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Research Areas: Agriculture Arthrospira platensis has emerged as a novel protein feed source since it contains high protein level and quality. However, this microalga presents a recalcitrant cell wall and its main proteins form protein-pigment complexes attached to the thylakoid membrane. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of mechanical/physical pretreatments (bead milling, extrusion, freeze-drying, heating, microwave and sonication) on A. platensis protein solubility. Total protein content and solubility were assessed by Bradford method and SDS-PAGE quantification. Protein degradation was assessed through quantification of protein fractions (18–26 kDa, 40–48 kDa and others) in SDS-PAGE gels. Peptide formation was evaluated using the o-phthaldialdehyde assay. The results showed a decrease in total protein content in the supernatant with extrusion (0.07 to 1.42 mg/mL) and microwave pretreatments, and in the pellet with extrusion. Therefore, extrusion, followed by microwave, was the most effective pretreatment for A. platensis proteins denaturation and solubility. It is suggested that the extrusion process cause an irreversible denaturation and aggregation of the major microalga proteins (c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin), with a strong decrease in their solubility. Therefore, extrusion could increase the bioaccessibility of A. platensis proteins and enable the incorporation of this microalga at higher levels in monogastric diets info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Many items have impacts on recombinant protein production in making it affordable, the most important of which is host with its characteristics such as compatibility, yields, expression system, costs, environmental effects, etc. Humans have been using spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) algae for centuries. It enjoys features which propose it as a golden host cell. Although several researches have been conducted to develop a stable and reliable transformation system, only a few projects meet the need. The aim of current paper was to focus on spirulina transformation researches. So reason to select the host and procedures to optimize a transformation system were given.

Nanotechnology grows rapidly and has potential applications in manyareas such as industry, agriculture, business and medicine. So studyingits effects and cell toxicity invitro and invivo was very important recentissue. in this study, silver nanoparticles synthesized by biological ways(green synthesis) using Arthrospira sp filtrate showed more safe patternon the experimental animals according to AgNPs concentration used andthis was confirmed using biochemical assays and histology samples ofkidney and liver. Biogenic silver nanoparticles recorded safety andenvironmentally friendship that made it a promising tool in drugdelivery in the field of medicine.

rthrospira sp. is an aquatic and photosynthetic microorganism that is extensively employed as a food supplement due to its rich contents of nutrients, proteins, and carbohydrates. In this study, a local strain of cyanobacterium of the genus Arthrospira was isolated from the Iraqi soil, in the region of Mosul city, using the Chu’s Medium No. 10. The growth rate, as well as the effects on biomass and cellular component contents of proteins, carbohydrates, and chlorophyll of this strain, were evaluated on the molasses medium alone or supplemented with iron, copper, nickel, cadmium and cobalt salts after fifteen days of incubation. The results showed that the best growth rate (1.09 OD), the highest value of biomass (120.0 mg/l), proteins content (297.2 mg/l), chlorophyll content (14.9 mg/l) and carbohydrates content (400.0 mg/l) of Arthrospira sp. was achieved after fifteen days of incubation. Generally, it was observed that adding iron, copper, nickel, cadmium, and cobalt salts into the molasses medium increased the contents of biomass, proteins, and carbohydrates of Arthrospira sp.. It was noticed that the highest biomass concentration (1960 mg/l) was obtained when Arthrospira sp. grown on molasses medium supplemented with nickel. Also, none of the metal salts added to the molasses medium increased the protein content of Arthrospira sp.. Conversely, adding copper, nickel, and cobalt to the medium showed an adverse effect on the protein content. It was shown that adding iron metal salts into the molasses medium increased the carbohydrates and the chlorophyll contents of Arthrospira sp.. These results suggest that Arthrospira sp. can be utilized for the bioremediation of heavy metals pollution in the environment and industrial sites.

