. Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, Dorset, 464 pp.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. [F.] (1996) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 1 st edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 302 pp.","Newton, L. E. (2001) Aloe. In: Eggli, U. (ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 103 - 186.","Smith, G. F. (2003) First field guide to aloes of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 57 pp.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. [F.] (2003) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 2 nd edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 304 pp.","Smith, G. F. & Van Wyk, B. (2008) Aloes in southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 136 pp.","Carter, S., Lavranos, J. J., Newton, L. E. & Walker, C. C. (2011) Aloes. The definitive guide. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew / British Cactus & Succulent Society, London, 719 pp.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. F. (2014) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 3 rd edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 376 pp.","Klopper, R. R. (2015) Contributions to the systematics of the genus Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) in southern Africa. Ph. D. thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 712 pp.","Newton, L. E. (2020) Aloe. In: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (eds.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Monocotyledons, Vol. 1. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, pp. 485 - 696.","Riley, H. P. & Majumdar, S. K. (1979) The Aloineae. A biosystematic survey. The University of Kentucky Press, place of publication not stated, 180 pp. [\" Index of Families, Genera & Species \" only partially numbered; https: // www. jstor. org / stable / j. ctt 130 jhd 1]","Raper, P. E., Moller, L. A. & Du Plessis, L. T. (2014) Dictionary of Southern African place names. Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg & Cape Town, 566 pp."]}

Nomenclature of Aloiampelos tenuior var. ernstii Aloiampelos tenuior (Haworth 1825: 281) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. in Grace et al. (2013: 11) var. ernstii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, var. nov. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Gauteng province.—2528 (Pretoria): Tshwane, (–CA), ex hort., material originally collected in a domestic garden in Somerset West, Western Cape, South Africa, 20 August 2016, G .F. Smith & E. Figueiredo 42 (holotype PRU). Diagnosis:— Aloiampelos tenuior var. ernstii differs from A. tenuior var. tenuior (40–45 mm long yellow flowers) and A. tenuior var. rubriflora (± 20 mm long red flowers) by its shorter (12–15 mm long), orange flowers. Plants of A. tenuior var. ernstii are generally daintier in most vegetative respects, with their leaves generally being narrower than those of A. tenuior var. tenuior and A. tenuior var. rubriflora. Description.—Perennial, herbaceous, tangled, succulent shrub of 0.75–1.00 m tall. Stems clumped, slender, (0.5–) 0.75–1.00 m long, 5–10 mm diameter, branched low down or higher, erectly spreading or scandent to recurved or decumbent, mostly without persistent dried leaves. Roots cylindrical, 5 mm in diameter. Leaves rosulately and widely cauline-dispersed, erectly spreading to down-curved, papery when dry, dull light green to mid-green, without spots, linear-lanceolate to linear-attenuate, adaxial surface slightly concave to canaliculate; abaxial surface convex, texture smooth, tapering to apex, 7–19 cm long, 0.9–1.1 cm broad at base, basally sheathing; sheath obscurely to distinctly green-lineate, not auriculate, 0.5–2.0 cm long; margin same colour as blade, not cartilaginous, with minute, white teeth, up to 0.5 mm long, 1–5 mm apart. Inflorescence 1–3, borne simultaneously or successively, 10–12 cm tall, rarely once-branched, branch arcuate-erect. Peduncle 60–70 mm long, 3–4 mm broad at base, basally plano-convex, cylindrical above, light green, lacking a white, powdery bloom; sterile bracteate lower down, sterile bracts up to 5, basal bracts deltoid-triangular, apical bracts long-attenuate and hair-like, 3–6 mm long, straw-coloured, scarious, 1–3- nerved. Racemes cylindrical, 5–8 cm long, 4–5 cm wide; buds erect to suberect, flowers horizontal to drooping when mature. Floral bracts tapering long-attenuate and hair-like from a deltoid triangular base, not amplexicaul around pedicel, 3–4 mm long, 1.0– 1.5 mm wide, straw-coloured, papery, 3- or 4-nerved, central nerve dark brown, prominent. Pedicels 3–4 mm long, light green. Flowers: actinomorphic, unscented, nectariferous; perianth orange, yellow towards tip, tip