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This paper argues for revisiting the traditional adscription of ambiguous readings of personal pronouns, such as hearer-dominantweor genericyou, pluralis maiestatis and pluralis modestiae to specific genres and/or registers. Indeed, in many languages these phenomena are considered typical for a certain genre, register or discourse context. In this paper, I will argue, on the basis of quantitative data and a qualitative analysis of examples taken from different genres (including purposefully creative language use in fiction), that a more accurate account may be formulated in terms of (inter)subjective effect, viz. the attention to the (inter)locutor (among others Benveniste 1966), as a more suitable explanation for the variation of these phenomena attested in corpora.The hearer-oriented uses ofwe, for instance, are considered typical for relationships characterized by power asymmetries such as teacher-student, doctor-patient (Haverkate 1984: 87; Brown & Levinson 1987), whereas generic and speaker-referringyouhave been considered a feature of (informal) oral language than written discourse (Hidalgo Navarro 1996). Recent corpus-based analyses including quantitative and qualitative analyses, however, call for a more nuanced view (De Cock 2011 on Spanish and English; Tarenskeen 2010 on Dutch). We may, for example, find hearer-oriented or even hearer-dominant 1stperson plural forms (Have we taken our medicine?) in contexts where no power- relationship can be defined, e.g. among couples.It will be shown that these uses have different intersubjective effects, however. Their distribution is in line with overall differences as to intersubjectivity according to register and genre, beyond referential ambiguity. The concept of (inter)subjectivity then allows for a more comprehensive analysis of these phenomena and their occurrence in specific registers and genres, addressing the way in which the (inter)locutor is taken into account in each genre.

This commentary reviews the five studies of intercultural communication in this special issue by comparing the nature of data analyzed and analytical procedures adopted. The data span from Africa, Asia, to North America, where different cultural, national, or ethnic groups were engaged in different types of social activities; their diversity illustrates how the participants’ ascription of, and resistance towards, their cultural, national, or ethnic identities reflect unique features of the sociohistorical contexts and the nature of their activities. In order to investigate such distinct treatments of interculturality, the researchers seek an analytical lens in the frameworks of ‘interactional sociolinguistics’ (Goffman 1974, 1981; Gumperz 1982, 1992) and ‘membership categorization analysis’ (Sacks 1972, 1992). The metamethodological reflection considers the selection of focal phenomena as well as the use of ethnographic information and the researchers’ own membership knowledge in the process of interpretation, and addresses the issues concerning how to attain an “emic” perspective of cultural difference and sameness.

Urban-rural integrated development has been widely conducted in China, and plenty of resource consumption and environmental problems have arisen during this process. Meanwhile, the importance of environmental governance has been emphasized in social collaborative governance. Although existing studies have focused on the governance policies on urban and rural development, the residents’ participation willingness toward collaborative governance should not be neglected, especially in environmental governance. Accordingly, this study identified the determinants influencing the participation intention toward the collaborative environmental governance of residents in the Yangtze River Delta Region by a combined theoretical model, which added three decisive predictors from the theory of planned behavior to the norm-activation model. We collected 312 valid questionnaires and employed structural equation modeling for analysis. Results implied that, in order of significance, personal norm, behavioral attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control presented positive influences on behavioral intention. Personal norm was significantly underlain by awareness of consequence and ascription of responsibility, and the significant influence of awareness of consequence on behavioral intention was not demonstrated. This study proposes related managerial implications to improve public participation willingness regarding collaborative environmental governance during urban-rural integrated development processes in the Yangtze River Delta Region.

Schegloff (1996) has argued that grammars are “positionally-sensitive”, implying that the situated use and understanding of linguistic formats depends on their sequential position. Analyzing the German format Kannst du X? (corresponding to English Can you X?) based on 82 instances from a large corpus of talk-in-interaction (FOLK), this paper shows how different action-ascriptions to turns using the same format depend on various orders of context. We show that not only sequential position, but also epistemic status, interactional histories, multimodal conduct, and linguistic devices co-occurring in the same turn are decisive for the action implemented by the format. The range of actions performed with Kannst du X? and their close interpretive interrelationship suggest that they should not be viewed as a fixed inventory of context-dependent interpretations of the format. Rather, the format provides for a root-interpretation that can be adapted to local contextual contingencies, yielding situated action-ascriptions that depend on constraints created by contexts of use.

Official categorization systems classify some states, including island-states, as small. Malta, located in the Mediterranean Sea, is one of six European microstates and the European Union’s smallest member state. Smallness, however, refers to more than fixed geographic scales. The understanding of smallness developed in this article, in contrast, moves beyond geographic features and argues instead that smallness is related to perceptions, experiences, and ascriptions. We challenge universal understandings of smallness against the backdrop of ethnographic research carried out in Malta (2013–2018) by exploring how island-related smallness is produced and used situationally in the context of (im)mobility. By focusing on narratives of smallness by various actors with whom we engaged during fieldwork, we demonstrate how smallness, islandness, and (im)mobilizing policies intersect at the EU’s external border. In addition, and in order to contribute to decolonial perspectives within Island Studies, we reflect on our role in (un)making smallness. We discuss our understandings of smallness against the backdrop of our empirical material and scholarly debates, and, in so doing, avoid the reproduction of universal understandings. In this vein, we argue for the deconstruction of simplified interpretations of smallness and claim that smallness must be viewed as a relational concept.

