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Diagnosis of socio-environmental effects due to noise in cocoa processing of the CAORO corporation at Río Negro site Autores: Yuri Patricio Espinoza Aguilar yespinoza@utmachala.edu.ec Alex Dumany Luna Florin adluna@utmachala.edu.ec Maria Belén Buele Calderón mbbuele_est@utmachala.edu.ec Filiación: Universidad Técnica de Machala Km.5 1/2 Via Machala Pasaje 2983362 - 2983365 - 2983363 - 2983364 utmachala@utmachala.edu.ec Resumen En el sector Río Negro perteneciente a la parroquia La Victoria del cantón Santa Rosa, la corporación CAORO (Corporación Agroexportadora El Oro) ha venido desarrollando la actividad de la compra de cacao donde se realiza la fermentación y secado del mismo para la comercialización a nivel nacional y posterior exportación, esta actividad presenta impactos sociales y ambientales los cuales se darán a conocer en la presente investigación. Entre los impactos sociales se encontró que los trabajadores están expuestos por un periodo de tiempo extenso al ruido con decibeles que superan los límites permisibles establecidos en el Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria Medio Ambiental, lo que a futuro le puede causar un riesgo a la salud como nerviosismo y sordera. En los impactos ambientales se observó que el ruido afecta a las aves terrestres como Furnarius cinnamomeus, Dives warszewiczi, Ara chloroptera, Eastern bluebird, Columba livia, Turdus merula, del sector causando que se perturben en la búsqueda de alimentos por estar siempre alerta a los depredadores, también algunas aves modificaban su comportamiento natural al trinar en este entorno ruidoso. Las vibraciones generadas por la maquinaria utilizada tienen efectos adversos en la salud del trabajador que habita en la corporación, causando espondilitis, calcificación de discos e incluso menor habilidad manual. En la fauna las vibraciones causan daños mecánicos al aparato digestivo y sistemas respiratorios, además desorientación puesto que cada animal tiene una vibración específica de energía que los ayuda a comunicarse entre sí.

A 32-year-old green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera) was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on progressive lymphocytosis and the presence of a monomorphic population of well-differentiated lymphocytes in the bone marrow of a clinically normal bird. Chemotherapy was initiated because of rapidly increasing peripheral lymphocyte counts. In addition to oral prednisone (1 mg/kg once daily), oral chlorambucil (1 mg/kg twice weekly) was initiated but was discontinued after 6 weeks because of thrombocytopenia. The leukocyte count was stabilized for 29 weeks with the concurrent use of oral cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg 4 d/wk) and daily prednisone, and the bird exhibited a good quality of life. The bird died shortly after the chemotherapy was inadvertently discontinued. The neoplastic cells from this macaw stained positive for CD-3 antibody and negative for Bla.36, suggesting the leukemia was of T-cell origin. This is the first report of long-term treatment of a macaw with cyclophosphamide and documents thrombocytopenia in a macaw secondary to chlorambucil treatment.

Proventricular dilatation disease is a viral disease seen as a segmental neuropathy in parrots. It has always been believed to be a disease exotic to Australia, with the only reported case being a legally imported Green Wing Macaw (Ara chloroptera) in 1993. This paper reports a cluster of cases seen in south-east Queensland in 2005 to 2006. Clinical signs, autopsy findings and histopathological findings are described. No pattern or common source for these cases could be identified. The implications for Australian aviculture and avifauna are discussed.

The selection of molecular markers for population studies is an important tool for biodiversity conservation. The family Psittacidae contains many endangered and vulnerable species and we tested three kinds of molecular markers for their potential use in population studies of five psitacid species: 43 hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), 42 blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna), 23 red-and-green macaws (Ara chloroptera), 19 red-spectacled amazons (Amazona pretrei); and 18 red-tailed amazons (Amazona brasiliensis). We tested 21 clones from a genomic library of golden conure (Guarouba guarouba) minisatellites and 12 pairs of microsatellite primers developed for the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and A. hyacinthinus. We also tested seven tetranucleotide repeat primers for their ability to amplify regions between microsatellite loci (inter simple sequence repeats, ISSRs). We were able to select seven markers that were variable in different degrees for three species (A. hyacinthinus, A. chloroptera and A. ararauna). The mini and microsatellites produced more polymorphic patterns than the ISSRs. The genetic variability of the species studied seems to be correlated with their endangered status.