extremity green in bud and when mature, not pruinose, 12–15 mm long, rounded at base, ± 3 mm across ovary, enlarging to 4 mm towards wide open mouth, cylindrical, tubular-cymbiform; outer segments lorate, free for ± 4 mm, free portion centrally green, borders yellow, acute, blunt-tipped, segment margins straight, tips slightly flared open; inner segments ± same size as outer segments, with yellow border and slightly more obtuse apex, free for ± 4 mm; s tamens with cylindrically thread-like, light yellow, basally inserted filaments, 12–15 mm long, all 6 of ± equal length, prominently exserted for 2–3 mm; anthers small, 1–2 mm long, yellow, fading brown, versatile; ovary 3–4 mm long, ± 2 mm in diameter, light yellow; style as long as or slightly longer than stamens, minutely capitate, with small stigma, exserted 1–2 mm. Fruit not seen. Seeds not seen. Chromosome number unknown. Phenology:—The varieties recognised in A. tenuior flower at various times of the year, and have also been known to sporadically produce inflorescences out of season. Like A. tenuior var. densiflora, A. tenuior var. ernstii flowers during winter, but will also produce inflorescences well into spring. However, A. tenuior var. densiflora has yellow, not orange, flowers. Vernacular names:—The large number of vernacular names—12 that we are aware of—recorded for A. tenuior attests to its popularity in horticulture and its uses in traditional medicine (Grace et al. 2011: 152). The names include: rankaalwyn and heuningaalwyn (Afrikaans); fence aloe (English); ikhalane (Xhosa); and inhlaba empofu (Zulu). Eponymy:— Aloiampelos tenuior var. ernstii is named for Dr Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld (19 February 1953, Johannesburg, Gauteng province, South Africa –). Ernst matriculated from Linden High School after which he studied for and was awarded a National Diploma in Horticulture in 1975. In 1990 he graduated with an M.Sc. in plant systematics from the University of Natal, now the University of KwaZulu-Natal. In 2012 Ernst was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Pretoria for his work on cremnophytic plants. Dr Van Jaarsveld was employed by the South African National Biodiversity Institute for more than 40 years, where after he accepted an appointment at Babylonstoren Farm, near Simondium, Western Cape province, where he is inter alia involved in establishing a succulent plant collection. In these positions he has mentored and trained several young horticulturists. Ernst has a longstanding interest in succulents and has contributed significantly to our knowledge of the southern African flora in general. Cultivation:—Although A. tenuior var. ernstii was commonly grown in gardens in many parts of South Africa some 40 to 50 years ago, it is now much less often cultivated. This can likely be attributed to this variety in some respects being less vigorous in cultivation, when compared to A. tenuior var. tenuior and A. tenuior var. rubriflora. However, this new variety is easy in cultivation. The lower portion of stem cuttings of 20–50 cm long can be placed in the soil directly in the place where they are intended to grow. Plants grow well in full sun as well as in dappled shade., Published as part of Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Klopper, Ronell R., Campbell, Eileen E. & Martin, Kristen, 2022, Aloiampelos tenuior var. ernstii, a new orange-flowered variety of rambling aloe (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), pp. 91-96 in Phytotaxa 571 (1) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7270560, {"references":["Haworth, A. H. (1825 [06 July]) XLIV. Decas quinta novarum Plantarum Succulentarum (\" Mr Haworth's Fifth Decade of new Succulent Plants. \"). The Philosophical Magazine and Journal 66 (Issue 330): 279 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786442508673967","Grace, O. M., Klopper, R. R., Smith, G. F., Crouch, N. R., Figueiredo, E., Ronsted, N. & Van Wyk, A. E. (2013) A revised generic classification for Aloe (Xanthorrhoeaceae subfam. Asphodeloideae). Phytotaxa 76: 7 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 76.1.2","Grace, O. M., Klopper, R. R., Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G. F. (2011) The aloe names book. Strelitzia 28. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 232 pp. [https: // hdl. handle. net / 20.500.12143 / 270]"]}