Spirulina je komercijalni naziv za nitaste cijanobakterije iz roda Arthrospira koje obitavaju u suptropskim i tropskim područjima. Vrste iz navedenog roda imaju bogatu povijest kao jedne od ključnih sastavnica u prehrani ljudi s navedenih područja. U novije vrijeme provode se mnoga istraživanja o pozitivnim učincima spiruline kako u prehrambene tako i u medicinske svrhe što dovodi do porasta zainteresiranosti i u ljudi iz drugih dijelova svijeta. Kako bi se zadovoljili zahtjevi potrošača potrebno je osigurati dovoljne količine spiruline odgovarajućim metodama uzgoja. Iako je dokazano da spirulina ima određene dobrobiti za zdravlje preporučeno je ne prelaziti dozvoljenu granicu unosa iste zbog mogućih nuspojava. Cilj rada je prikupiti i sustavno prikazati podatke o spirulini te hranidbenoj vrijednosti i zdravstvenim benefitima vrsta iz roda Arthrospira. Spirulina is the commercial name for filamentous cyanobacteria from Arthrospira genus inhabiting subtropical and tropical areas. Species from the aforementioned genus have a rich history as some of the key components in the diet of people from those areas. Lately, a lot of research has been conducted regarding the positive effects of spirulina for both food and health purposes, which has led to an increase in interest in people from other parts of the world. In order to meet the demands of consumers it is necessary to provide sufficient amounts of spirulina with appropriate cultivation methods. Although spirulina provides certain benefits for human health, it is recommended not to exceed the permitted intake limit due to possible side effects. The aim of this paper is to collect and systematically show information on nutritional values and health benefits of species from genus Arthrospira.

In the last decades, several plant-based materials were used for the substitution of fish meal and oil in aquaculture. The present study evaluated the fish quality and the sensory differences of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) from three different feeding groups, which were fed a commercially available industrial (standard) diet, a control diet, and a special microorganism-based feed mix. This feed mainly consisted of a mix made of Rhodotorula glutinis, Crypthecodinium cohnii, and Arthrospira sp. and had 50% less fish meal and fish oil compared to typical control diets. At the beginning, the pike-perch population was six months old, and the rainbow trout population was 15 months old. The feeding study duration was 16 weeks and every four weeks the growth performance and several morphometric parameters were recorded. Afterwards, sensory evaluation took place to identify possible trends. Sensory evaluation revealed that the rainbow trout groups did not show any significant differences to the standard and control fish fillets with regard to odor, texture, and taste. The effects on rainbow trout growth performances and carcass parameters were similar to the standard group. The feed mix was not optimal for pike-perch farming, which was also reflected by significantly adversely affected growth performance and carcass parameters. The sensorial evaluation showed an opposite trend: here, only small differences in the fillets from the feed mix and standard/control diet were observed.

Recently, microalgae cultivation for different applications, including the production of nutritional and pharmaceutical active compounds has received increasing attention. Among the different genera, Spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) is one of the most promising blue-green microalgae (Cyanophyta) because it is rich in antioxidants, essential amino acids (EAAs), minerals, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins. It has a high protein content (60-70% of the dry weight), which is a complete protein, i.e. containing all EAAs. Therefore, Spirulina is currently a commercial product with high nutritional value and also a significant source of complementary and alternative medicine. The objective of the present work was to review the pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of Spirulina, especially its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-toxicity properties. The results were obtained from experiments in the literature performed in vitro and in vivo using experimental animals. The main reported active ingredients in Spirulina include phycocyanin, tocopherol, β-carotene, caffeic acids and chlorogenic acid, which showed individual or synergetic effects. In addition, the present review discusses the future perspectives of genetically modified Spirulina as a source for industrial products while producing valuable biomass photoautotrophically. Furthermore, the consequent environmental impacts of large-scale cultivation of Spirulina are discussed. Recientemente, el cultivo de microalgas para diferentes aplicaciones, incluida la producción de compuestos activos nutricionales y farmacéuticos, está recibiendo una atención cada vez mayor. Entre los diferentes géneros, Spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) es una de las microalgas azul-verde más prometedoras (Cyanophyta) porque es rica en antioxidantes, aminoácidos esenciales (EAAs), minerales, proteínas, ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y vitaminas. Tiene un alto contenido de proteína (60-70% del peso seco) es una proteína completa, es decir, contiene todos los EAAs. Por lo tanto, la Spirulina es actualmente un producto comercial con alto valor nutricional y también una fuente importante parala medicina complementaria y alternativa. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar las aplicaciones farmacéuticas y terapéuticas de Spirulina, especialmente propiedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, anticancerígenas, antimicrobianas, antidiabéticas, antiobesidad y antitóxicas. Los resultados se obtienen a partir de trabajos experimentales realizados in vitro e in vivo utilizando animales de experimentación. Los principales ingredientes activos reportados en Spirulina incluyen ficocianina, tocoferol, β-caroteno, ácidos caféicos y clorogénico que mostraron efectos individuales o sinérgicos. Además, en la presente revisión se discute las perspectivas futuras de la Spirulina genéticamente modificada como fuente de productos industriales, al mismo tiempo que se produce una valiosa biomasa fotoautotrófica. Además, se discutieron los impactos ambientales consiguientes del cultivo a gran escala de la Spirulina.