Racial classification is relational, and it is constructed and contested as both an identity and as an ascribed category. In this three-part dissertation, I examine racial classification in São Paulo, Brazil, and argue that we can leverage survey data on racial classification to reach a more nuanced understanding of racial boundaries.Paper 1: Because racial classification is relational, we must examine both sides of the relationship, and yet most studies on ascription do not consider the ways in which the ascriber’s traits matter for classificatory outcomes. Using a quasi-experimental design, I examine how statuses of both the classifier and of the person being classified matter for racial attribution. I find that high-status biographies paired with a racially ambiguous face have a higher likelihood of white (versus pardo) racial attribution. I also find that educational achievement is significantly predictive of seeing whiteness in others—irrespective of the phenotype, self-identification, or the social status of the person being classified.Paper 2: Drawing on a large-scale survey linked to census-tract data, I examine how classification can operate asymmetrically across different racial boundaries. I compare the effects of various individual-level and neighborhood-level traits on the chances of having one’s racial identity contested by an observer. I show that social status does not have a uniform effect, mattering greatly for the boundary between white and pardo, and much less for the boundary between pardo and black. I also find that individuals living in richer or more educated neighborhoods—even when controlling for individual status—are more likely to be whitened, and less likely to have their white identities challenged.Paper 3: In this paper, I demonstrate how we can leverage racial mismatch data to study the everyday impact of institutions (in this case, the police) on individual racial identity. With a combination of survey and census data, I show how self-reported contact with the police in the twelve months prior to the survey is associated with a lower chance of identifying as white, even when controlling for individual status and observed race. I also show how neighborhood characteristics can further shape racial identity: Proximity to a favela, the neighborhood rate of economically motivated crime, and the racial makeup of the neighborhood all have separate and independent effects on racial identity.

Children’s movies often provide messages about morally appropriate and inappropriate conduct. In two studies, we draw on Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to derive predictions about actual depictions of morality, and people’s preferences for different moral depictions, within children’s movies. According to MFT, people’s moral concerns include individualizing foundations of care and fairness and binding foundations of loyalty, authority, and sanctity. Prior work reveals that although there are political differences in the endorsement of these two broad categories—whereby stronger political conservatism predicts stronger binding concerns and weaker individualizing concerns—there nonetheless is broad agreement across political identity in the importance of individualizing concerns. We therefore predicted that heroes would value individualizing foundations more than villains, and that despite political differences in preferences for moral messages, there would be more agreement in the importance of messages promoting individualizing concerns. In Study 1, we coded heroes and villains from popular children’s movies for their valuation of moral foundations. Heroes valued individualizing concerns more, and binding concerns less, than villains did. Participants in Study 2 considered moral dilemmas faced by children’s movie characters, and rated their preferences for resolutions that promoted either individualizing or binding foundations. Although liberals preferred individualizing-promoting resolutions and conservatives preferred binding-promoting resolutions, there was stronger agreement across political identity in the importance of individualizing concerns. Despite political differences in moral preferences, popular depictions of children’s movie characters and people’s self-reported moral endorsement suggest a shared belief in the importance of the individualizing moral virtues of care and fairness.Movies are often infused with moral messages. From their exploration of overarching themes, their ascription of particular traits to heroic and villainous characters, and their resolution of pivotal moral dilemmas, movies provide viewers with depictions of morally virtuous (and morally suspect) behavior. Moral messaging in children’s movies is of particular importance, since it is targeted at an audience for which morality is actively developing. What moral messages do filmmakers (and consumers, including parents) want children’s movies to depict? Are these preferences related to people’s political identity? And what are the actual moral depictions presented in movies? In the present two studies, we draw on an influential theory of moral judgment—Moral Foundations Theory—to develop and test predictions about the depiction of morality in children’s movies.

Islamic law is primarily based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (s.a.w). Due to the changes in place and time, there are occasions where new cases may not have clear and direct principles from the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (s.a.w). Accordingly, solutions for new cases require the exercise of ijtihad and application of fatwa in establishing new rulings. This study deals with selected maslahah based fatwas on issues relating to family law in Malaysia. The study is undertaken in order to provide an overview on the issuance of maslahah based fatwa relating to family law issues, so that sound new rulings could be established for the benefit of the whole nation. Focus is made on fatwas that have been issued relating to child marriages, legitimacy of children and ascription of paternity, jointly acquired property and suckling relationships. In Malaysia, family matters fall under the jurisdiction of the state. Therefore, if a new case arises and it requires a legal opinion, a State based fatwa will be issued. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology based on available library-based materials. State fatwas are also referred to and examined. Finally, the article suggests improvements to the exercise of ijtihad and the issuance of fatwa in Malaysia.

This study draws on institutional theory to examine the role of institutional environments in the formation of entrepreneurial venture creation decision among university students. The aim was to determine how the institutional context influences individual entrepreneurial capability, and mindset for entrepreneurial career. We adopted an exploratory qualitative approach, using a combination of purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. A total of 30 interviews were conducted among university students, and stakeholders across three geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The findings reveal that prevailing societal values and norms have significant influence on entrepreneurial mindset among the youth. The majority of student respondents ascribe high social values and preferences for career opportunities in the formal sectors, rather than an active interest in launching new ventures. In addition, respondents report high uncertainty avoidance, concern for class structure, job security and ascription orientation, all of which impact the cognitive frame and mindset for entrepreneurial career.

