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The objective of this study was to evaluate methods of breaking dormancy in Sesbania punicea seeds for seedling production. The treatments used were control, manual scarification for 40 s, manual scarification for 60 s, thermal scarification and chemical scarification. After the treatments were carried out, the seeds were placed to germinate at 25 ºC and a 16-hour photoperiod for 14 days. The germination percentage, average germination time, germination speed index, percentage of normal seedling formation, shoot length, root system length and percentage of hard seeds were evaluated. A completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds was used. The data were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey 5%. There was a difference for all the analyzes evaluated, except for the length of the aerial part. The treatment with manual scarification 60 s had superior results, being indicated for overcoming dormancy of seeds of S. punicea.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the biometry of fruits and seeds of S. punicea in order to determine the point of collection for production of seedlings of the species. The fruits of S. punicea were collected from plants in situ in Barra do Ribeiro, RS. In the laboratory, they were separated by staining in: stage 1, 2 and 3. Fruits and seeds were measured with digital caliper (mm), counting the number of seeds and locules. At each stage water content, seed dry matter and germination test were evaluated. For this last one, four replications of 25 seeds were placed in germination chamber during 16 days, photoperiod of 12 hours and temperature of 25oC. The variables analyzed were germination, germination speed index, average germination time, percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings, and hard seeds. It was observed that in stage 2 the seeds have larger dimensions, a higher percentage of germination and formation of normal seedlings, and a higher rate of germination speed. It is concluded that fruits must be harvested at stage 2 of maturation, as seeds have the highest rates of germination and normal seedlings, as well as the lowest rates of insect damage.

The characterization of substrate properties supports the correct choice of components and directs management decisions in container cultivation. There are several systems of analysis, however, the routine procedures to determine the water retention curve (WRC) are time consuming and inaccurate. This study proposed a reproducible, less time-consuming, and easy to perform method for physical characterization of substrates. We used Sphagnum peat, coconut powder, carbonized rice husk, expanded vermiculite, and expanded clay in isolation. The WRC was obtained at tensions 0, 10, 50, and 100 hPa using the method of Büchner funnel, the European standard (CEN-EN13041), and by the centrifugation method of samples. In centrifugation, tensions were simulated by combining the angular velocity, sample height, and radius measured from the sample outermost point to the central point of the centrifuge. Three rotations were applied (230; 520 and 730 rpm), testing the centrifugation time for each tension and then the volumetric water content was compared between the methods. The results showed a positive correlation (p < 0.001) between the centrifugation and standard methods, considering that the centrifugation time required for moisture stabilization varied according to the material analyzed and the tension applied. However, the time required to obtain a report was reduced by half. Sample centrifugation is a promising method, ensuring that the tensile force actually acts on the entire sample to determine the water retention curve of the substrate also reducing the duration of the analyses.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of nitrogen doses on the ministrain of C. aurea conducted in minigarden system regarding productivity, rooting and root system quality of minicuttings at different seasons. The experiment was conducted at a greenhouse, and the treatments consisted of collection times (autumn, winter, spring and summer) and nitrogen doses (0, 0.3, 1.12, 1.95 and 3.60 g L-1). We evaluated the survival of ministrains, productivity of minicuttings, percentage of rooting and root dry matter. The experiment comprised randomized blocks in a 5 x 4 factorial design. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression, and means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The mean productivity was 10.0 and 18.9 minicuttings per ministrain in the spring and summer, respectively. Rooting was hindered by the increase in nitrogen doses. We concluded that the survival of ministrains is influenced by nitrogen fertilization, and that the N dose 1.12 g L-1 provides better results for productivity and rooting of minicuttings when collected during the spring and summer.

Angelonia integerrima Sprengel is a native species of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and the Southern region (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) of Brazil, with features such as an unusual appearance and color of the flowers, indicating an ornamental use. To optimize the use of this species and to fill in gaps regarding its cytogenetic characterization, this study determined the chromosome number, meiotic index and pollen viability of plant individuals of four A. integerrima populations. All plant individuals of the four populations had 2n = 20 chromosomes. Still, the meiotic index of most analyzed plant individuals exceeded 90%, while pollen viability of all plant individuals was higher than 80%. These data suggest considerable cytological stability of the analyzed A. integerrima plant individuals, which may favor the selection of future genotypes for commercial purposes or their use in conservation and breeding programs of the species.

