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Paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental stratigraphic reconstructions from temperate glaciers are hindered by surface melting and ice metamorphism, which cause mobilization and concentration of impurities, as well as their interaction through englacial reactions. Despite meltwater intrusions, other impurities such as pollen grains and other palynomorphs remain to their original depth of deposition thanks to their large grain size. Temperate glaciers close to vegetated areas, therefore, can include palynomorphs of different types that i) can be reliable annual markers for ice-core dating and, ii) allow reconstructing paleoenvironmental changes through time. The Adamello Glacier (Central Alps, Italy) is a temperate glacier that extends over ca 14.35 km2 (2020) at elevations ranging between 2560 and 3420 m a.s.l. In the framework of the CLIMADA Project, a 224 m long ice core (ADA 270) was recovered in 2021 from Pian di Neve, the summit plateau at about 3200 m a.s.l. in the accumulation area of the glacier. Preliminary estimates date the surface ice of the glacier to the 1980s while the bottom of the core might be Medieval in age. Radionuclide-based dating (3H, 14C, 137Cs, 210Pb) is in progress. The multiproxy approach adopted in this study includes black carbon, dust grain size and mineralogy, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes and palynomorphs, these last being the main object of this work. Given the site location, the palaeoecological signal is believed to be of regional significance. Despite the stratigraphy may not be preserved for some soluble chemical species, the core contains a high variety of palynomorphs, which allow the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental and paleoclimatic variations at subannual resolution. The mean ice accumulation rate is about 0.9 m w.eq. yr-1. Consequently, the mean sampling resolution adopted for the palynomorph study is 0.1 m, increased to 0.01 m in specific intervals. Palynomorphs are mainly found in layers representing the spring-sum

Introduction: The International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom) developed updated recommendations for the management of avalanche victims. Methods: ICAR MedCom created Population Intervention Comparator Outcome (PICO) questions and conducted a scoping review of the literature. We evaluated and graded the evidence using the American College of Chest Physicians system. Results: We included 120 studies including original data in the qualitative synthesis. There were 45 retrospective studies (38%), 44 case reports or case series (37%), and 18 prospective studies on volunteers (15%). The main cause of death from avalanche burial was asphyxia (range of all studies 65–100%). Trauma was the second most common cause of death (5–29%). Hypothermia accounted for few deaths (0–4%). Conclusions and recommendations: For a victim with a burial time ≤ 60 minutes without signs of life, presume asphyxia and provide rescue breaths as soon as possible, regardless of airway patency. For a victim with a burial time > 60 minutes, no signs of life but a patent airway or airway with unknown patency, presume that a primary hypothermic CA has occurred and initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) unless temperature can be measured to rule out hypothermic cardiac arrest. For a victim buried > 60 minutes without signs of life and with an obstructed airway, if core temperature cannot be measured, rescuers can presume asphyxia-induced CA, and should not initiate CPR. If core temperature can be measured, for a victim without signs of life, with a patent airway, and with a core temperature < 30 °C attempt resuscitation, regardless of burial duration.

Ice-covered surfaces of the planet are a pristine glimpse on the climate history of the Earth. Their capability to reflect the solar radiation affects the energy budget through time, so that paleoclimatic information recorded in polar and mountain glaciers tell a story about climate and environmental changes. Climate variations are a glaring reality due to a progressive climate warming that has been observed since the 1950s. The latest 2022 IPCC report [1], highlights the worrying state of the entire cryosphere health. Mid-latitude glaciers, e.g., are highly sensitive to the current atmospheric warming, which is seriously compromising the quality of the signal preserved in the ice. Mineral dust aerosol in atmosphere can alter the Earth’s energy budget interacting with the solar electromagnetic radiation. The dust settled on glaciers surfaces varies the ice capability to reflect the incident radiation, so that a major portion of it is absorbed as a function of Light Absorbing Impurity (LAI) concentration, mineralogical composition, LAI shapes etc. Depending on formation sites different minerals have different optical properties, affecting cryosphere mechanisms in a way that has to be further investigated. Ice core studies from mid-latitude mountain glaciers are essential to infer recent climate variability and anthropogenic impact on a regional scale. In the scientific literature, various imaging non-destructive systems extract e.g. information from visual stratigraphy of ice cores [2]. Advanced techniques can further be developed to improve the accuracy of ice cores measurements, pursuing the preservation of such precious achieves. The aim of this work is to apply different approaches to improve the understanding and climate simulation models regarding ice optical properties and feedback mechanisms, focusing on mineral dust and ice internal features. First, a non destructive system based on a hyperspectral imaging sensor is used to analyze optical properties of ice