The growing awareness of environmental issues can be linked to the demand for green transport innovations. Consumer behavior studies have pointed to the importance of consumer innovativeness (CI) and green perceptions in the adoption of green innovations. The purpose of this paper is to identify how users and nonusers of shared micromobility perceive the greenness of shared e-bikes and e-scooters and how CI affects shared microvehicle adoption. The paper also analyses the relationships between green perceptions and environmental referent cognitions—biospheric values, environmental knowledge, ascription of responsibility, and environmental attitudes. Shared e-bike and e-scooter users and nonusers in Copenhagen and Stockholm were surveyed using an online questionnaire. Results revealed that users consider themselves innovative and perceive the shared microvehicles as relatively green, while nonusers do not. When comparing users, CI and green perceptions relate to shared e-bike use, but notably, only CI is linked to shared e-scooter use. The results also show that environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes are related to green perceptions. The practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed. (Less)

El escritor Antonio Ferrer del Río (1814-1872) ha sido considerado tradicionalmente como un exponente paradigmático de la historiografía progresista por sus obras dedicadas a las Comunidades de Castilla y al reinado de Carlos III. Sin embargo, en el marco de las recientes aportaciones sobre culturas políticas liberales y las relaciones entre nacionalismo y religión en España, se hace necesario revisar esta adscripción ideológica. Un análisis que vaya más allá de las etiquetas simplificadoras revela, en cambio, la complejidad de la aportación de este historiador. Para ello, se ha recurrido a la correspondencia que mantuvo con los archiveros Manuel y Pròsper de Bofarull y a otras producciones menos conocidas, además de sus publicaciones en prensa. Así pues, a través de la contextualización de este material se revela un liberalismo cambiante, que a principios del régimen isabelino se situaba cercano al moderantismo, para luego evolucionar hacia posturas abiertamente progresistas. La rehabilitación historiográfica que este autor emprendió del reformismo dieciochesco ofrece una oportunidad para ahondar en las contradicciones y límites del liberalismo católico hispánico. The writer Antonio Ferrer del Río (1814-1872) has traditionally been considered a paradigmatic exponent of progressive historiography for his works dedicated to the Communities of Castile and the reign of Charles III of Spain. However, in the light of recent contributions on liberal political cultures and the relations between nationalism and religion in Spain, this ideological ascription needs to be reviewed. Analysis that sets aside oversimplified labels will give us greater insight into the complexity of the historian’s contribution. Sources include his correspondence with the archivists Manuel and Pròsper de Bofarull, and other lesser-known works he wrote, in addition to his publications in the press. Their contextualization reveals a changing attitude towards liberalism, which at the beginning of the reign of Isabella II was close to Moderantism, and then evolved towards openly progressive positions. The historiographical rehabilitation of eighteenth-century reformism undertaken by this author offers an opportunity to probe the contradictions and limits of Hispanic catholic liberalism. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación «Tradición y originalidad en la cultura humanística de Indias. Géneros, paratextos y traducciones en el mundo atlántico (siglos XVI-XVII)» (FFI2017-87858-P).

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting Vietnamese farmer's intention toward organic agricultural production based on research model integrating theories: theory of planned behavior (TPB) and norm activation model (NAM).Design/methodology/approachAfter in-depth interviews with 5 agricultural researchers and 5 farmers, the authors determined the official research model and built a complete survey. Data were collected from 318 farmers in the Hanoi, Vietnam by directly survey. Statistical methods, such as Cronbach's alpha analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM), were used to analyze the data.FindingsThis paper shows that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and personal norm were significantly related to intention of the farmers; awareness of consequences was positively related to ascription of responsibility, personal norm, attitude and subjective norms; ascription of responsibility has a positive relationship with personal norm. The TPB-NAM integration model is proven to be superior to the original TPB model when studying factors affecting Vietnamese farmer's intention toward organic agricultural production.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this paper is that the sampling method is not representative for the whole country and just stops at researching the intentions of farmers without understanding the practices of organic agricultural production.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that state management agencies in Vietnam need to pay attention to raise awareness among farmers about the role of organic farming, communicate to farmers through different channels about the benefits of organic farming compared to conventional agriculture and form information spillover groups between farmers who have produced organic agriculture and have not yet produced organic agriculture.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the existing literature by focusing on integrating TPB and NAM when understanding farmers' intention toward organic agricultural production in Vietnam. This integrated model has proven the suitability of combining two approaches, a rational approach and an ethical approach, when studying farmer intentions.

The paradox of rule-following that Saul Kripke finds in Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations purports to show that words and thoughts have no content—that there is no intentionality. This paper refutes the paradox with a dilemma. Intentional states are posited in rational explanations, which use propositional attitudes to explain actions and thoughts. Depending on which of the two plausible views of rational explanation is right, either: the paradox is mistaken about the a priori requirements for content; or, a fatal flaw in content ascription alleged by the paradox is no flaw at all, rather a necessary component of the proper method of propositional-attitude ascription. On either lemma, rational explanation defuses the paradox.

The paper deals with linguo-pragmatic and semantic-stylistic characteristics of the English-online movie review. Internet communication provides a fertile ground for the development of the modern genre studies due to the emergence and development of digital genres, or Internet genres. The amateur online movie review is one of the most widespread Internet genres due to its high degree of the audience-oriented intention, focus on the wide range of readers, as well as the dialogical nature of communication. The aim of this paper is to reveal and systematize pragmatic and stylistic parameters of the English amateur online movie review. The empirical study is based upon the movie reviews taken from the IMDb website. The analysis of online movie reviews has revealed that their pragmatic function is determined by the use of the wide range of linguistic and stylistic evaluative means. In most cases the ascription of explicit evaluative characteristics to the film and its components in the text of the amateur online movie review is done with the help of the evaluative language. The important finding is that the creation of perlocutionary effect and the attribution of dialogization and intimization to the speech act are created by the use of personal pronouns of the first and second person singular, imperatives, appeals, question-and-answer structure. We have come to the conclusion that various lexical and syntactic means of expressiveness belong to stylistic markers of online movie review carrying evaluative, emotional and emphatic connotations. All the analysis conducted allows us to conclude that online movie review beside the initial function of informing also performs perlocutionary force.