Chromosomes obtained from feather tissues of 14 species of Brazilian Psittacidae were analyzed by Giemsa conventional staining and the karyotypes of Ara chloroptera, Propyrrhura maracana and Nandayus nenday are presented for the first time. The remaining species showed no chromosome differences when compared with previous literature data. Two basic karyotype patterns were observed. A karyotype pattern is mostly characterized by biarmed macrochromosomes, while in the other one most macrochromosomes are telocentrics.

A manutencao de aves em cativeiro reune condicoes que favorecem a disseminacao de doencas infecciosas, sendo a Salmonella uma dessas doencas infecciosas que acomete os psitacideos. Portanto o objetivo do presente estudo foi isolar e identificar Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes mantidos em criatorios comerciais e conservacionistas da Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza. Para o estudo, foram coletados swabs cloacais de 182 psitacideos clinicamente sadios. Os resultados mostraram que tres psitacideos avaliados (1,65%) foram positivos: Amazona aestiva (Salmonella Lexington), Ara chloroptera (Salmonella Saintpaul) e Melopsittacus undulatus (Salmonella Newport). De acordo com a literatura cientifica, nao ha registro desses sorotipos em psitacideos. Esta pesquisa evidenciou uma baixa prevalencia de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes mantidos em criatorios comerciais e conservacionistas da Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza.

Documentation of the psittacine paranasal sinuses has been limited. To provide more published detail, spiral computed tomography (CT) was used to scan the cephalic and cervical region from cadavers of 10 psittacine birds (Ara ararauna, Ara chloroptera, Ara macao, and Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Skeletal studies, histologic examinations, and evaluation of deep-frozen sections and anatomic preparations confirmed the results of the CT scans. New morphologic details of the paranasal sinus and some compartments were discovered. The paranasal sinuses of these macaws consist of two unpaired rostral compartments, followed caudally by eight paired compartments. Histologic examinations revealed that the walls of the paranasal sinuses consist of flat or cubic monolayer epithelium with underlying connective tissue. The described method of CT examination of these macaws, especially the positioning, scan orientation and parameters, and documentation of the normal paranasal sinus, provides a basis for future clinical use of CT.

Summary Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia from 52 macaws of four species of the genera Anodorhynchus and Ara in order to establish electrocardiographic reference values. The birds examined were clinically healthy macaws of the following species: hyacinth macaw (HM; Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, n = 14); green-winged macaw (GWM; Ara chloroptera, n = 11); blue-throated macaw (BTM; Ara glaucogularis, n = 15); and red-fronted macaw (RFM; Ara rubrogenys, n = 12). All ECGs were recorded using a paper speed of 50 mm/s and a calibration of 10 mm = 1 mV. Significant differences were determined between species for the heart rate, duration and amplitude of the P wave, amplitude of the T wave, and amplitude of the QRS complex, specially comparing the RFM to the other macaw species. No significant differences were found between two species of similar body weight: the HM and the GWM.