Contextualización: Sustrato es todo el material poroso, que, asociado a una maceta, proporciona ancoraje y suficientes niveles de agua y oxígeno al desarrollo de las plantas. Vacío de conocimiento: Algunos materiales cuando adjuntados a la formulación suelen generar alteraciones en el producto final, las cuales pueden ser desventajosas, dependientes de su aplicación. Propósito del estudio: Evaluar la influencia del suelo mineral bajo sus características química y física, cuando utilizado cómo componente de sustrato para plantas. Metodología: Se empleó un argisol rojo distrófico típico, que se autoclavó, tamizó (malla 4,75 mm) y posteriormente se mezcló bajo diferentes proporciones (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) con turba de Sphagnum o polvo-de-coco (v/v). Las mezclas se sometieron a la caracterización física, química y biológica. Se empleó el diseño estadístico enteramente casualizado, con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Los datos se sometieron al análisis de varianza y regresión polinomial (P < 0,05). Resultados y conclusiones: Al añadirse suelo en la formulación de los sustratos hubo disminución en la conductividad eléctrica y manutención del pH, además del aumento expresivo en las densidades húmeda y seca, y reducción en la porosidad total, espacio de aireación, disponibilidad y capacidad de retención de agua. Además, se encontraron hongos y nematodos en el suelo, que puede ser un inoculador de patógenos. Por lo tanto, el empleo de suelo mineral cómo componente de sustrato, además de generar formulaciones con características de cultivo inadecuadas, pudiendo influenciar negativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal, provoca daños ambientales debido a su extracción, conllevando a una producción insostenible a largo plazo.

Angelonia integerrima is a native species that has ornamental potential, being cultivated in flowerbeds, flowerpots, pots, or even used as a complement in floral arrangements. Knowledge of mineral nutrition is required for the cultivation of the species, and slow release fertilization have become widespread in recent years, with a lower risk of toxicity to crops, an economy in relation to complementary fertilizers and may be an alternative to cultivation of potted plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of Angelonia integerrima Sprengel in pot under slow release fertilization doses. Acclimatized seedlings with approximately 1 cm height, from in vitro germinated seeds were transplanted into 1 L pots containing substrate composted Pinus bark. Five doses of Basacote ® 9M slow release fertilizer, formulation 16-8-12 (N - P2O5 - K2O), 9 months: control - 0 g L-1, 2.5 g L-1, 5.0 g L-1, 7.5 g L-1 and 10.0 g L-1. The plants were grown in a greenhouse under drip irrigation. The shoot length, length of the largest inflorescence, number of stems, diameter of the largest stem, mean length of the stems, number of open flowers, fruits and senescent flowers, chlorophyll a, b and total, mass of dry matter of shoot and root system were evaluated after 286 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates of six pots per plot. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by polynomial regression by SigmaPlot 11.0. It was possible to adjust a quadratic equation for the variables: shoot length (with maximum response point in 7.2 g L-1), mean length of stems (6.7 g L-1), diameter of the largest stem and the root system (5.9 g L-1), number of open flowers, buds, senescent flowers and total flowers (7.7 g L-1). For the variables, number of stems, number of fruits, chlorophyll a, b and total did not differ between treatments. The slow releaser fertilizer indicated dose for the cultivation of the potted species is 7.2 g L-1.

