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2. Organometallic precursors for pillared clay synthesis

Author

Ashcroft, R. C.

Subjects
547, Applied Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
Abstract

The synthetic hectorite, laponite has been used within the paper industry to produce mildly conducting paper for use in electrographic printing. The aim of this research was to modify laponite in order to improve the electrical conductivity. In a continuation of a previous investigation involving organotin intercalation of laponite, the organotin precursor (p-CH3,OC6H4)4Sn was synthesised and characterised using Mass Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Results of intercalation with this compound and a range of organobismuth and organoantimony compounds suggested that a halide content within the precursor was necessary for improvement in conductivity to be observed. Organometallic intercalation of a range of organotellurium compounds with laponite provided evidence that a hydrolysis reaction on the clay surface followed by the release of hydrochloric acid was an important first step if a reaction was to occur with the clay. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy studies have shown that the acid protons underwent exchange with the interlayer sodium ions in the clay to varying degrees. Gas-liquid Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy revealed that the carbon-tellurium bond remained intact. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed that there had been no increase in the basal spacing. The a.c. conductivity of the modified clays in the form of pressed discs was studied over a frequency range of 12Hz - 100kHz using two electrode systems, silver paste and stainless steel. The a.c. conductivity consists of two components, ionic and reactive. The conductivity of laponite was increased by intercalation with organometallic compounds. The most impressive increase was gained using the organotellurium precursor (p-CH3OC6H4)2TeCl2. Conductivity investigations using the stainless steel electrode where measurements are made under pressure showed that in the case of laponite, where poor particle-particle contact exists at ambient pressure, there is a two order of magnitude increase in the measured a.c. conductivity. This significant increase was not seen in modified laponites where the particle-particle contact had already been improved upon. Investigations of the clay surface using Scanning Electron Microscopy suggested that the improvement in particle-particle contact is the largest factor in the determination of the conductivity. The other important factor is the nature and the concentration of the interlayer cations. A range of clays were synthesised in order to increase the concentration of sodium interlayer cations. A sol-gel method was employed to carry out these syntheses. A conductivity evaluation showed that increasing the concentration of the sodium cations within the clay led to an increase in the conductivity.

Published
1993
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4. Ethics and social acceptability of a proposed clinical trial using maternal gene therapy to treat severe early-onset fetal growth restriction

Author

Sheppard, M., Spencer, R. N., Ashcroft, R., David, A. L., Ambler, Gareth, Brodszki, Jana, Campbell, David, Diemert, Anke, Figueras, Francesc, Hansson, Stefan, Hecher, Kurt, Huertas-Ceballos, Angela, Lees, Mark, Ley, David, Marlow, Neil, Marsal, Karel, Martin, John, Morsing, Eva, Peebles, Donald M., Sebire, Neil, and Zachary, Ian

Published
2016
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16. Open letter to Simon Stevens to ensure that tobacco dependence treatment is provided for every smoker cared for by the NHS, as part of the long term plan

Author

Goddard, A, Burn, W, Regan, L, Viner, R, Stokes-Lampard, H, Mahajan, R, Anagnostara, E, Hollins, S, Wessely, S, Arnott, D, Cramer, S, Watson, M, Black, C, Ashcroft, R, Hopkinson, N, and 800 doctors, health professionals, and academics

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Smoking prevention, MEDLINE, Smoking Prevention, Plan (drawing), 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, State Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 800 doctors, health professionals, and academics, Government, Smokers, Health professionals, business.industry, Smoking, Health Plan Implementation, Tobacco Use Disorder, General Medicine, United Kingdom, Term (time), Years of potential life lost, Family medicine, Life expectancy, business
Abstract

The government’s ambition for a five year improvement in disability free life expectancy by 2035 is one that we can all share,1 but if it is to be achieved the NHS has to ensure that tobacco dependence treatment is provided for every smoker cared for by the NHS. Smoking is the leading cause of years of life lost in the …

Published
2018

17. Protocol for a cluster randomised control trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in recent migrants within primary care: the CATAPuLT trial

Author

Burman, M., primary, Copas, A., additional, Zenner, D., additional, Hickson, V., additional, Gosce, L., additional, Trathen, D., additional, Ashcroft, R., additional, Martineau, A. R., additional, Abubakar, I., additional, Griffiths, C., additional, and Kunst, H., additional