I investigate: (1) to what extent do folk ascriptions of lying differ between casual and courtroom contexts? (2) to what extent does motive (reason) to lie influence ascriptions of trust, mental states, and lying judgments? (3) to what extent are lying judgments consistent with previous ascriptions of communicated content? Following the Supreme Court’s Bronston judgment, I expect: (1) averaged lying judgments to be similar in casual and courtroom contexts; (2) motive to lie to influence levels of trust, mental states ascriptions, and patterns of lying judgments; (3) retrospective judgments of lying, after being presented with the state of the world, to be inconsistent with previous judgments of communicated content: participants hold the protagonist responsible for content she did not communicate. I performed a survey experiment on the Qualtrics platform. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 630). I employed standard Likert scales and forced-choice questions. I found that: (1) average lying judgments are similar in casual and courtroom contexts; (2) motive to lie decreases trust ascription and increases lying judgment; (3) judgments of lying are inconsistent with previous judgments of communicated content: participants hold the protagonist responsible for content they did not communicate (effect size of the difference d = .69). Perjury ascriptions are inconsistent. The Supreme Court’s worries expressed in the Bronston judgment are well founded. This article helps reforming jury instructions in perjury cases.

This paper criticizes the role of intuition-based ascriptions of cognition that are closely related to the ascription of mind. This practice hinders the explication of a clear and stable target domain for the cognitive sciences. To move forward, the proposal is to cut the notion of cognition free from such ascriptions and the intuition-based judgments that drive them. Instead, cognition is reinterpreted and developed as a scientific concept that is tied to a material domain of research. In this reading, cognition becomes a changeable theoretical concept that can and must be adapted to the findings within this target domain. Taking humans as the best-established existing example of the relevant material target domain, this central case is extended to include all living systems. To clarify what it is about living systems that warrants their role as cognitive target domain, the new concept of cobolism is introduced as a complement to metabolism. Cobolism refers to the systematic ways in which each living system encompasses structures, processes and external events that maintain the fundamental metabolic processes that constitute the core of each living system. Cobolism is perfectly general, applies to bacterial and human cases alike, and provides a general format to describe wildly different cognitive organizations. It provides a clear target for the cognitive sciences to work on, turning them into what we can call the cognitive life sciences.

That knowledge ascriptions exhibit some form of sensitivity to context is uncontroversial. How best to account for the context-sensitivity at issue, however, is the topic of heated debates. A certain version of nonindexical contextualism seems to be a promising option. Even so, it is incumbent upon any contextualist account to explain in what way and to what extent the epistemic standard operative in a particular context of epistemic evaluation is affected by non-epistemic factors (such as practical interests). In this paper, I investigate how non-epistemic factors come into play when knowledge is ascribed. I argue that knowledge ascriptions often serve the purpose of providing actionable information. This, in turn, requires that epistemic interests be balanced against non-epistemic interests. Moreover, it raises the question of whose interests matter, those of the ascriber, the addressee (of the knowledge ascription), or the subject of ascription. Eventually, an answer to the question is suggested.

Disparities between experts' and local communities’ notions of heritage constitute a key area of concern in narratives on democratic and inclusive approaches to heritage conservation. However, the differentiating underlying reasons for heritage delineation remain underexplored. By examining official and local understandings of heritage in Greek traditional settlements, the current paper interrogates the factors behind heritage ascription and classification. Focusing on rural living heritage places and breaking through the ancient glorified Classical past, the paper sheds light on a less known, contemporary and lived heritage which is however equally important for the modern Greek identity. In the context of a profound authorised heritage discourse, the paper questions the tension between official heritage policy and community notions of heritage, revealing multi-layered and not necessarily contrasting knitting of heritage meanings, problematizing its role in fostering heritage co-production.

Teleological knowledge and functional representation are present in numerous scientific and engineering disciplines and are key aspects addressed by a broad spectrum of design and modeling frameworks. The current paper summarizes the results obtained in the area of functional modeling achieved under the umbrella of the second release of the General Formal Ontology (GFO 2.0), which is a modular top-level ontological framework actively developed by the Onto-Med Research Group. This paper presents and discusses the Function Module of GFO 2.0, which serves three objectives. (1) It supports the representation of teleological components, let it be a function or a goal-oriented process, by a blueprint of structured specifications. (2) It provides a classification of relationships enabling the construction of functional decomposition models. (3) The module enables the description of the elements of a domain in functional terms by means of a family of function ascription constructs, which handle the modeling of not only function-to-object assignments, but also of malfunctions.

This paper presents new evidence on the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and education on knowledge attribution. I examine a variety of cases, including vignettes where agents have been Gettiered, have false beliefs, and possess knowledge (according to orthodoxy). Early work investigated whether SES might be associated with knowledge attribution (Weinberg et al. in Philos Top 29(1–2):429–460, 2001; Seyedsayamdost in Episteme 12(1):95–116, 2014). But these studies used college education as a dummy variable for SES. I use the recently developed Great British Class Survey (Savage et al. in Sociology 47(2):219–250, 2013) to measure SES. The paper reports evidence against an association between SES and patterns of knowledge ascription, and reports mixed evidence about education effects.

This chapter starts with an outline of the notion of ignorance we will employ, ignorance as absence of knowledge. The authors distinguish two elements that figure in most ignorance ascriptions: a generic ascription of ignorance and a more precise description of the attitudes a cognizer holds in a given instance of ignorance. Ordinary ways of speaking about ignorance can refer to the absence of a range of cognitive achievements. They pull away from the idea that ignorance is standardly or primarily the absence of propositional knowledge. Preferred Ignorance can thus be blameworthy in similar ways that Presumed Knowledge is. Those who prefer not to know can seem to dismiss domains of knowledge that to others appear valuable or even urgent. This kind of ignorance is widespread with respect to trivia, but also with respect to any number of facts that simply do not figure in a particular person’s life.