Myrceugenia myrtoides (Myrtaceae) é uma espécie de porte arbóreo, com ocorrência restrita ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul no Brasil, e Uruguai, apresentando potencial ornamental. O interesse em espécies nativas para usos diversos é crescente, mas sua inserção é limitada devido à falta de informações sobre sua propagação e cultivo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de temperatura e luz na germinação das sementes de M. myrtoides, a fim de gerar informações que possam auxiliar na propagação da espécie e exploração do seu potencial. Avaliaram-se os efeitos das temperaturas constantes de 20, 25 e 30 ºC sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Para avaliar o efeito da luz, a germinação foi testada em ausência total de luz e sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas, na temperatura de 25 ºC e intensidade luminosa de 27 e 33,75 μmol m-2s-1, sob qualidade de luz branca e luz verde difusa. Os resultados demonstraram menor tempo médio de germinação nas temperaturas de 25 e 30 ºC e ainda, maior acúmulo de massa seca sob 30 ºC. Houve superioridade nas variáveis de formação de plântula, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz e formação de plântulas sob número de sementes germinadas para a temperatura de 25 ºC. Já as diferentes condições de luz testadas não afetaram a porcentagem de germinação. Conclui-se que a temperatura de 25 °C foi a mais adequada para a germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plântulas de M. myrtoides e as suas sementes são classificadas como fotoblásticas neutras. Myrceugenia myrtoides (Myrtaceae) is a species of tree size, occurring restricted to the state of Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil, and Uruguay, presenting ornamental potential. The interest in native species for diverse uses is increasing, but their insertion is limited due to the lack of information on its propagation and cultivation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and light on the germination of M. myrtoides seeds, in order to generate information that could aid in the propagation of the species and the exploration of its potential. The effects of constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 °C under a 16-hour photoperiod were evaluated. To evaluate the effect of light, the germination was tested in continuous darkness and under photoperiod of 16 hours, at a temperature of 25 °C and light intensity of 27 and 33.75 μmol m-2s-1 under white light quality and diffuse green light. The results showed a lower average germination time at temperatures of 25 and 30 ºC and a higher accumulation of dry mass under 30 ºC. There was superiority in the variables of seedling formation, shoot and root length and seedling formation under the number of seeds germinated at 25 ºC. However, the different light conditions tested did not affect the percentage of germination. It is concluded that the temperature of 25 °C was the most adequate for seed germination and development of M. myrtoides seedlings and their seeds are classified as neutral photoblasts.

Campomanesia aurea (Myrtaceae) is a native species from the Pampa region. It has edible fruits, ornamental characteristics and ability to recover potential degraded areas. It is naturally propagated by seeds. However, for its most efficient use for seedling production or replanting of vegetation, a basic knowledge about the conditions required for maximum germination is required. The objective of this work is to evaluate the germination of C. aurea seeds and its germinative behavior under different light conditions. Seeds from three collection sites were analyzed as for photoblastism, provenance and maturation by germination test, germination speed index, mean germination time and normal seedling formation. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability of error. For the three collection sites, no differences were observed for germination and the MGT of seeds in the absence or presence of light, indicating that it is a neutral photoblastic species. For different collection sites, no differences were observed for germination percentage, but seeds collected in Barão do Triunfo showed higher GSI and normal seedling formation than seeds collected at Morro do Osso and Morro Santana. Such differences may be related to the degree of fruit maturation and seed moisture. Seeds of C. aurea are neutral photoblastic, and present a germination rate higher than 85%. Campomanesia aurea (Myrtaceae) é uma espécie nativa do Pampa. Possui frutos comestível, potencial ornamental e para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Propaga-se naturalmente por sementes, contudo, para sua utilização com maior eficiência para a produção de mudas ou recomposição da vegetação, são necessários conhecimentos básicos das condições necessárias para se obter máxima germinação. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de sementes de C. aurea e o comportamento germinativo em diferentes condições de luz. Sementes procedentes de três locais de coleta foram analisadas quanto ao fotoblastismo, procedência e maturação pelos testes de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e formação de plântulas normais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Para os três locais de coleta não foram observadas diferenças na germinação e no TMG das sementes em ausência ou presença de luz, indicando que tratase de uma espécie fotoblástica neutra. Para os diferentes locais de coleta, não foi verificado diferenças na porcentagem de germinação, porém sementes coletadas em Barão do Triunfo apresentaram maior IVG e formação de plântulas normais do que sementes coletadas no Morro do Osso e Morro Santana. Essas diferenças podem estar associadas ao grau de maturação dos frutos e a umidade das sementes. Sementes de C. aurea são fotoblásticas neutras, apresentando germinação superior a 85%.