Mineral dust aerosol plays an important role in climate and biogeochemical processes by providing nutrients to marine and terrestrial ecosystems and by influencing the radiation balance of the atmosphere. In turn, mineral dust responds to natural and anthropogenic alterations of land cover and land use resulting from several environmental changes that occurred on different timescales. Contamination by aerosols is a very tangible threat to the cryosphere in the European Alps due to its proximity to highly urbanized areas, cultivated landscapes, and the largest hot desert in the world. We recently developed and assembled a continuous flow analysis system for studying the solid content of ice cores with a high time resolution, focusing on optical characterization methods based on light scattering. The line is designed to provide an integrated measurement of dust particles with Single-Particle Extinction and Scattering (SPES), digital holography, and an optical particle sizer (Abakus). Many of the particles found in ice are efficient scatterers and absorbers close to the size range of the visible light wavelength. We report some preliminary results from ice cores drilled during the ADA270 project, aiming at an in-depth characterization of the samples that provide essential information on the fast climate evolution, which is causing a severe degeneration of glaciers, among other consequences.

There is much information to be derived from the airborne dust that can be found in ice cores, especially about the aerosol composition and sources, including the characteristics of the atmosphere of several thousands of years ago. There is, in fact, much still to learn about both the data that can be retrieved and how to interpret them with appropriate models. One of the most striking aspects of these tiny particles is the effect their shape alone has on their scattering and absorption properties, which translate into a contribution to the Earth radiative transfer, especially at the wavelength scale. We show that aggregates of several particles behave differently from compact particles, and non-isometric compact particles can be clearly distinguished from isometric particles as their non-sphericity increases. We report the advances in this direction based on light scattering measurements on the dust content of ice cores drilled from Dome C and Dome B in Antarctica as part of the EPICA project, and provide a physical interpretation in terms of the known models in the field of light scattering by small particles.

We describe an optical approach based on Digital Holography for single-particle characterization of mineral dust and micrometric particles, focusing on the analysis of airborne particles in meltwater from Antarctic ice cores. We record the holograms formed by the superposition of the transilluminating reference beam and the waves scattered by single particles. Taking a cue from recent approaches in the field and holography methods, we process the holograms to recover both optical and morphological properties of single dust grains. As a considerable advantage over traditional light-scattering-based methods, holograms give the extinction cross section of each particle and, by numerically reconstructing the wavefront propagation, an unambiguous image of each particle whereby we derive its cross-sectional shape and size. Measurements have been carried out on samples collected from the recent EAIIST (East Antarctic International Ice Sheet Traverse) project, some of which show evidence of volcanic events. The vast majority of the detected particles show significant deviations from the isometric shape, as confirmed by both image reconstruction and extinction cross section analysis. By our analysis, we observe that experimental data have an extinction cross section up to 3 times lower than that of spherical particles with the same volume. Therefore, these deviations have an appreciable impact on the aerosol contribution to radiative forcing: retrieving particle shape may improve the modeling of the radiative properties of mineral dust and reduce the associated uncertainties.

In this work, calcareous nannofossils are identified for the first time in the uppermost Triassic sequence of the Lombardy Basin (Southern Calcareous Alps, Italy). Two zones are recognized, namely the NT2b (latest Triassic) and the NJT1 (earliest Jurassic). Two species resulted to be good markers to constrain the TJB interval: Prinsiosphaera triassica and Schizosphaerella punctulata. Nannofossil data are calibrated with C isotopic chemostratigraphy obtained for carbonate and organic matter. Size reduction of P. triassica and a decline in the abundance of Triassic nannofossils are detected soon after the "precursor Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE) and culminated during the "initial negative CIE" characterized by lowest nannofossil abundances and small-sized P. triassica. The extinction of Triassic nannofossils occurred in distinctive steps within the "initial negative CIE", while the Jurassic S. punctulata is first observed at the base of the "main negative CIE". The latest Triassic nannofossil decline in abundance, size reduction and extinctions, represent a progressive deterioration associated to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) volcanism. Our findings are consistent with nannofossil changes at supraregional scale and indicate that the massive CAMP flood basalts were preceded by initial volcanic pulses. We speculate that a combination of climate change, fertilization and ocean acidification started to influence the calcification process prior to the "initial negative CIE". Nannoplankton extinctions were not simultaneous and might imply limited capacity for adaptation in the early stages of evolutionary history. However, originations of new taxa soon after the disappearance of Triassic forms suggest the ability to rapidly overcame extreme stressing conditions.