729. Gethosyne aequivocalis Warren, 1896c: 221 Type locality: Khasias [Khasi Hills, Meghalaya] Distribution. Indian records: Khasis (Meghalaya) (Warren 1896c). Global records: unknown. Genus Glauconoe Warren, 1892: 296 Type species: Botys deductalis Walker, 1859a, by original designation, Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1) on page 281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7252292, {"references":["Warren, W. (1896 c) New species of Pyralidae from the Khasia Hills. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 6, 18, 107 - 119 + 163 - 177 + 214 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939608680433","Warren, W. (1892) Descriptions of new genera and species of Pyralidae contained in the British Museum collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 6, 9, 172 - 179 + 294 - 302 + 389 - 397 + 429 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939208677357","Walker, F. (1859 a) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XVI - Deltoides, XVII - Pyralides, Part XVIII - Pyralides, Part XIX - Pyralides. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 1036 pp."]}

Distribution. Indian records: West Himalaya (Sanyal et al. 2018). Global records: Java (Snellen 1895)., Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7252292, {"references":["Sanyal, A. K., Mallick, K., Khan, S., Bandyopadhyay, U., Mazumder, A., Bhattacharyya, K., Pathania, P. C., Raha, A. & Chandra, K. (2018) Insecta: Lepidoptera (Moths). In: Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Gopi, K. C., Tripathy, B. & Kumar, V. (Eds.), Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 651 - 726.","Snellen, P. C. T. (1895) Aanteekeningen over Pyraliden met beschrijving van nieuwe genera en soorten. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 38, 103 - 161, pls. 5 - 6."]}

Aloe longibracteata Pole Evans (1915: 25) Also treated in: Pole Evans (1928: t. 299), Groenewald (1941: 71, 104, 167), Reynolds (1950: 262), Judd (1967: 27, plate 7), Jeppe (1969: 92), Bornman & Hardy (1971: 125), Jacobsen (1977: 86), Jacobsen (1986: 174), Van Wyk & Smith (1996: 204), Smith (2003: 33), Van Wyk & Smith (2003: 208), Grace (2009: 119), Carter et al. (2011: 165), Grace et al. (2011: 90–91), Van Wyk & Smith (2014: 248–249), Klopper (2015: 345, 597), Newton (2020: 598). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga, Lydenburg, May 1914, I. B. Pole Evans 56 (holotype PRE PRE0086205 -0 [Image available at https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.pre0086205-0]). Epitype (here designated):— SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga province, Lydenburg, collected May 1914, flowered at Laboratory, Pretoria, 8 June 1916, Pole Evans 56 (epitype PRE PRE0086134 -0 [Image available at https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen. pre0086134-0]; isoepitype K K000256636 [Image available at https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000256636]). Notes on the holo- and epitype of the name Aloe longibracteata :—In the protologue of the name A. longibracteata, Pole Evans (1915: 25) states that: “This plant was collected by myself near Lydenburg in the Transvaal in May, 1914. It grows in open grass country at an altitude of 5,000 –6,000 ft., and flowers from June to July.” Herb. PRE holds a specimen of A. longibracteata, Pole Evans 56, that has information associated with it that corresponds to the collecting date and place stated in the protologue (Pole Evans 1915: 25). This information satisfies Turland et al. (2018: Art. 40.3 Note 2) because concrete reference to some detail relating to the actual type, such as collector’s name [I. B. Pole Evans] or date [May 1914], was provided—it was not mere citation of a locality. However, there are two sheets of Pole Evans 56 at Herb. PRE: one (PRE0086205 -0), the holotype, is dated May 1914, while the other one (PRE0086134 -0) indicates that the plant was collected in May 1914, but that it flowered two years later at the [Botany] Laboratory in Pretoria (see Smith et al. 2021b for a discussion on aloe research and cultivation there), on 8 June 1916, when that specimen was made. This second specimen is therefore not an isotype (duplicate of the holotype). On a determination slip by Hugh Glen and Dave Hardy, dated 1991-04-04 where they identified the material as “ Aloe greatheadii var. davyana ”, these two specimens are indicated as “ Holotype of synonym, Sheet 1 of 2” (PRE 0086134-0, 8 June 1916) and “ Holotype of synonym, Sheet 2 of 2” (PRE 0086205-0, May 1914). However, the sheet numbers were not indicated as such when the specimens were originally prepared and accessioned in Herb. PRE, and these two specimens therefore cannot be regarded as sheets of the same collection, especially also since it does not constitute a single collecting event (Turland et al. 2018; Articles 8.2 and 8.3) because of the different dates on the sheets. Furthermore, labeling a specimen does not constitute effective publication and designation of a type cannot be achieved in this way (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 7.10). Note that Reynolds (1950: 263), without citing a collecting number for the “ I. B. Pole Evans” gathering, referred to a specimen collected by Pole Evans that “Fl. May 1914 at Union Buildings” and doubtfully regarded it as the type—he stated “(?Type)”. As we show above this plant only flowered in 191 6 and the specimen does not represent the holotype, nor original material. At any rate, if the name A. longibracteata did not have a holotype, an author must definitely accept the designation of a type for it to be effective (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 7.11). The sheet at Herb. PRE (PRE 0086205-0) dated May 1914 is thus the holotype of the name Aloe longibracteata. The other sheet at Herb. PRE (PRE 0086134-0) dated 8 June 1916 was evidently prepared from material that was collected along with the plant pressed and preserved as the type. It flowered in Pretoria two years later, and therefore after publication of the name A. longibracteata in 1915. It can therefore not be regarded as original material. A sheet of Pole Evans 56 at Herb. K, dated 1916/06/08, has a label that is identical to that of the specimen with the same date at Herb. PRE. It was accessioned at Herb. K on 2 March 1920 and contains a hand-written note in pencil: ‘Not TYPE number—probably from type plant’. We regard this assumption as correct and this specimen is a duplicate of the one at Herb. PRE (PRE 0086134-0) with the same date. Since the holotype (PRE0086205 -0) of A. longibracteata only consists of a partial infructescence and an envelope with seeds, the Herb. PRE specimen dated 8 June 1916 (PRE0086134 -0; consisting of a leaf, cross section through the leaf, and an inflorescence) is here designated as epitype, with the duplicate at Herb. K (consisting of a leaf, inflorescence, and an envelope with leaf fragments, flowers, fruit, and seed) being an isoepitype. Description:—Plants small, low-growing, solitary, rarely 1- to 2-branched from the base, rosette erect to slightly leaning, up to (10–) 15 cm tall. Stem ± absent, short, simple and thickened lower down if present, clothed in very hard, persistent, twisted, dried leaves. Leaves very densely rosulate, at first erect, then horizontally spreading, 10–15 cm long, (7–) 9–10 cm wide at base, dull light to dark green, deltoid-lanceolate, abaxially pale green, longitudinally darker green or light purplish-lined, lines very narrow, adaxially sparsely white-spotted especially towards base or immaculate, white spots ± oblong to oval, sometimes arranged in interrupted, obscure, wavy transverse bands, texture smooth; margins shiny-orange-brown to shiny-dark brown, armed with prominent, short, very pungent, deltoid, shinybrown, dark-tipped teeth, ± 5–7(–9) mm long, 3–5(–9) mm apart, variously curved towards leaf base or more rarely straight. Inflorescence usually 1–2 produced successively per season, unbranched raceme or 2- to 3(–4)-branched panicle, 0.5–0.7(–0.8) m tall, erect, often apically cat tail-like curved, branched at or below middle, branches erect at narrow angle from peduncle; peduncle rather stout, lacking sterile bracts below racemes, panicle branches subtended by prominent fertile bracts irregularly deltoid to lanceolate-triangular, ± 25–50 mm long, usually dark to light brown, drying rapidly, longitudinally dark brown lined. Racemes narrowly cylindrical, distinctly tapering upwards, 20–30 cm long, ± 4–6 cm wide where flowers are at anthesis, usually rather densely flowered; buds erect to erectly spreading, flowers pendulous at anthesis. Floral bracts prominent, narrowly lanceolate, variously twisted, ± 45–50 mm long, longer than pedicels, much narrower than fertile bracts, drying rapidly, light brown to creamy white. Pedicels (10–)15– 20(–25) mm long, yellowish green when young, becoming reddish with age. Flowers: perianth: buds uniformly shiny strawberry-pink to peach-red, prominently green-striated in apical half; open flowers ± uniformly shiny strawberrypink to peach-red in basal ½, mouth slightly paler and yellowish white inside, 40–50 mm long, ± 7–8 mm across ovary, narrowed above ovary to yield small bulbous base, distinctly enlarged towards mouth, middle ± gradually enlarging towards mouth, ± straight to down-curved to horizontally spreading; tips of segments spreading, outer segments free for ⅓–½ of their length; stamens with filiform-flattened filaments, uniformly light yellow, hardly exserted; ovary (6–)7(–8) mm long, 2–3 mm in diam., light green; style slightly exserted, uniformly light yellow; stigma tiny, very slightly capitate, yellowish. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, 30(–35) × 15(–20) mm, light green turning purplish light brown with age, dry remains of perianth variously persistent. Seed 2 × 3 mm, black, ± D-shaped, angled, with prominent white to transparent wing. Chromosome number: 2 n = 14 (Groenewald 1941: 167, Riley & Majumdar 1979: 46). Distribution:— Aloe longibracteata has a fairly restricted distribution in northeastern South Africa, mainly west of the escarpment, where it occurs from Mashishing (formerly Lydenburg) to Dullstroom in Mpumalanga Province, to Polokwane (formerly Pietersburg) and Tzaneen in Limpopo Province, South Africa (Fig. 9). It is especially common around Mashishing. Flowering time:—Mostly (June–)July–August, but some forms can flower as late as November. Additional specimens investigated:— SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: Middelburg district, Farm Hartbeeshoek west of Belfast, 10 June 1995, P . M. Burgoyne 3735 & 3754 (PRE). Between Lydenburg and Dullstroom, 26 June 2007, O . M. Grace, E. van Wyk, L. Nkuna, F. W. Mabatha 66 (K, 2 sheets). Lydenburg, 21 August 1914, I . B. Pole Evans 19 (PRE); ibidem, 22 July 1919, ibidem, I . B. Pole Evans 220 (PRE, 2 sheets); 15 August 1921, I . B. Pole Evans 239 (PRE, 2 sheets). Lydenburg, south of town, 7 August 2021, G . F. Smith 1157 (PRU); ibidem, 3 September 2021, G . F. Smith 1163 (PRU). Lydenburg, Sukukuni, Farm Avontuur, 30 June 1936, W . G. Barnard 532 (PRE). Lydenburg, Buffelsvlei, 20 July 1935, G . W. Reynolds 1466 (PRE). Northwest of Lydenburg, 20 July 1935, G . W. Reynolds 1460 (PRE, 2 sheets). North of Lydenburg, near Potloodspruit, 19 June 1937, G . W. Reynolds 2470 (K; PRE); ibidem, 2 August 1938, G . W. Reynolds 2885 (K; PRE). Martins Hoop, from Lydenburg on road to Magnet Heights, 12 July 1936, G . W. Reynolds 1961 (K; PRE). West of Hangslaagte, top of Dwarsriviersberg, 12 July 1936, G . W. Reynolds 1959 (K, 2 sheets; PRE, 2 sheets). Lydenburg, Sekukuniland, Schoonoord, west of Lulu Mountains, 12 July 1936, G . W. Reynolds 1956 (K, 2 sheets; PRE). Sekhukhuniland, Lulu Mountains, Farm Groot Vygenboom, 3 September 1936, A . O. D. Mogg 16982 (PRE). Graskop, The Bonnet area, 19 June 1990, W . S. Matthews 920 (PRE). West of Pilgrims Rest, 12 November 1952, W . Marais 16 (K; PRE). SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo: Ohrigstad Dam Nature Reserve, 6 August 1968, D. Edwards 4051 (K; PRE); ibidem, 28 August 1973, N Jacobsen 2951 (PRE). East of Ohrigstad, Brown’s Hill, 17 November 1935, G. W . Reynolds 1648 (PRE). Ohrigstad to Penge, 22 August 1973, J. P . Nel 339 (K; NBG; PRE). Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, 2 June 1986, M . Stalmans 1312 (PRE). Strydom Tunnel towards Ohrigstad, 23 June 1971, E . Buitendag 846 (NBG; PRE). Tzaneen, Flowering in garden Division of Botany, 9 August 1915, T . Behrens 123 (PRE, 2 sheets). Tzaneen, 8 August 1935, G. W . Reynolds 1518 (K; PRE, 2 sheets); ibidem, August 1936, F. Z . van der Merwe PRE 38131 (K; PRE). East of Tzaneen, 8 August 1935, G. W . Reynolds 1517 (K; PRE). Southwest of Pietersburg, May 1935, G. W . Reynolds 1343 (PRE); ibidem, July 1939, I. C . Verdoorn & A. O. D. Mogg PRE 38133 (PRE); ibidem, 27 July 1939, I. C . Verdoorn & A. O. D. Mogg PRE 38134 (PRE); ibidem, 13 October 1947, L. E . Codd & B. de Winter 3069 (PRE). Southwest of Pietersburg on road to Potgietersrus, 30 October 1938, G. W . Reynolds 3075 (K; PRE, 3 sheets). South of Pietersburg, 6 August 1966, D. C. H . Plowes 2593 (PRE). Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve, 24 October 1969, B. J . Huntley 1490 (PRE). Chuniespoort Hotel, May 1935, A. A . Obermeyer & I. C. Verdoorn 8 A (PRE, 2 sheets). Lebowa, Arabie, 3 July 1981, W . Ellery 234 (PRE). Potgietersrus, 2 August 1927, F. Z . van der Merwe PRE7409 (PRE). North of Nylstroom, 4 August 1935, G. W . Reynolds 1496 (PRE)., Published as part of Smith, Gideon F. & Klopper, Ronell R., 2022, Reinstatement of Aloe longibracteata (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a maculate aloe from northeastern South Africa, pp. 191-203 in Phytotaxa 568 (2) on pages 198-201, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.568.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7192899, {"references":["Pole Evans, I. B. (1915) Descriptions of some new aloes from the Transvaal [including Aloe longibracteata Pole-Evans on pp. 25 - 27]. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5 (1): 25 - 35, + Plates V - XV. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 47226163 page / 87 / mode / 1 up]","Pole Evans, I. B. (1928) Aloe longibracteata. The Flowering Plants of South Africa 8: t. 299. [https: // archive. org / details / floweringplantso 08 unse / page / n 79 / mode / 2 up]","Groenewald, B. H. (1941) Die aalwyne van Suid-Afrika, Suidwes-Afrika, Portugees Oos-Afrika, Swaziland, Basoetoeland, en ' n spesiale ondersoek van die klassifikasie, chromosome en areale van die Aloe Maculatae. Die Nasionale Pers Beperk, Bloemfontein, 172 pp.","Reynolds, G. W. (1950 [December]) The aloes of South Africa. The Trustees, The Aloes of South Africa Book Fund, Johannesburg, 520 pp.","Judd, E. (1967) What aloe is that? A Purnell Pocketbook. Southern African Series. Purnell, Cape Town & Johannesburg, 76 pp.","Jeppe, B. (1969) South African aloes. Purnell & Sons S. A. (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, Johannesburg, London, 144 pp.","Bornman, H. & Hardy, D. [S.] (1971) Aloes of the South African veld. Voortrekkerpers, Johannesburg, 299 pp.","Jacobsen, H. (1977) Lexicon of succulent plants. Short descriptions, habitats and synonymy of succulent plants other than Cactaceae. Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, Dorset, 682 pp.","Jacobsen, H. (1986) A handbook of succulent plants. Descriptions, synonyms and cultural details for succulents other than Cactaceae. Vol. 1. Abromeitiella to Euphorbia. Blandford Press Ltd, Poole, Dorset, 464 pp.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. F. (1996) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 1 st edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 302 pp.","Smith, G. F. (2003) First field guide to aloes of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 57 pp.","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. F. (2003) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 2 nd edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 304 pp.","Grace, O. M. (2009) Contributions to the systematics and biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae). Ph. D. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 158 pp. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 2263 / 26261]","Carter, S., Lavranos, J. J., Newton, L. E. & Walker, C. C. (2011) Aloes. The definitive guide. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew / British Cactus & Succulent Society, London, 719 pp.","Grace, O. M., Klopper, R. R., Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G. F. (2011) The aloe names book. Strelitzia 29. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 232 pp. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 20.500.12143 / 270]","Van Wyk, B-E. & Smith, G. F. (2014) Guide to the aloes of South Africa. 3 rd edition. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 376 pp.","Klopper, R. R. (2015) Contributions to the systematics of the genus Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) in southern Africa. Ph. D. thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 712 pp.","Newton, L. E. (2020) Aloe. In: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (eds.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Monocotyledons, Vol. 1. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, pp. 485 - 696.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. [Regnum Vegetabile 159]. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Smith, G. F., Klopper, R. R. & Crouch, N. R. (2021 b) Aloe arborescens Mill. ' Estelle Potgieter' (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new cultivar in a variable species, with notes on aloes at the South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Bradleya 39: 253 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.25223 / brad. n 39.2021. a 27","Riley, H. P. & Majumdar, S. K. (1979) The Aloineae. A biosystematics survey. The University of Kentucky Press, place of publication not stated, likely Lexington, Kentucky, 177 pp.; some Index pages not numbered. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / j. ctt 130 jhd 1]"]}

Bulbine abyssinica, Bulbine frutescens and Bulbine natalensis of the Asphodelaceae family have been used for many years, traditionally for the treatment of skin related conditions such as wounds, scars, burns ad rashes. To date, these plants have been studied for various medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and even anti-platelet activity. This review article aims to discuss the ethnobotanical uses and medicinal activity from the perspective of abiotic stress impacts, specifically elevated carbon dioxide and high temperature. Literature sources obtained from Google Scholar, Science Direct, theses and books were used to search for the ethnobotanical, traditional uses, and pharmacological studies of the species. In addition, articles around the concurrent and separate studies of elevated CO₂ and temperature impacts on medicinal activities of other medicinal plant species were also sourced for reference purposes because there have not been any reported studies discussing the impacts of the aforementioned abiotic factors on the species.