The use of appropriate techniques to optimize water availability in substrates is essential for the formation of quality seedlings. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the influence of substrate physical conditioning through the use of hydrogel. The treatments consisted of the control treatment (without the addition of hydrogel) and three doses of hydrogel (2, 4 and 6 g L-1 of substrate) added to components carbonized rice husk, average regular sand and Sphagnum peat isolated, and in a mixture composed of 50% of carbonized rice husk and 50% of peat (volumetric proportions). A completely randomized design was used, and the substrates were subjected to physical characterization at 0, 10, 50 and 100 hPa, using tension funnels, determining total porosity, aeration space, available water, remaining water and water holding capacity. The results showed that the use of this conditioner up to 4 g L -1 , generally, increased total porosity and decreased air space. There was an increase in available water and remaining water, especially for substrates with low water holding capacity (carbonized rice husk and sand). Thus, the use of hydrogel makes it possible to increase the period between irrigations, resulting in significant improvements in the production system.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Campomanesia aurea O. Berg armazenadas sob duas temperaturas. Sementes da espécie foram secas e armazenadas a 25 °C e 8 °C por 0, 30, 60, 90 e 150 dias. Observou-se diminuição linear de germinação e do índice de velocidade de germinação, com queda mais acentuada para sementes estocadas a 25 °C. Sementes de C. aurea armazenadas a 8 °Cmantiveram viabilidade de 80% por 150 dias, evidenciando o potencial dessa espécie para a produção de mudas em viveiro de forma programada ao longo deste período. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of Campomanesia aurea O. Berg seeds stored under two temperatures. Seeds were dried and stored at 25 °C and 8 °C for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 150 days. We observed a linear decrease in germination and germination speed index, with a steeper drop for seeds stored at 25 °C. C. aurea seeds stored at 8°C maintained viability of 80% for 150 days, evidencing the potential of this species for seedlings production if programmed during this period.

Em condições naturais, as plantas estão sujeitas a estresses que limitam seu desenvolvimento e chances de sobrevivência, como é o caso da salinidade do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da salinidade no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de bracatinga. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 (0 e 3 g/L de fertilizante de liberação lenta) x 5 (soluções de NaCl em potenciais osmóticos de 0,0; -0,1; -0,2; -0,3 e -0,4 MPa), com três repetições. Nos menores níveis de salinidade (0,0; -0,1 e -0,2 MPa) as plantas adubadas apresentaram resultados superiores para altura, diâmetro do colo, volume de raiz, massa seca de raiz e parte aérea, e sobrevivência; e em elevados níveis (-0,3 e -0,4 MPa) não houve influência da adubação. Portanto, a espécie apresenta potencial para o cultivo em solo salino, pois o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas ocorreu satisfatoriamente em condições análogas a essas. Under natural conditions, plants are subject to stresses that limit their development and chances of survival, as is the case of soil salinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of salinity in the early development stages of bracatinga seedlings. A completely randomized design was used in factorial 2 (0 and 3 g/L slow-release fertilizer) x 5 (NaCl solutions in osmotic potentials of 0.0; -0.1; -0.2; -0.3 and -0.4 MPa) with three replicates. At lower levels of salinity (0.0; -0.1 and -0.2 MPa), the fertilized plants showed superior results for height, root collar diameter, root volume, dry mass of root and aerial part, and survival. At higher levels (-0.3 and -0.4 MPa) there was no influence of fertilization. Thus, bracatinga presents potential for cultivation on saline soil, because the initial development of the seedlings occurred satisfactorily under conditions similar to those.

Campomanesia aurea (O. Berg) is a species native to southern Brazil, naturally occurring from the state of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, and presenting a great ornamental potential. The objective was to verify the rooting of semihardwood cuttings of Campomanesia aurea using indolebutyric acid (IBA) doses. The cuttings were collected in the municipality of Barão do Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul State, in December 2014. The cutting base was immersed in concentrations of zero (control), 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 8,000 mg L-1 of IBA, subsequently established in a carbonized rice husk substrate and placed in a protected environment with an intermittent misting system. At 111 days after installation, dead and rooted cuttings, leaf retention, callus formation, root volume, root and shoot dry matter were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications with 20 cuttings. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. No statistical differences were found for any of the evaluations. An average rooting was observed in 28% of cuttings and callus formation was observed in 48% of cuttings. Root average volume per cutting was 0.15 mL, root dry mass was 0.01 g, and shoot dry mass was 0.28 g. There was a negative correlation between leaf retention and mortality of cuttings. It is concluded that the production of C. aurea by cutting is viable, and that there was no positive response to the application of IBA with the conditions under which the experiment was developed.