In Making it Explicit Robert Brandom claims that perspectivally hybrid de re attitude ascriptions explain what an agent actually did, from the point of view of the ascriber, whether or not that was what the agent intended to do. There is a well-known problem, however, first brought to attention by Quine, but curiously ignored by Brandom, that threatens to undermine the role of de re ascriptions in the explanation of action, a problem that stems directly from the fact that, unlike de dicto ascriptions, they permit the attribution of inconsistent attitudes to agents. I propose a solution to the problem which I believe is consistent with Brandom’s approach to the nature of intentionality and the explanation of action.

This paper examines the impact of vendor management on the recycling programme of a regional sports event. Guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the norm activation model (NAM), the organizer’s leverage strategies were qualitatively assessed for their effectiveness in promoting vendor recycling behaviour. The findings identified vague selection criteria, unclear expectations, limited engagement, the lack of communication and poor coordination as weaknesses in the organizer’s leverage strategies. In particular, the altruistic strategy of information dissemination – deployed infrequently and unaided by utilitarian measures such as economic incentives and formal sanctions – did not encourage recycling behaviour. The impact of social influence showed that subjective norms were not merely a predictor of behaviour (as per the TPB), they influenced the NAM’s dual-criteria, namely, awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility. The absence of back-of-house disposal facilities, inconsistent bin system, poor labelling of the recycling bins and infrequent bin clearance significantly lowered the vendors’ recycling rate. More importantly, convenience was found to influence norm activation, in that inefficient recycling logistics furnished the vendors with an excuse not to recycle. Thus, convenience was not merely as aspect of TPB’s perceived behavioural control, this determinant influenced personal norms. Where weak environmental norms prevail, it may be necessary to impose formal sanctions to enforce recycling, even though formal sanctions cannot ensure lasting recycling behaviour.

In a new scenario of theoretical and critical productions of contemporary art, redefined by global flows and the mobility of genres, disciplines and methodologies, there is a need to create new tools for interpreting artistic practices. Theorists from various disciplinary fields such as Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Édouard Glissant, Fernando Ortiz, Walter Mignolo, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Gerardo Mosquera among others have created a resistance narrative to deconstruct the modernist strategies ofsamenessthattraditional social sciences have imagined as solid and immovable (nation, class, political-ideological ascription). Art theories immersed in post-structuralism - with frequent incursions into postmodernism and post-colonialism - are indebted to these conceptual positions and reveal their interest in resisting the ethnocentric and universalist project of Modernity. Mexican artists Teresa Margolles and Guillermo Gómez-Peña, generating an identity and cultural mobility in this post-national, post-historical and post-colonial scenario, are significant case studies to understand the paradigm shift that dominates much of the current artistic production, especially in border contexts. En el nuevo escenario de la producción teórica y crítica del arte contemporáneo, redefinido por los flujos globales y la movilidad de géneros, disciplinas, comportamientos y metodologías, surge la necesidad de crear nuevas herramientas de interpretación de las prácticas artísticas. Teóricos de varios ámbitos disciplinares como Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Édouard Glissant, Fernando Ortiz, Walter Mignolo, Gloria Anzaldúa, entre otros, han creado una narrativa de resistencia para deconstruir las estrategias modernistas de igualdad que las ciencias sociales tradicionales han imaginado como sólidas e inamovibles (la nación, la clase, la adscripción político-ideológica). Las teorías del arte sumergidas en el posestructuralismo —con frecuentes incursiones hacia el posmodernismo y el poscolonialismo— son deudoras de estas posiciones conceptuales y revelan el interés hacia la resistencia en contra del proyecto etnocéntrico y universalista de la modernidad. Los artistas mexicanos Teresa Margolles y Guillermo Gómez-Peña, generando una movilidad identitaria y cultural en este escenario posnacional, poshistórico y poscolonial, significan casos de estudio significativos para entender el cambio de paradigma que domina buena parte de la producción artística actual, sobre todo en contextos fronterizos.

This conversation analytic study investigates the sequential organization and question constraints of alternative questions in English with a focus on response formats. Building on research on polar and wh-questions (among others, Enfield, Stivers and Levinson 2010; Raymond 2003; Thompson, Fox and Couper-Kuhlen 2015), this article shows that responses to alternative questions that include a repeat of one of the alternatives are type-conforming, those that do not are nonconforming. Additionally, even though the concept of contiguity (Sacks 1973/1987) might suggest that the second alternative be confirmed, participants confirm either alternative unproblematically. Finally, my work shows that alternative questions can create difficulties for action ascription, because as they are being produced, they often resemble polar questions. My study adds to our understanding of question-answer sequences in English by providing an overview of an understudied question type in English. The data are in American English.

This study is based on a novel model of analysis proposed in (Tantucci, 2020) that combines results from experimental research in theory of mind (ToM) (Goldman, 2006; Apperly, 2010; Wilkinson & Ball 2012) with the notion of intersubjectivity in usage-based linguistics (i.a. Verhagen, 2005; Nuyts, 2012; Traugott, 2012). The present approach to intersubjectivtiy is based on a mismatch between interaction as mere ‘co-action’ vs. interaction as spontaneously communicated awareness of an(other) mind(s). We provide two case studies centred on the first language acquisition of the aspectual/evidential marker 过 guo and the sentence-final particle 吧 ba in Mandarin. A combination of multiple correspondence analysis and mixed effects logistic regression of spontaneous use of the two markers indicates that, beyond expressions of joint attention, children's ToM ability progressively underpins ‘ad-hoc’ generalised instantiations of extended intersubjectivity. Extended intersubjectivity regards the socio-cognitive skill to overtly problematise what a general persona would act, feel, know, or potentially think in a specific context (Tantucci, 2020a). This usage-based model further supports the evolutionary hypothesis of a shift from triadic to collective intentionality (cf. Tomasello, 2019: 7).