Published
2019
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19. A critical interpretive synthesis of evidence and values in recommendations to disinvest from population Screening

Author

Little, J, Nicholls, SG, Clifford, T, Sikora, L, Atwere, P, Ashcroft, R, Newson, A.J., Potter, B, Brehaut, J, Graham, I, Wilson, M, Lavis, J, Grimshaw, J, Verweij, M, Dawson, Angus, Coyle, D, Kemper, A, Botkin, J, and Dunfield, L

Subjects
systematic review, evidence, population screening, Evidence review, values, values and evidence, disinvestment, screening policy, evidence-based medicine, Screening decisions, PSA testing
Abstract

• the interplay between values and evidence in screening policy • methods of an ongoing systematic review • examples of disinvestment decisions

Published
2016

21. An open letter to The BMJ editors on qualitative research

Author

Greenhalgh, T., Annandale, E., Ashcroft, R., Barlow, J., Black, N., Bleakley, A., Boaden, R., Braithwaite, J., Britten, N., Carnevale, F., Checkland, K., Cheek, J., Clark, A., Cohn, S., Coulehan, J., Crabtree, B., Cummins, S., Davidoff, F., Davies, H., Dingwall, R., Dixon-Woods, M., Elwyn, G., Engebretsen, E., Ferlie, E., Fulop, N., Gabbay, J., Gagnon, M.P., Galasinski, D., Garside, R., Gilson, L., Griffiths, P., Hawe, P., Helderman, J.K., Hodges, B., Hunter, D., Kearney, M., Kitzinger, C., Kitzinger, J., Kuper, A., Kushner, S., May, A.L., Légaré, F., Lingard, L., Locock, L., Maben, J., Macdonald, M.E., Mair, F., Mannion, R., Marshall, M., May, C., Mays, N., McKee, L., Miraldo, M., Morgan, D., Morse, J., Nettleton, S., Oliver, S., Pearce, W., Pluye, P., Pope, C., Robert, G., Roberts, C., Rodella, S., Rycroft-Malone, J., Sandelowski, M., Shekelle, P., Stevenson, F., Straus, S., Swinglehurst, D., Thorne, S., Tomson, G., Westert, G.P., Wilkinson, S., Williams, B., Young, T., Ziebland, S., Greenhalgh, T., Annandale, E., Ashcroft, R., Barlow, J., Black, N., Bleakley, A., Boaden, R., Braithwaite, J., Britten, N., Carnevale, F., Checkland, K., Cheek, J., Clark, A., Cohn, S., Coulehan, J., Crabtree, B., Cummins, S., Davidoff, F., Davies, H., Dingwall, R., Dixon-Woods, M., Elwyn, G., Engebretsen, E., Ferlie, E., Fulop, N., Gabbay, J., Gagnon, M.P., Galasinski, D., Garside, R., Gilson, L., Griffiths, P., Hawe, P., Helderman, J.K., Hodges, B., Hunter, D., Kearney, M., Kitzinger, C., Kitzinger, J., Kuper, A., Kushner, S., May, A.L., Légaré, F., Lingard, L., Locock, L., Maben, J., Macdonald, M.E., Mair, F., Mannion, R., Marshall, M., May, C., Mays, N., McKee, L., Miraldo, M., Morgan, D., Morse, J., Nettleton, S., Oliver, S., Pearce, W., Pluye, P., Pope, C., Robert, G., Roberts, C., Rodella, S., Rycroft-Malone, J., Sandelowski, M., Shekelle, P., Stevenson, F., Straus, S., Swinglehurst, D., Thorne, S., Tomson, G., Westert, G.P., Wilkinson, S., Williams, B., Young, T., and Ziebland, S.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 165909.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Published
2016

25. Why national eHealth programs need dead philosophers: Wittgensteinian reflections on policymakers' reluctance to learn from history