Aloe vera belongs to the family of Asphodelaceae, the oldest medicinal herb ever found and the world's most common medicinal plant. It is known as Ghritkumari, is used in medicine sources of homeopathy, ayurvedic, and allopathy. The species is a good source of repository of chemical ingredients that shows a precise range of biological activities such as wound healing, burn treatment, mitigating frost bite damage, defense against, lung cancer, intestinal problems, x-ray damage to the body, raising and decreasing high density and low lipoprotein content, reduction of diabetic blood sugar, battle against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and strengthening of the immune system. Aloe vera leaves are used to create drinks, perfume, skin lotion, cosmetics, or ointments. The plant's key ingredients are different kinds of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, saponins, amino acids, and salicylic acids. The plant is a good source of antioxidants. It also contains folic acid and vitamin A, C, E and B12. Aloe vera gel includes important ingredients, including the essential amino acids required by the human body. The plant can be used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. This research article is an effort towards Aloe Vera's industrial and ethnobotanical characteristics.

Aloe hankeyi Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, sp. nov. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo province.—2329 (Pietersburg [Polokwane]): about 45 km east of Polokwane, (– DD), in thorn tree bushveld, collected 22 July 1999, cultivated at the Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, specimen prepared 3 March 2022, G . F. Smith 1175 (holotype PRU). Diagnosis:— Aloe hankeyi has elongated-deltoid leaves that lack a keel, while those of A. cooperi, which also has elongated-deltoid leaves, are distinctly keeled. In contrast, the keel-less leaves of A. verecunda are narrowly linear and much shorter than those of both A. hankeyi and A. cooperi. The flowers of A. hankeyi are consistently dull red at anthesis so differing from the variably salmon-pink to orangey flowers of A. cooperi that are also shorter than those of A. hankeyi. In contrast, the flowers of A. verecunda vary from dull to bright red. The distal ± ⅓– 1 / 5 of the perianths of all three species is variously green-infused, often less so in A. verecunda. Aloe hankeyi further differs from A. verecunda by being considerably more robust in all respects, with plants easily reaching a height of 1 m, as opposed to the 0.20–0.25 m of A. verecunda. Description:—Large, acaulescent or short-stemmed, erect, clump-forming slender aloe. Stem ± absent or to 15– 20 cm long, usually branched from base to form clumps; dry leaves not persistent. Leaves 15–20(–22) per rosette, distichous only in young plants, spirally twisted to rosulate in older plants, erect to arch-like curved outwards, (60–) 75–80 cm long, 6–7 cm broad at base, elongated-deltoid, channelled adaxially, not keeled, cymbiform in cross section, dark green, obscurely lineate, with only few scattered spots adaxially, copiously white-spotted at base abaxially, white spots raised; margin with firm but harmless, white teeth, 1–2 mm long, becoming smaller distally, (2–) 4–5 mm apart at mid-leaf; exudate clear. Inflorescence a raceme, 0.6–0.8(–1) m tall, erect, simple; peduncle stout, sparsely sterile bracteate proximally, densely so distally; sterile bracts elongated-triangular, greenish to brownish yellow, rapidly drying light brown, obscurely many-nerved. Raceme broadly conical to ± flat-topped, 11–12 cm long, dense-flowered. Floral bracts 20–35 mm long, 5–8 mm broad at base, clasping pedicels. Pedicels 30–40 mm long. Flowers 40– 45 mm long, 10–12 mm wide across ovary, basally obscurely stipitate, abruptly narrowing into pedicel, copiously nectariferous; perianth ± straight, somewhat narrowing towards mouth, roundly trigonous, dull red for proximal ⅔, greenish in distal ⅓, inner and outer segments distinctly white-margined towards apex; outer segments free almost to base; stamens included, uniformly light yellow; filaments filiform-flattened; ovary (6–)7(–8) mm long, 2–3 mm in diam., light green; style included or exserted for ± 1 mm. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, 21–30 × 9–12 mm, light to midgreen turning light greyish brown with age, dry remains of perianth persistent for a long time. Seed 4–5 × 2–3 mm, light greyish brown to black, ± irregularly D-shaped, angled, with prominent white to transparent wing. Chromosome number: unknown. Flowering time:—February–March. Eponymy:— Aloe hankeyi is named for Mr Andrew John Hankey (Johannesburg, Gauteng province, South Africa, 12 February 1968 –) (Fig. 1H). Andrew has a longstanding interest in a wide range of succulent plants, including in Aloe, and facilitated access to material of A. hankeyi. He has worked for the South African National Biodiversity Institute for the past 28 years and currently holds a position as Specialist Horticulturalist (see also Smith 2020: 95). Key to distinguish among Aloe cooperi, A. hankeyi, and A. verecunda : 1. Leaves distinctly keeled abaxially................................................................................................................................... Aloe cooperi 1’. Leaves lacking a keel..........................