Purpose In the recent years, it was possible to observe two trends: First, there has been a trend to greater mental health literacy, in particular towards a biological model of schizophrenia. Secondly, an increase in public acceptance of professional help and psychiatric treatment has been observed in western countries. This indicates that the societal idea about mental illness and how it can be treated has changed. However, no changes or even changes to the worse occurred regarding the attitudes towards those suffering from the illness, particularly concerning schizophrenia. Thus, the question arises as to whether similar trends can also be found in Austria. Methods We use data from two representative population surveys in Austria, conducted 1998 (n = 1042) and 2018 (n = 1010) using face-to-face interviews, the same sampling procedure, interview mode, and interview schedule. Results The data show that today Austrians tend to opt less frequently for genetic factors and chronic stress as causes of schizophrenia than 20 years ago. There were only slight changes regarding intended first help-seeking actions except for a stronger endorsement of lay help. The believe in an effective treatment of schizophrenia has increased significantly and there was a marked trend towards preference of medication over psychotherapy. Social acceptance of people with schizophrenia has increased, but also the ascription of violence. Conclusion In summary, the evolution of attitudes and beliefs concerning schizophrenia in Austria shows a rather inconsistent pattern and differs to some extent from what has been observed in other western countries. This is important to know when planning awareness-raising or stigma-reducing initiatives.

This article discusses the influence of emerging linguistic philosophy theories in the 20th century on the development of analytical jurisprudence through an examination of the way those theories influenced the legal philosopher H. L. A. Hart. Although Hart is significantly influenced by linguistic philosophy, his legal theory could not have been developed solely with it. This is evidenced by Hart’s disownment of the essay Ascription of Responsibility and Rights, his attempt to employ ideas from ordinary language philosophy in the context of law. Hart’s theoretical development shows that he was above all not a linguistic, but a legal philosopher; and that analytical jurisprudence, albeit influenced by linguistic philosophy, depends on aspects beyond it., Este artigo discute a influência das teorias de filosofia da linguagem ordinária do século XX no desenvolvimento da filosofia analítica do Direito a partir de uma investigação sobre a forma que essas teorias afetaram o filósofo do direito H. L. A. Hart. Apesar de Hart ser significativamente influenciado pela filosofia da linguagem ordinária, sua teoria do direito não poderia ter se desenvolvido somente a partir dela. Isso é evidente com o abandono pelo filósofo do ensaio Ascription of Responsibility and Rights, sua tentativa de aplicar ideias da filosofia da linguagem ordinária no contexto do Direito. O desenvolvimento teórico de Hart mostra que ele era acima de tudo não um filósofo da linguagem, mas um filósofo do direito; e que a filosofia analítica do Direito, apesar de influenciada pela filosofia da linguagem ordinária, depende também de outros aspectos.

The notion of relevance plays a role in many accounts of knowledge and knowledge ascription. Although use of the notion is well-motivated, theorists struggle to codify relevance. A reasonable person standard of relevance addresses this codification problem, and provides an objective and flexible standard of relevance; however, treating relevance as reasonableness seems to allow practical factors to determine whether one has knowledge or not—so-called “pragmatic encroachment.” I argue that a fuller understanding of reasonableness and of the role of practical factors in the acquisition of knowledge lets us avoid pragmatic encroachment.

Kebutuhan akan suatu tempat yang dapat dijadikan sebagai rumah kantor yang semakin meningkat berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan bisnis didalam suatu negara, salah satunya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Tidak jarang bahwa antara ketersediaan properti dengan kebutuhan ada jurang (gap) yang mengakibatkan peningkatan dan penurunan harga. Permintaan akan properti yang tinggi, jika tidak diikuti penawaran yang seimbang dapat mendorong munculnya bidang-bidang bisnis yang baru. Salah satu bidang bisnis yang berkembang pesat sekarang ini, yaitu bisnis sewa-menyewa rumah kantor yang umumnya terletak di lokasi strategis perkotaan. Dasar hukum sewa menyewa adalah Pasal 1548 KUH Perdata, menyatakan bahwa sewa menyewa adalah suatu perjanjian dengan dimana pihak yang satu mengikatkan dirinya untuk memberikan kepada pihak lainnya kenikmatan dari sesuatu barang, selama suatu waktu tertentu dan dengan pembayaran sesuatu harga, yang oleh pihak tersebut belakangan itu dipenuhi pembayarannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini, yaitu metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual yang mengacu pada bahan-bahan hukum yang relevan dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa : 1) Akibat hukum wanprestasi adalah pemberian ganti rugi, pembatalan perjanjian, peralihan risiko, dan pembayaran ongksos perkara; 2) Formulasi itikad baik dalam perjanjian sewa-menyewa rumah kantor didasarkan pada Pasal 1320 dan Pasal 1338 ayat (3) KUH Perdata yang menekankan pentingnya kepercayaan, kehendak atau kemauan baik dan tanggungjawab penuh para pihak atas kesepakatan yang dibuatnya. Agar supaya itikad baik dalam perjanjian sewa-menyewa dapat diformulasikan lakukan dengan baik, penting untuk dimengerti makna dari itikad baik dalam penafsirannya, dan juga fungsi itikad baik itu dalam suatu perjanjian

El presente ensayo ejercita un análisis alrededor de las dimensiones estético-políticas de la pornografía y la pospornografía como fenómenos centrales de producción y representación de la sexualidad contemporánea. En adscripción a la filosofía queer, que plantea la necesidad de una deconstrucción radical de los estatutos identitarios desplegados en la maquinaria del capitalismo avanzado, se parte de la hipótesis de que el cuerpo, en su condición performativa, se configura como una producción viva de subjetividad política. Dentro de esta perspectiva, aparece una urgencia por el análisis crítico y el agenciamiento de la pornografía como técnica de subjetivación; y es sobre estos terrenos en los que discurrirá el siguiente estudio.