Author

Greenhalgh, T, Russell, J, Ashcroft, R, and Parsons, W

Abstract

CONTEXT: Policymakers seeking to introduce expensive national eHealth programs would be advised to study lessons from elsewhere. But these lessons are unclear, partly because a paradigm war (controlled experiment versus interpretive case study) is raging. England's $20.6 billion National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) ran from 2003 to 2010, but its overall success was limited. Although case study evaluations were published, policymakers appeared to overlook many of their recommendations and persisted with some of the NPfIT's most criticized components and implementation methods. METHODS: In this reflective analysis, illustrated by a case fragment from the NPfIT, we apply ideas from Ludwig Wittgenstein's postanalytic philosophy to justify the place of the "n of 1" case study and consider why those in charge of national eHealth programs appear reluctant to learn from such studies. FINDINGS: National eHealth programs unfold as they do partly because no one fully understands what is going on. They fail when this lack of understanding becomes critical to the programs' mission. Detailed analyses of the fortunes of individual programs, articulated in such a way as to illuminate the contextualized talk and action ("language games") of multiple stakeholders, offer unique and important insights. Such accounts, portrayals rather than models, deliver neither statistical generalization (as with experiments) nor theoretical generalization (as with multisite case comparisons or realist evaluations). But they do provide the facility for heuristic generalization (i.e., to achieve a clearer understanding of what is going on), thereby enabling more productive debate about eHealth programs' complex, interdependent social practices. A national eHealth program is best conceptualized not as a blueprint and implementation plan for a state-of-the-art technical system but as a series of overlapping, conflicting, and mutually misunderstood language games that combine to produce a situation of ambiguity, paradox, incompleteness, and confusion. But going beyond technical "solutions" and engaging with these language games would clash with the bounded rationality that policymakers typically employ to make their eHealth programs manageable. This may explain their limited and contained response to the nuanced messages of in-depth case study reports. CONCLUSION: The complexity of contemporary health care, combined with the multiple stakeholders in large technology initiatives, means that national eHealth programs require considerably more thinking through than has sometimes occurred. We need fewer grand plans and more learning communities. The onus, therefore, is on academics to develop ways of drawing judiciously on the richness of case studies to inform and influence eHealth policy, which necessarily occurs in a simplified decision environment.

Published
2011

29. Whither Authenticity?

Author

Newson, A.J. and Ashcroft, R E

Abstract

The discipline of Bioethics, being the amalgam that it is, features myriad concepts, theories, and approaches. Singh adds another dimension to the field, with her sensitive and penetrating investigation into parents' perceptions of Ritalin use. One concept Singh uses in her analysis is that of authenticity. She applies Abbey's earlier conception of an ethics of authenticity to describe it as the “self's sense of its own uniqueness and individuality, and the desire to be true to this self” (Singh 2005). Those who lack the capacity to “lead a life of one's own” (Taylor 1991, 17) are unable to find and create their own authentic selves. Over time, this could lead to feelings of disorientation and disturbance, displacement and alienation (Vadas 1989). Applications of authenticity have become increasingly prevalent in bioethics and are utilised by both deontologists and utilitarians. The concept has been utilized in, for example, discussions of the doctor–patient relationship (Arnason 1994), treatment of persons with dementia (Holm 2001), advance directives (Vollman 2001), and enhancement technologies (Newson, forthcoming). Some of the allure of this kind of concept in bioethics is that it provides academics with a tool for a more nuanced assessment of the issue at hand, albeit with the caveat that it does tend to fall in and out of favour (Welie 1994). More specifically, employing an analysis of authenticity allows one to step back from more traditional, individualistic approaches of liberal bioethics to find new questions that require answering and which can influence debates on what we should do (Welie 1994). Singh, however, has shown that authenticity is a flexible and “inherently relational” concept, inconsistently applied by parents whose definition of authenticity shifts with what is valued in a particular context.