Campomanesia aurea é uma planta nativa e frutífera de porte arbustivo com potencial ornamental. Ainda não foram encontrados trabalhos que abordem as características dos frutos e a capacidade de germinação das sementes dessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as propriedades físicas e químicas dos frutos e a germinação das sementes de dois acessos de C. aurea. O estudo foi conduzido com frutos coletados em áreas de vegetação nativa localizadas no Parque Natural Morro do Osso, em Porto Alegre, e em Barão do Triunfo, RS. Realizaram-se análises físicas e químicas, contagem de sementes e teste de germinação. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t a 5%. Os frutos de C. aurea tem formato oblongo, pesam em média 1,26 g e apresentam elevado conteúdo de vitamina C. Cada fruto possui em média quatro sementes íntegras, sendo que 3% são poliembriônicas. A germinação média é de 93% e ocorre em 20 dias. Concluiu-se que os frutos de C. aurea coletados a partir de dois acessos diferem na concentração de TSS, na relação TSS/TA e no teor de vitamina C, entretanto, não há diferenças quanto às características físicas. As sementes da espécie possuem alta germinação. Campomanesia aurea is a potentially ornamental native fruit shrub. There are no studies on the seed germination capacity and fruit properties of the species. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to describe the seed germination and the physical and chemical properties of fruits from two C. aurea accession areas. The study was conducted with fruits collected from two native vegetation areas located in the Morro do Osso Natural Park and in the municipality of Barão do Triunfo, Brazil. Physical and chemical analyzes, seed counting and germination tests were performed. Results were submitted to ANOVA and the means were compared by t test at 5% error probability. C. aurea has oblong-shaped fruits weighting around 1.26 g with a high content of vitamin C. Each fruit usually has four intact seeds of which 3% are polyembryonic. Seed germination averaged 93% in 20 days. It is concluded that the C. aurea fruits collected from two different accession areas differ in the concentration of TSS, TSS/TA ratio and vitamin C content, but not physically. Seeds have shown a high germination rate.

Campomanesia aurea é nativa do Bioma Pampa e apresenta potencial ornamental. A propagação vegetativa pode ser uma alternativa para produção de mudas da espécie em escala comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de propagação vegetativa de C. aurea coletadas em diferentes épocas utilizando AIB. As estacas foram coletadas in situ, no Município de Barão do Triunfo, RS, no outono, inverno e primavera. Foram testadas as concentrações de AIB de zero, 2.000, 4.000, 6.000 e 8.000 mg L-1. Avaliou-se o enraizamento, calogênese, retenção foliar, massa seca de raiz e mortalidade. Houve interação entre as doses de AIB e a época de coleta das estacas para enraizamento. Houve comportamento quadrático para o outono com máximo de 28% de enraizamento, havendo inflexão da curva em doses superiores a 6.500 mg L-1 de AIB. No outono houve maior calogênese, retenção de folhas e menor mortalidade, entretanto, na primavera verificou-se maior enraizamento e melhor qualidade do sistema radicular. Conclui-se que a propagação vegetativa de C. aurea é viável, sendo que, o efeito de AIB é dependente da época de coleta dos propágulos. Campomanesia aurea is a potentially ornamental native species of the Pampa Biome and its vegetative propagation may be an alternative for producing seedlings on a commercial scale. Thus, the goal of this study was to verify the feasibility of vegetative propagation of C. aurea collected at different times under the use of IBA. Cuttings were collected in an in situ in the Municipality of Barão do Triunfo, RS, Brazil, in autumn, winter and spring. IBA at concentrations of zero, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 8,000 mg L-1 were tested. Rooting, callogenesis, leaf retention, mortality and root dry matter were analyzed. There was interaction between the doses of IBA and the collection time of cuttings in relation to rooting. In autumn, there was quadratic behavior with a maximum of 28% rooting with curve inflection at IBA doses above 6,500 mg L-1. The highest callogenesis and leaf retention rates and the lowest mortality rate have been observed in autumn. However, the highest rooting rate and the best root system quality have been observed in spring. We have therefore concluded that the vegetative propagation of C. aurea is feasible and the effects of IBA are dependent on the collection time of propagules.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) e substratos no enraizamento de estacas apicais de Angelonia integerrima. Utilizou-se AIB em pó, nas concentrações de 0, 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 mg kg-1 e dois substratos: casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC) e substrato comercial a base de turfa de Sphagnum. Avaliou-se: número de estacas enraizadas, comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número de folhas novas, volume do sistema radicular, formação de calo na base da estaca, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 concentrações de AIB x 2 substratos). Não houve interação entre as concentrações de AIB e substratos, somente houve diferença para o fator substrato. As estacas apresentaram enraizamento médio de 79%, com formação de calo em 59,4%. O substrato CAC promoveu maior comprimento da parte aérea e maior número de folhas novas. O substrato comercial proporcionou maior volume médio de raiz, maior comprimento de raiz e maior incremento de massa seca radicular. No enraizamento por estaquia de A. integerrima não é necessário usar AIb e pode-se utilizar o substrato comercial à base de turfa ou a CAC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and substrates in the rooting of apical cuttings of Angelonia integerrima. Powder IBA was used at the concentrations 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg kg-1, and two substrates containing carbonized rice husks (CRH) and commercial substrate based on Sphagnum peat were used. The number of rooted cuttings, shoot length, root system length, number of new leaves, root system volume, callus formation at the cutting base, and shoot and root dry matter were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial design (5 IBA concentrations x 2 substrates). There were no interactions between the concentrations of IBA and the substrates. There was a difference only for the factor substrate. The cuttings presented an average rooting of 79%, with callus formation in 59.4% of them. The CRH substrate presented the highest shoot length and the highest number of new leaves. The commercial substrate resulted in a high average root volume, a large root length and a great increase in root dry matter. In the rooting by cutting of A. integerrima is not necessary to use IBA and the commercial substratum based on peat or CRH can be used.