© . This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The buoyancy suppression by low energy sonication (LES) treatment (0.8 W·mL-1, 20 kHz, 10 s) has recently been proposed as an initial harvesting step for Arthrospira sp. This paper aims to describe the structural changes in Arthrospira sp. after LES treatment and to present how these structural changes affect the results obtained by different analytical techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of trichomes evidenced the gas vesicles rupture but also revealed a rearrangement of thylakoids and more visible phycobilisomes were observed. Differences between treated and untreated samples were detected by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and optical microscopy but not by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After LES treatment, 2-fold increase in autofluorescence at 610/660 nm was measured (phycocyanin/allophycocyanin emission wavelengths) and a ten-fold decrease in side scatter light intensity (due to a reduction of trichome’s inner complexity). This was further confirmed by optical microscopy showing changes on trichomes appearance (from wrinkled to smooth).

We determined the genome sequence of Arthrospira sp. PCC 8005, a cyanobacterial strain of great interest to the European Space Agency for its nutritive value and oxygenic properties in the Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) biological life support system for long-term manned missions into space.

An increasing number of cancer patients worldwide, especially in third world countries, have raised concern to explore natural drug resources, such as the less explored fresh water filamentous cyanobacteria. Six strains of cyanobacteria (Phormidium sp. CCC727, Geitlerinema sp. CCC728, Arthrospira sp. CCC729, Phormidium sp. CCC731, Phormidium sp. CCC730, and Leptolyngbya sp. CCC732) were isolated (paddy fields and ponds in the Banaras Hindu University, campus) and five strains screened for anticancer potential using human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29) and human kidney adenocarcinoma (A498) cancer cell lines. Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 were the most potent as determined by examination of morphological features and by inhibition of growth by graded concentrations of crude extracts and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) eluates. Cell cycle analysis and multiplex assays using cancer biomarkers also confirmed Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 as cancer drug resources. Apoptotic studies in the cells of A498 (cancer) and MCF-10A (normal human epithelial) exposed to crude extracts and TLC fractions revealed no significant impact on MCF-10A cells emphasizing its importance in the development of anticancer drug. Identification of biomolecules from these extracts are in progress.

Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira sp.) es una cianobacteria filamentosa no diferenciada, habitante de lagos alcalinos, que se cultiva para consumo humano debido a su contenido nutricional. En México, el consumo de esta cianobacteria se remonta a tiempos prehispánicos, cuando era conocida como tecuitlatl, siendo conocida como dihé por las tribus nativas de la región del lago de Chad, en África. En los últimos años se le han atribuido diversos efectos positivos en el tratamiento de algunos tipos de alergias, anemia, cáncer, enfermedades virales y cardiovasculares. Muchas de sus propiedades son consecuencia de la presencia de pigmentos como las ficobiliproteínas y los carotenoides, así como de otros compuestos como polisacáridos, ácidos grasos (destacando el ácido gama linoleico), proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. Las propiedades y aplicaciones de este organismo hacen de él un alimento "promotor de la salud" o "nutracéutico". Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira sp.) is a non-differentiated filamentous cyanobacteria common in alkaline lakes and is cultivated for food because of its high nutritional value. In Mexico, it has been used as food since Prehispanic times, when it was known as tecuitlatl. At present time, this cyanobacteria was described In Africa, native tribes from the Chad Lake region have consumed and called it dihé. In recent years, many properties it was attributed to it for the treatment of allergies, anemia, cancer, virus and cardiovascular diseases. Many of its properties could be attributed to the presence of pigments like phycobiliproteins and carotenoids, as well as other compounds such as polysaccharides, fatty acids (specially gamma linoleic acid), proteins, vitamins and minerals. The properties and applications of this organism make of it a functional food or nutraceutic. Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira sp.) é uma cianobactéria filamentosa não diferenciada, habitante de lagos alcalinos, que se cultiva para consumo humano devido ao seu conteúdo nutricional. No México, o consumo de esta cianobactéria se remonta a tempos prehispânicos, quando era conhecida como tecuitlatl, sendo conhecida como dihé pelas tribus nativas da região do lago de Chad, na Africa. Nos últimos anos lhe têm sido atribuido diversos efeitos positivos no tratamento de alguns tipos de alergias, anemia, câncer, enfermidades virais e cardiovasculares. Muitas de suas propriedades são consequência da presença de pigmentos como as ficobiliproteínas e os carotenóides, assim como de outros compostos como polissacarídeos, ácidos graxos (destacando o ácido gama-linoléico), proteínas, vitaminas e minerais. As propriedades e aplicações de este organismo fazem dele um alimento «promotor da saúde» o «nutracêutico».