Published
2005

31. HAEMODIALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND ADEQUACY 2

Author

Chamney, P., primary, Moissl, U., additional, Wabel, P., additional, Amato, C., additional, Stuard, S., additional, Menzer, M., additional, Vollmeier, C., additional, Williams, G., additional, Shrivastava, R., additional, Chess, J., additional, Catling, E., additional, Brown, C., additional, Baker, E., additional, Ashcroft, R., additional, Mikhail, A., additional, Djukanovic, L., additional, Djuric, Z., additional, Knezevic, V., additional, Lazarevic, T., additional, Ljubenovic, S., additional, Markovic, R., additional, Rabrenovic, V., additional, Marinkovic, J., additional, Dimkovic, N., additional, Lebourg, L., additional, Ridel, C., additional, De Preneuf, H., additional, Le Roy, F., additional, Petitclerc, T., additional, Wester, M., additional, Simonis, F., additional, Kooman, J. P., additional, Boer, W. H., additional, Gerritsen, K. G. F., additional, Joles, J. A., additional, Yamamoto, K.-i., additional, Eguchi, K., additional, Hirakawa, S., additional, Murakami, J., additional, Akiba, T., additional, Mineshima, M., additional, Stamopoulos, D., additional, Mpakirtzi, N., additional, Lavranos, A., additional, Panagiotou, M., additional, Barbarousi, D., additional, Matsouka, C., additional, Grapsa, E., additional, Abbas, S. R., additional, Zhu, F., additional, Kaysen, G. A., additional, Kotanko, P., additional, Levin, N. W., additional, Vasilevsky, A., additional, Konoplev, G., additional, Stepanova, O., additional, Rubinsky, A., additional, Zemchenkov, A., additional, Gerasimchuk, R., additional, Frorip, A., additional, Abe, T., additional, Yamamoto, K.-I., additional, Ishimori, I., additional, Kusztal, M., additional, Go  Biowski,, T., additional, Letachowicz, K., additional, Koni Ski, P., additional, Witkowski, G., additional, Pozna Ski, P., additional, Weyde, W., additional, Klinger, M., additional, Ito, M., additional, Ito, S., additional, Suzuki, M., additional, Masakane, I., additional, Navarro, D., additional, Goncalves, C., additional, Ferreira, A. C., additional, Jorge, C., additional, Gil, C., additional, Aires, I., additional, Matias, P., additional, Mendes, M., additional, Azevedo, A., additional, Gomes, F., additional, Ferreira, A., additional, Perazzini, C., additional, Scutiero, L., additional, Brighenti, L., additional, Surace, A., additional, Steckiph, D., additional, Rovatti, P., additional, Severi, S., additional, Soltysiak, J., additional, Warzywoda, A., additional, Musielak, A., additional, Ostalska-Nowicka, D., additional, Zachwieja, J., additional, Goeksel, T., additional, Garnier, H., additional, Ritzerfeld, M., additional, Mann, H., additional, Babinet, F., additional, Allard, B., additional, Todorova, V., additional, Hamont, C., additional, Begri, R., additional, Dekker, M., additional, Taks, M., additional, Konings, C., additional, Scharnhorst, V., additional, Borawski, J., additional, Gozdzikiewicz-Lapinska, J., additional, Naumnik, B., additional, Lodi, C. A., additional, Grandi, E., additional, Mancini, E., additional, Santoro, A., additional, Sereni, L., additional, Caiazzo, M., additional, Corazza, L., additional, Atti, M., additional, Palladino, G., additional, Sakurai, K., additional, Saito, T., additional, Hosoya, H., additional, Yamauchi, F., additional, Kurihara, T., additional, Tanibayashi, Y., additional, Ikebe, N., additional, Antonic, M., additional, Gubensek, J., additional, Drozg, A., additional, Vannier, E., additional, Mattio, E., additional, Ragon, A., additional, Brunet, P., additional, Klimm, W., additional, Pleskacz, K., additional, Pietrzak, B., additional, Niemczyk, S., additional, Leypoldt, J. K., additional, Bernardo, A., additional, Muller, M., additional, Marbury, T. C., additional, Culleton, B. F., additional, Zeraati, A. A., additional, Hekmat, R., additional, Reyhani, H. R., additional, Sharifipoor, F., additional, Bolasco, P., additional, Sitzia, I., additional, Monni, A., additional, Mereu, M. C., additional, Pinna, A. M., additional, Logias, F., additional, Ghisu, T., additional, Passaghe, M., additional, Gazzanelli, L., additional, Ganadu, M., additional, Piras, A., additional, Cossu, M., additional, Contu, B., additional, Palleschi, S., additional, Rossi, B., additional, Ghezzi, P. M., additional, Kron, S., additional, Schneditz, D., additional, Leimbach, T., additional, Aign, S., additional, Kron, J., additional, Seker Kockara, A., additional, Kayatas, M., additional, Huzmeli, C., additional, Candan, F., additional, Yilmaz, M. B., additional, Ahmed, B. A., additional, Bejosano, C. N., additional, Samra Abouchacra, S. A., additional, Al Falahi, S. Z., additional, Abdul Moniem, K. M., additional, Dastoor, H., additional, Kim, S., additional, Oh, J., additional, Sin, Y., additional, Kim, J., additional, and Lee, J., additional