This research aimed to establish reference values for hemogram and clinical biochemistry, aiming at to evaluating the liver function of healthy macaws ( Ara sp .), with the influence of species on the blood constituents, in order to contribute to the health monitoring of this species kept in ecological farms in the state of Bahia (Brazil). We used forty-five blood samples from three distinct species: green-winged macaw ( Ara chloroptera ), blue-and-yellow macaw ( Ara ararauna ) and scarlet macaws ( Ara macao ). A total of 3.5 mL of blood was collected from the ulnar vein of each bird: 1.5 mL was placed in tubes containing EDTA, to carry out the hemogram, and 2.0 mL of blood without anticoagulant was used to obtain serum, for the biochemical analysis. The averages obtained for the blood of the genus Ara were PCV: 2.74 ± 0.48 x10 6 /?L; VG: 36.8 ± 5.56%; Hb: 15.4 ± 2.42 g/dL; thrombocytes:9,580 ± 2,850 x10 3 /?L; leukocyte count: 5,340 ± 3,580/?L; lymphocytes: 1,408.8 ± 1,020.7/?L; heterophils: 3,252.0 ± 2,026.3/?L; monocytes: 169.1 ± 227.5/?L; basophils: 34.2 ± 72.3/?L; eosinophils: 186.9 ± 183.9/?L. The results of the serum biochemical parameters were activity of the enzymes AST 67.6 ± 12.8 IU/L; CK 77.9 ± 44.6 IU/L; LDH 240.1 ± 85.6 IU/L; cholesterol 160.3 ± 34.8 mg/dL; triglycerides 111.8 ± 58.6 mg/dL; glucose 228.5 ± 38.1 mg/dL and total proteins: 3.37 ± 0.8 g/dL. Significant differences (p

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Several Psittacidae species, as those of Ara genus, have biological characteristics frequently associate with extinction risk. These include corporal size, specialized food preferences, low rate of population growth, restricted habitat and geographic dispersal. Genetic studies are important tools because they provide helpfulness for the conservation of those species with high extinction risks. Microsatellite markers are frequently used in population and conservation studies, and are usually isolated from the genome of the targeted species or of the related species. The main goal of this study was evaluate the genetic variation of Ara chloroptera inhabiting a touristic area, named Buraco das Araras, in Mato Grosso do Sul. For such way, six microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized and were useful to assess the genetic variation of Ara chloroptera and presented also a good value to study other Neotropical parrot. The studied population showed a genetic variation value comparable to that previously observed in a non endangered congeneric species. A significant Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium was detected, probably related to migrants. It was hypothesized the occurrence a throughout of the years alternation of visiting individuals. The Buraco das Araras constitutes a favorable and helpful environment for reproduction and food of the red-and-green macaw and species conservation. Certas espécies de psitacídeos possuem uma série de características normalmente associadas ao risco de extinção, como grande tamanho corporal, pequena diversidade de itens alimentares, alta especificidade de hábitat, pequena taxa de crescimento populacional e distribuição geográfica restrita, como o gênero Ara. Estudos genéticos são importantes ferramentas para auxiliar a conservação de espécies sob risco de extinção. Um dos marcadores moleculares mais utilizados é o microssatélite, o qual deve ser isolado da própria espécie ou de espécies correlatas. O objetivo principal desse estudo foi avaliar a variação genética de uma população de Ara chloroptera que habita uma região turística do Mato Grosso de Sul, conhecida por Buraco das Araras. Para tanto foram identificados e caracterizados seis locos de microssatélites na espécie, os quais foram úteis para acessar a variação genética e também apresentaram potencial para utilização em estudos com outros psitacídeos neotropicais. A população estudada apresentou uma variabilidade genética comparável a observada em uma espécie congenérica não ameaçada. Mostrouse significativamente em desequilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, provavelmente devido aos imigrantes detectados. Foi hipotetizada a ocorrência de alternância de indivíduos visitantes ao através dos anos. O Buraco das Araras proporciona um ambiente favorável para reprodução e alimentação da arara vermelha, ajudando na conservação da espécie.

This report describes a case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera), confirmed by microbiologic and pathologic diagnostics, and notes a possible human–avian transmission. Clinical signs included cutaneous swellings, profound leukocytosis, and signs of osteomyelitis in the long bones. Proliferation consisted of several nodules with small greenish-caseous foci in cross-section and revealed a severe granulomatous inflammation with intralesional acid-fast rods. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from subcutaneous nodules and biochemically confirmed. The disease in avian species is of zoonotic importance.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the eyelid, skin, tongue, and lungs of a green-winged macaw ( Ara chloroptera ). Two persons living in the same household were culture positive for pulmonary tuberculosis 3 to 4 years before tuberculosis was diagnosed in the bird. Although humans have not been shown to acquire tuberculosis from birds, an infected bird may be a sentinel for human infection.