In this paper I provide an exposition and critique of the Organic View of Ethical Status, as outlined by Torrance (2008). A key presupposition of this view is that only moral patients can be moral agents. It is claimed that because artificial agents lack sentience, they cannot be proper subjects of moral concern (i.e. moral patients). This account of moral standing in principle excludes machines from participating in our moral universe. I will argue that the Organic View operationalises anthropocentric intuitions regarding sentience ascription, and by extension how we identify moral patients. The main difference between the argument I provide here and traditional arguments surrounding moral attributability is that I do not necessarily defend the view that internal states ground our ascriptions of moral patiency. This is in contrast to views such as those defended by Singer (1975, 2011) and Torrance (2008), where concepts such as sentience play starring roles. I will raise both conceptual and epistemic issues with regards to this sense of sentience. While this does not preclude the usage of sentience outright, it suggests that we should be more careful in our usage of internal mental states to ground our moral ascriptions. Following from this I suggest other avenues for further exploration into machine moral patiency which may not have the same shortcomings as the Organic View.

This article deals with narratives of traumatic experiences of parental violence in childhood, told by adult narrators in the context of clinical adult attachment interviews. The study rests on a corpus of interviews with 20 patients suffering from fibromyalgia, who were interviewed in the context of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Nine of the patients reported repeated experiences of parental violence. The article focuses on extracts from two interviews, which provide for a maximal contrast concerning the practices of telling experiences of violence and which are ‘clear cases’ of the practices that are characteristic of the whole corpus. The main differences between the different ways of telling concern:• With respect to the ascription of guilt and responsibility, parental violence is portrayed as legitimate pedagogic action versus as being evil-minded and guilty without rational justification.• With respect to the process of the telling, we find narrative trajectories over which an initial vague gloss is increasingly unpacked by reports of highly violent actions versus narratives in which violence is overtly stated and morally ascribed from its very first mention.

This study explores how Omani engineering students utilised coping strategies whereby they negotiated the challenges inherent in studying through the medium of English (EMI) both the students and their teachers utilised several coping strategies to overcome EMI-related problems and difficulties. A qualitative research design with a semi-structured interview with twelve engineering students as the main method of data generation. The interview data were coded thematically and analysed inductively. Key theories were chosen to inform the study design and help in interpreting and understanding the study data. The study seeks to answer the following question: How did Omani engineering students respond to EMI challenges? The data analysis and interpretation are presented according to the emergent themes and a priori themes. The identification of themes offers insights into understanding Omani students’ learning experiences through the medium of English and presenting the participants’ stories about their challenges and difficulties in college. These experiences are categorised and presented here based on the themes rather than through ascription to the individuals to which they relate.

Non-source nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous) from agriculture have created a massive hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. This zone contains no oxygen and is devoid of life. US Department of Agriculture programs provide direct payments to farmers to encourage adoption of practices that reduce nutrient pollution. Paying farmers to change behavior, however, is expensive. Personal and social norms may serve to reduce these payment costs by motivating farmers to take action without external reward. This study explored relationships between three normative concepts (awareness of consequences (AC), ascription of responsibility (AR), subjective norms (SN)) and Illinois farmers' intention to continue participation in conservation without financial compensation. Data were obtained from a mailed questionnaire. Only farmers who were currently being paid to participate in a conservation program were included in the analysis (n = 551). Using norm activation theory and the theory of reasoned action, we hypothesized that SN would be positively related to AC, AR, and conservation intentions without compensation. We also predicted that AC would be positively related to AR, and that AC and AR would be positively related to conservation intentions. All hypotheses were supported. Both personal norms (AC, AR) and social norms (subjective norms) were related to intentions to continue conservation without pay. Behavioral interventions that activate norms may help facilitate conservation without payments. As applied in this study, activating personal and social norms may serve to reduce nutrient pollution from agriculture that is flowing into the Gulf of Mexico and resulting in the hypoxic zone.

In recent years, Iran has been increasingly faced with severe water scarcity. In this regard, participation of farmers in water conservation activities is proposed as one of the major solutions to this problem. Despite extensive efforts to encourage water conservation activities among Iranian farmers, there are still no thorough knowledge and understanding of the determinants of their participatory-based water conservation behaviors (PBWCB). Accordingly, the present study makes an attempt to develop an appropriate theoretical framework using the norm activation theory (NAT) to analyze farmers’ PBWCB. For this purpose, a sample of 378 Iranian farmers is selected using stratified random sampling method. The results show that the variable of personal norms (as the main predictor of behavior in NAT) could predict a significant percentage (55.7%) of the variance in PBWCB. In addition, other variables, including ascription of responsibility, subjective norms, perceived ability, and awareness of consequences, explained 47.8% of its variance as the main determinants of personal moral/norms. Analysis of the total effects of three water conservation values (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values) also revealed that farmers’ PBWCBs are mostly affected by their underlying values. A number of practical recommendations were finally presented to facilitate the implications of the study results for water resource managers, policy-makers, and executives in relevant organizations.