Campomanesia aurea is a potentially ornamental native fruit shrub. There are no studies on the seed germination capacity and fruit properties of the species. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to describe the seed germination and the physical and chemical properties of fruits from two C. aurea accession areas. The study was conducted with fruits collected from two native vegetation areas located in the Morro do Osso Natural Park and in the municipality of Barao do Triunfo, Brazil. Physical and chemical analyzes, seed counting and germination tests were performed. Results were submitted to ANOVA and the means were compared by t test at 5% error probability. C. aurea has oblong-shaped fruits weighting around 1.26 g with a high content of vitamin C. Each fruit usually has four intact seeds of which 3% are polyembryonic. Seed germination averaged 93% in 20 days. It is concluded that the C. aurea fruits collected from two different accession areas differ in the concentration of TSS, TSS/TA ratio and vitamin C content, but not physically. Seeds have shown a high germination rate.

A arborização urbana é um importante elemento ambiental que mitiga os efeitos negativos que o processo de urbanização intenso e acelerado gera sobre o ambiente. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a composição da arborização urbana das ruas dos bairros Veneza e Aeroporto na cidade de Pato Branco - PR. Foram identificadas as espécies que apresentavam diâmetro a altura do peito igual ou maior que 0,10 metros, além de terem sido coletadas informações referentes ao tipo de poda e ao tamanho da área livre de pavimentação no entorno das árvores. Foram encontradas 153 árvores no bairro Veneza e 515 no bairro Aeroporto. No bairro Veneza 49,04% das espécies utilizadas são nativas do bioma local, enquanto no bairro Aeroporto 57,28% das espécies são exóticas. A maioria dos indivíduos analisados possui canteiro com área livre maior que 1m² e não receberam poda na ocasião do levantamento. Dentre as poucas podas observadas, destacam-se as podas drásticas.