Estudaram-se de agosto de 1977 a junho de 1979 16 espécies de Psitacídeos na região do Núcleo Pioneiro Humboldt (10019' S, 590 12' W), alto rio Aripuanã, MT, Brasil. Verificou-se que diferentes tamanhos de corpo e peso dão acesso a espectros alimentares diferentes. Com respeito ao peso, as 16 espécies podem ser divididas em quatro grupos:55 até 110g: Tuit huetii, Pyrrhura picta, Brotogeris chrysopterus, Pyrrhura rhodogaster, Aratinga weddellii.140 até 300g: Aratinga leucophthalmus, Pionopsitta barrabandi, Pionus menstruus, Deroptyus accipitrinus.360 até 600g: Ara severa, Ara manilata, Amazona ochrocephala, Amazona farinosa.950 até 1350g: Ara ararauna, Ara macao, Ara chloroptera.As estratégias alimentares variam dentro de cada grupo de peso: Ara manilata é especialista puro, Tuit huetti, Brotogeris chrysopterus, Pionopsitta barrabandi, Ara severa e Ara ararauna são especialistas parciais. Os especialistas parciais têm bicos relativamente compridos e estreitos. Com respeito às proporções do bico, Brotogerischrysopterus é mais especializado do que Tuit huetii no mesmo grupo de peso.As espécies muito próximas morfologicamente, como Ara chloroptera e Ara macao ou Pyrruhura rhodogaster e Pyrrhura picta, podem ser reconhecidas principalmente pelo modo com que exploram o habitat. Ara chloroptera se encontra nas estratos superiores da floresta, junto às copas de árvores muito altas, com maior freqüência do que Ara macao. Pyrrhura rhodogaster visita mais freqüentemente matas densas e vegetação secundária do que Pyrrhura picta. Diferenças sazonais de abundância e épocas diferentes de reprodução separam as duas espécies de Amazona. Amazona ochrocephala é mais comum e inclusive cria os seus filhotes na época seca, enquanto que Amazona farinosa reproduz e se torna mais comum na época chuvosa. From August 1977 to July 1979 16 species of parrots were studied at the Nucleo Pioneiro Humboldt (100 19' S, 59012' W), on the upper Aripuanã river, in state of the Mato Grosso, Brazil. Special attention was directed to mechanisms of resource-patitioning between species.It was evident that different size and weight give access to different food-items. Referring to weight, the 16 species can be divided into four groups:Feeding strategies are different within groups: Ara manilata is a pure specialist; Tuit huetii, Brotogeris chrysopterus, pionopsitta barrabandi, Ara severa and Ara ararauna are partial specialists and have relatively long and marrow beaks. With regard to beak proportion, Brotogeris chrysopterus is more specialized than Tuit huetii en the same group of weight.Species of very similar morphology, such as Ara chloroptera and Ara macao or Pyrrhura rhodogaster and Pyrrhura picta differ in the way they way they use their habitat. Ana chloroptera is observed in the upper layers of forest, near the highest tree tops, more often than Ara macao, Pyrrhura rhodogaster visits dense forest and growth more frequently than Pyrrhura picta. Seasonal differences in abundance and different breeding seasons separate the two Amazona species. Amazona ochrocephala is more common and rears its youngs in the dry season, whereas Amazona farinosa is reproducing and getting commoner in the rainy season.If differences of one single niche-dimension do not clearly separate the species, a separation will be possible by using a combination of various dimensions.Plants which produce a great amount of food in a short period of time show a special phenomenon: in such food-plants intra- and interspecific aggression between parrots is suppressed, and it even is possible to observe intra- and interspecific attraction. In this way big groups composed of individuals of various species profit from the rich food supply which otherwise would be wasted to a grest extent. Paticularly P. menstruus and both species of Pyrrhura are "specialized" for such food-plants.