Reconsideration of legal phenomena by legal language means is a typical feature of analytical tradition in the legal philosophy, since legal regulations are expressed not only in language, but are inextricably linked with the linguistic content of rules whilst applying them. Language as a form of communication and representation of the world is a holistic and specific phenomenon, that is localized in speech acts that form subject’s intentions and his further actions. It is necessary to count the meaningful use of signs for the reality perception, that form the language. Legal reality and its language forms are inseparable, and thus, we can learn more deeply the essence of legal phenomena by interpreting legal texts and speech acts that illustrate legal intentions and actions. So in the speech acts theory of J.L. Austin introduces the category of com missives, denoting the obligations declared by the intentions of the person (promise, agree, intend, plan, provide, allow, swear, etc.). In legal language speech acts are used with the purposes of execution, prohibition, coercion for maintenance of a social order, therefore legal discourse has performative character. Performative expressions in legal language are characterized by speech stereotypes due to repetitive procedures (for example, procedural actions in criminal proceedings or court hearings). If it is a question of acts of application of the right, from the point of view of their performative form they have declarative character, that is contain instructions and obligations of legal character. The illocutionary function of these proposals is to form a respectful attitude to the established norms, and the perlocutive force is to impose compliance with these norms. The question of the relation of speech acts and actions in a different context was considered by Gilbert Ryle. Ryle’s key thesis is that the workings of consciousness should not be described as a complex of some point operations, but rather should be understood in the context of observed human behavior. Consciousness is determined by the actions of the subject, not by the construction of metaphysical entities. As a man thinks, so he acts. If the researcher inspects the scene of the accident, the notary certifies the authenticity of the documents drawn up, and the judge gives arguments for the adoption of a legitimate judicial decision, they do not need the whole set of causality relationships in nature, or an explanation that human behavior is completely determined, that he is not free, because he can not control the mental processes in consciousness. H.L.A. Hart defines the essence of legal statements and their ascription of attributing legal value of a particular performative speech acts. The arguments on the specific features of legal statements in the context of the existing concepts of J.L. Austin, J. Searle, H. Hart and their critics.

The question of the moral status of AI and the extent to which that status ought to be recognised by societal institutions is one that has not yet received a satisfactory answer from lawyers. This paper seeks to provide a solution to the problem by defending a moral foundation for the recognition of legal personhood for AI, requiring the status to be granted should a threshold criterion be reached. The threshold proposed will be bare, noumenal agency in the Kantian sense. Agency has been identified by Alan Gewirth as the source of the rights claims of our own species and, at risk of contradiction, is a foundation that must be expanded to all agents or else we contradict the foundation of our own rights. This is something that ought to be recognised through the granting of legal personhood to all noumenal agents by any system that requires such personhood for the enforcement of rights, or else the rule restricting legal personhood cannot be seen as a valid legal norm. Having laid out the case, the paper will move on to defend this natural law conception against the narrower definition of legal personhood proposed by Bryson et al. with regards to AI. It will argue that bare agency is a sufficient, though not necessary, criterion for the ascription of legal personhood in any system that sees the status as necessary for the ascription of legal rights. The paper will conclude by analysing the proposals currently making their way through the legislatures of the UK and European Union. They will be assessed for their compatibility with the claim that a functioning legal system necessarily must recognise the legal personhood of all noumenal agents regardless of their origins, and whether they are future-proofed for the possibility that AI may meet this threshold.

This paper is about translations made by Herberto Helder. The lack of complete references to the sources (except for a few cases) results in doubts about the real existence of the non-Western translated poems and in the possible ascription of the autorship of these poems to Helder himself. Herberto Helder did not include them among in his O bebedor nocturno and in his Poesia toda (1990). In this paper I will analyse the translations of “A criacao da lua”, by the Huni Kuin4, and of “Mulher cobra negra”, by the Gondos from central India.

Invasive neural devices offer novel prospects for motor rehabilitation on different levels of agentive behavior. From a functional perspective, they interact with, support, or enable human intentional actions in such a way that movement capabilities are regained. However, when there is a technical malfunction resulting in an unintended movement, the complexity of the relationship between the end user and the device sometimes makes it difficult to determine who is responsible for the outcome – a circumstance that has been coined as “responsibility gap” in the literature. So far, recent accounts frame this issue around the theme of control but more work is needed to explore the complicated terrain of assigning responsibility for neural device-mediated actions from this control perspective. This paper aims at contributing to this tendency by offering more fine-grained distinctions of how that control capacity is facilitated by the machine and how it can be exercised by the end user. This results in a novel framework that depicts an in-depth exploration of the control aspect of responsibility in a way that incorporates the diversity of relationships between neurotechnologies, the various conditions they treat, and the individual end user’s experience.

This study aims to identify the travelers' attitudes and preferences towards the use of public transport during COVID-19 through the Norm-Activation Model (NAM). A questionnaire survey was designed to assess the traveler's awareness, sense of responsibility, and moral obligations to comply with safety norms or guidelines while using public transport in Lahore, Pakistan. The Structural Equation Modeling method was applied to analyze the collected 1516 complete responses. The survey results and measurement equations confirmed the association between observed and corresponding latent variables. The results of SEM revealed that the travelers' Awareness of Consequences (AC) and Ascription of Responsibility (AR) are positively correlated with Personal Norms (PN), whereas attitudes towards public transport are negatively related to the PN. The perceived behavioral control (PBC) and PN have negative structural correlations with public transport use. However, the attitudes towards public transport are strong predictors of travelers' behavior towards public transport. The current motorcycle users and high-income people have low preferences, whereas current users of public transport modes and middle-income people have high preferences to choose public transport during a pandemic. The travelers' perceived difficulty of complying with safety guidelines while traveling, such as wearing a facemask, use of sanitizers, and maintaining a social distance, have a significant impact on their public transport use. The travelers' better awareness, responsibility, and trust in using public transport may have a strong influence on their preferences towards public transport during a pandemic situation.