Resumen El deterioro de las semillas es un proceso natural y envuelve la interaccion de cambios de citologicos, fisiologicos, bioquimicos y fisicos que ocasionan la perdida de vigor y viabilidad. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de diferentes soluciones en ensayo de envejecimiento acelerado de semillas de soja en la movilizacion de las reservas, la germinacion y rendimiento temprano de las plantulas. Se utilizaron 200 semillas por tratamiento, que consistieran en el control (sin envejecimiento), solucion tradicional (agua destilada), solucion salina (1,8 M) y solucion salina saturada (6,8 M). Los vasos fueran incubados a 41 °C durante 24, 48 y 72 horas. La germinacion disminuyo con el tiempo de incubacion y aumento de la concentracion de NaCl, mientras que la conductividad electrica aumento. Los niveles de azucares totales, azucares reductores y proteinas aumentaron con el tratamiento tradicional despues de 24 horas. El tratamiento con solucion salina saturada presento una mayor acumulacion de peso fresco de las plantulas a los 14 dias. Se concluye que en el caso de la soja el uso de solucion salina saturada tuve efectos mas graves en comparacion con el envejecimiento tradicional de semillas.

Resumo: A arborizacao urbana e um importante elemento natural que confere qualidade ao ambiente e a vida do homem citadino. Apesar dos varios beneficios a presenca de arvores no meio urbano nao e isenta de conflitos, principalmente entre o espaco vegetal e o espaco fisico disponivel. Neste sentido, a realizacao de inventarios sobre a arborizacao das cidades e de fundamental importância para que se possa realizar o planejamento e adequacao das especies ao ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a arborizacao viaria presente no bairro Jardim Primavera na cidade de Pato Branco – PR. Os dados foram coletados no mes de fevereiro de 2013, sendo identificadas e avaliadas todas as arvores presentes nas ruas do bairro Jardim Primavera com DAP igual ou maior de 0,10 metros. Foram inventariados 424 especimes, sendo constatada a predominância da especie Ligustrum lucidum com 21,93% de frequencia. Das especies encontradas no bairro, 78% sao de especies exoticas. Foi verificado no momento do inventario que 89% dos especimes nao apresentavam poda recente e 76% das bifurcacoes estavam abaixo da recomendada. Foi constatado ainda que, 63% dos individuos estavam sob boa area livre, entretanto 7% estavam causando danos as calcadas. Foram verificadas injurias em 37% dos especimes. Pode-se verificar que embora tenha sido encontrado um numero grande de especies, nao houve um planejamento adequado da arborizacao do bairro, revelado pelo conflito existente com as calcadas e a falhas na composicao estetica da paisagem. Palavras-chaves: Especies exoticas, Area livre, Injurias.

RESUMO: Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir os reflexos da forma de desenvolvimento atual e do crescente processo de urbanizacao sobre a qualidade de vida da populacao, bem como o distanciamento da relacao homem-natureza dentro das cidades. A percepcao da limitacao do atual modelo de desenvolvimento das cidades e da necessidade de formacao de sujeitos-atores na sociedade conduz a constatacao de que o saber interdisciplinar e fundamental para tratar da complexidade dos problemas urbanos. Ha, nesse contexto, a necessidade de manutencao ou revitalizacao de areas verdes nos centros urbanos para o aumento da qualidade de vida dos habitantes das cidades e para o aumento da sustentabilidade urbana. Palavras-chave: Cidade. Sujeito-ator. Sustentabilidade.

Campomanesia aurea (O. Berg) is a species native to southern Brazil, naturally occurring from the state of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, and presenting a great ornamental potential. The objective was to verify the rooting of semihardwood cuttings of Campomanesia aurea using indolebutyric acid (IBA) doses. The cuttings were collected in the municipality of Barão do Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul State, in December 2014. The cutting base was immersed in concentrations of zero (control), 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 8,000 mg L-1 of IBA, subsequently established in a carbonized rice husk substrate and placed in a protected environment with an intermittent misting system. At 111 days after installation, dead and rooted cuttings, leaf retention, callus formation, root volume, root and shoot dry matter were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications with 20 cuttings. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. No statistical differences were found for any of the evaluations. An average rooting was observed in 28% of cuttings and callus formation was observed in 48% of cuttings. Root average volume per cutting was 0.15 mL, root dry mass was 0.01 g, and shoot dry mass was 0.28 g. There was a negative correlation between leaf retention and mortality of cuttings. It is concluded that the production of C. aurea by cutting is viable, and that there was no positive response to the application of IBA with the conditions under which the experiment was developed.

Ligustrum lucidum ait. is an exotic species and In the present study, contents of sugars, proteins, and germination were evaluated in seeds removed from not ...