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Flowers 40–45 mm long, dull red; sterile bracts densely arranged distally on peduncle................................................... A. hankeyi 2’. Flowers 26–30 mm long, dull to bright red; sterile bracts sparsely arranged distally on peduncle............................... A. verecunda, Published as part of Smith, Gideon F. & Figueiredo, Estrela, 2022, Aloe hankeyi (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae; Aloe sect. Leptoaloe), a new species from northern South Africa, pp. 122-126 in Phytotaxa 549 (1) on pages 124-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/6605278, {"references":["Smith, G. F. (2020) Kalanchoe × hankeyi [= K. longiflora × K. sexangularis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa. Phytotaxa 451 (1): 93 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 451.1.9"]}

International audience; For thousands of years, the unique physicochemical properties of plant exudates have defined uses in material culture and practical applications. Native Australian plant exudates, including resins, kinos, and gums, have been used and continue to be used by Aboriginal Australians for numerous technical and cultural purposes. A historic collection of well-preserved native Australian plant exudates, assembled a century ago by plant naturalists, gives a rare window into the history and chemical composition of these materials. Here we report the full hierarchical characterization of four genera from this collection, Xanthorrhoea, Callitris, Eucalyptus, and Acacia, from the local elemental speciation, to functional groups and main molecular markers. We use high-resolution X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) to achieve bulk-sensitive chemical speciation of these plant exudates, including insoluble, amorphous, and cross-linked fractions, without the limitation of invasive and/or surface specific methods. Combinatorial testing of the XRS data allows direct classification of these complex natural species as terpenoid, aromatic, phenolic, and polysaccharide materials. Differences in intragenera chemistry was evidenced by detailed interpretation of the XRS spectral features. We comple- ment XRS with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and pyrolysis–GC-MS (Py-GC-MS). This multimodal approach provides a fundamental understanding of the chemistry of these natural materials long used by Aboriginal Australian peoples.

Aerangis luteoalba (Kraenzl.) Schltr. var. rhodosticta (Kraenzl.) J.Stewart — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF; up to 2 400 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: East Mount Kenya Forest, Alt. 1 524–1 829 m, Battiscombe K692 (EA, K). References: Blundell (1987), Cribb (1989b), Stewart & Campbell (2003), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1

Trachyandra saltii (Baker) Oberm. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; up to 2 200 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Naro Moru Road, near Forest Station, 3 Dec. 1966, Agnew 8911 (EA). Reference: N/A., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464

Kniphofia thomsonii Baker — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ, AZ; 2 000–4 000 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Chogoria Track, Alt. 3 251 m, 20 Jul. 2014, CPG 28488 (HIB, PE). References: Young & Peacock (1985), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Bussmann & Beck (1995a, 1998, 1999), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Young, T. P. & Peacock, M. M. (1985) Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya. Journal of the East Africa National History Society & National Museum 75 (185): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2004.00514. x","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1998) The plant communities of the forests of Mount Kenya - First phytosociological and ecological data. In: Ojany, F. F. (Ed.) African mountains and highlands - planning for sustainable use of mountain resources. United Nations University, Tokyo, pp. 96 - 107.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1999) Vegetation units of Mt. Kenya Forest Reserve: Comment. In: Bitok (Ed.) Vegetations-okologosche, ethnobotanische und faunistische Beitrage uber Aquatorial-Afrika. Bayreuther Forum Okologie 64. Bayreuther Forum Okologie, Bayreuth, pp. 17 - 28.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}