Published
2014
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32. CKD ANAEMIA

Author

Fernandes, J., primary, Ribeiro, S., additional, Garrido, P., additional, Sereno, J., additional, Costa, E., additional, Reis, F., additional, Santos-Silva, A., additional, Hirata, M., additional, Tashiro, Y., additional, Aizawa, K., additional, Endo, K., additional, Fujimori, A., additional, Morikami, Y., additional, Okada, S., additional, Kumei, M., additional, Mizobuchi, N., additional, Sakai, M., additional, Claes, K., additional, Di Giulio, S., additional, Galle, J., additional, Guerin, A., additional, Kiss, I., additional, Suranyi, M., additional, Winearls, C., additional, Wirnsberger, G., additional, Farouk, M., additional, Manamley, N., additional, Addison, J., additional, Herlitz, H., additional, Visciano, B., additional, Nazzaro, P., additional, Riccio, E., additional, Del Rio, A., additional, Mozzillo, G. R., additional, Pisani, A., additional, Gupta, A., additional, Ikizler, T. A., additional, Lin, V., additional, Guss, C., additional, Pratt, R. D., additional, Stewart, V. M., additional, Anthoney, A., additional, Blenkin, S., additional, Ahmed, S., additional, Yasumoto, M., additional, Tsuda, A., additional, Ishimura, E., additional, Ohno, Y., additional, Ichii, M., additional, Nakatani, S., additional, Mori, K., additional, Fukumoto, S., additional, Uchida, J., additional, Emoto, M., additional, Nakatani, T., additional, Inaba, M., additional, Joki, N., additional, Tanaka, Y., additional, Kubo, S., additional, Asakawa, T., additional, Hase, H., additional, Ikeda, M., additional, Inaguma, D., additional, Sakaguchi, T., additional, Shinoda, T., additional, Koiwa, F., additional, Negi, S., additional, Yamaka, T., additional, Shigematsu, T., additional, Suranyi, M. G., additional, Groenendaal-Van De Meent, D., additional, Den Adel, M., additional, Rijnders, S., additional, Essers, H., additional, Golor, G., additional, Haffner, S., additional, Schaddelee, M., additional, Yogo, K., additional, Choukroun, G., additional, Hannedouche, T., additional, Kessler, M., additional, Laville, M., additional, Levannier, M., additional, Mignon, F., additional, Rostaing, L., additional, Rottembourg, J., additional, Jeon, J., additional, Park, Y., additional, Karanth, S., additional, Prabhu, R., additional, Bairy, M., additional, Nagaraju, S. P., additional, Bhat, A., additional, Kosuru, S., additional, Parthasarathy, R., additional, Kamath, S., additional, Prasad, H. K., additional, Kallurwar, K. P., additional, Nishida, H., additional, Iimori, S., additional, Okado, T., additional, Rai, T., additional, Uchida, S., additional, Sasaki, S., additional, Wan, Q., additional, Cana Ruiu, D. C., additional, Ashcroft, R., additional, Brown, C., additional, Williams, J., additional, and Mikhail, A., additional

Published
2014
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38. A 60 GHz double balanced sub-harmonic mixer MMIC

Author

Zelley, C. A., Barnes, A. R., and Ashcroft, R. W.

Subjects
ING-INF/01 Elettronica
Abstract

We present the design and measured results for a 60 GHz double balanced sub-harmonic MMIC mixer fabricated using the TRW 0.15mm gate length GaAs pHEMT foundry process. The sub-harmonic mixer architecture eliminates the need for costly mm-wave sources that are usually required with conventional fundamental frequency mixers. The mixer has been integrated into a coaxial package and a measured conversion loss of less than 10 dB across the 53 GHz to 60 GHz frequency band has been obtained. This conversion loss is believed to be approximately 2 dB better than previously published results.

Published
2001

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