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1. Chemical design rules for non-fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells

Author

Markina, A., Lin, K. -H., Liu, W., Poelking, C., Firdaus, Y., Villalva, D. R., Khan, J. I., Paleti, S. H. K., Harrison, G. T., Gorenflot, J., Zhang, W., De Wolf, S., McCulloch, I., Anthopoulos, T. D., Baran, D., Laquai, F., and Andrienko, D.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Efficiencies of organic solar cells have practically doubled since the development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). However, generic chemical design rules for donor-NFA combinations are still needed. Such rules are proposed by analyzing inhomogeneous electrostatic fields at the donor-acceptor interface. It is shown that an acceptor-donor-acceptor molecular architecture, and molecular alignment parallel to the interface, results in energy level bending that destabilizes the charge transfer state, thus promoting its dissociation into free charges. By analyzing a series of PCE10:NFA solar cells, with NFAs including Y6, IEICO, and ITIC, as well as their halogenated derivatives, it is suggested that the molecular quadrupole moment of ca 75 Debye A balances the losses in the open circuit voltage and gains in charge generation efficiency.

Published
2022
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2. Rapid laser-induced photochemical conversion of sol-gel precursors to In2O3 layers and their application in thin-film transistors

Author

Dellis, S., Isakov, I., Kalfagiannis, N., Tetzner, K., Anthopoulos, T. D., and Koutsogeorgis, D. C.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We report the development of indium oxide (In2O3) transistors via a single step laser-induced photochemical conversion process of a sol-gel metal oxide precursor. Through careful optimization of the laser annealing conditions we demonstrated successful conversion of the precursor to In2O3 and its subsequent implementation in n-channel transistors with electron mobility up to 13 cm2/Vs. Importantly, the process does not require thermal annealing making it compatible with temperature sensitive materials such as plastic. On the other hand, the spatial conversion/densification of the sol-gel layer eliminates additional process steps associated with semiconductor patterning and hence significantly reduces fabrication complexity and cost. Our work demonstrates unambiguously that laser-induced photochemical conversion of sol-gel metal oxide precursors can be rapid and compatible with large-area electronics manufacturing.

Published
2017
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3. Roadmap on energy harvesting materials

Author

Pecunia, V. (Vincenzo), Silva, S. R. (S Ravi P), Phillips, J. D. (Jamie D), Artegiani, E. (Elisa), Romeo, A. (Alessandro), Shim, H. (Hongjae), Park, J. (Jongsung), Kim, J. H. (Jin Hyeok), Yun, J. S. (Jae Sung), Welch, G. C. (Gregory C), Larson, B. W. (Bryon W), Creran, M. (Myles), Laventure, A. (Audrey), Sasitharan, K. (Kezia), Flores-Diaz, N. (Natalie), Freitag, M. (Marina), Xu, J. (Jie), Brown, T. M. (Thomas M), Li, B. (Benxuan), Wang, Y. (Yiwen), Li, Z. (Zhe), Hou, B. (Bo), Hamadani, B. H. (Behrang H), Defay, E. (Emmanuel), Kovacova, V. (Veronika), Glinsek, S. (Sebastjan), Kar-Narayan, S. (Sohini), Bai, Y. (Yang), Kim, D. B. (Da Bin), Cho, Y. S. (Yong Soo), Žukauskaitė, A. (Agnė), Barth, S. (Stephan), Fan, F. R. (Feng Ru), Wu, W. (Wenzhuo), Costa, P. (Pedro), del Campo, J. (Javier), Lanceros-Mendez, S. (Senentxu), Khanbareh, H. (Hamideh), Wang, Z. L. (Zhong Lin), Pu, X. (Xiong), Pan, C. (Caofeng), Zhang, R. (Renyun), Xu, J. (Jing), Zhao, X. (Xun), Zhou, Y. (Yihao), Chen, G. (Guorui), Tat, T. (Trinny), Ock, I. W. (Il Woo), Chen, J. (Jun), Graham, S. A. (Sontyana Adonijah), Yu, J. S. (Jae Su), Huang, L.-Z. (Ling-Zhi), Li, D.-D. (Dan-Dan), Ma, M.-G. (Ming-Guo), Luo, J. (Jikui), Jiang, F. (Feng), Lee, P. S. (Pooi See), Dudem, B. (Bhaskar), Vivekananthan, V. (Venkateswaran), Kanatzidis, M. G. (Mercouri G), Xie, H. (Hongyao), Shi, X.-L. (Xiao-Lei), Chen, Z.-G. (Zhi-Gang), Riss, A. (Alexander), Parzer, M. (Michael), Garmroudi, F. (Fabian), Bauer, E. (Ernst), Zavanelli, D. (Duncan), Brod, M. K. (Madison K), Al Malki, M. (Muath), Snyder, G. J. (G Jeffrey), Kovnir, K. (Kirill), Kauzlarich, S. M. (Susan M), Uher, C. (Ctirad), Lan, J. (Jinle), Lin, Y.-H. (Yuan-Hua), Fonseca, L. (Luis), Morata, A. (Alex), Martin-Gonzalez, M. (Marisol), Pennelli, G. (Giovanni), Berthebaud, D. (David), Mori, T. (Takao), Quinn, R. J. (Robert J), Bos, J. G. (Jan-Willem G), Candolfi, C. (Christophe), Gougeon, P. (Patrick), Gall, P. (Philippe), Lenoir, B. (Bertrand), Venkateshvaran, D. (Deepak), Kaestner, B. (Bernd), Zhao, Y. (Yunshan), Zhang, G. (Gang), Nonoguchi, Y. (Yoshiyuki), Schroeder, B. C. (Bob C), Bilotti, E. (Emiliano), Menon, A. K. (Akanksha K), Urban, J. J. (Jeffrey J), Fenwick, O. (Oliver), Asker, C. (Ceyla), Talin, A. A. (A Alec), Anthopoulos, T. D. (Thomas D), Losi, T. (Tommaso), Viola, F. (Fabrizio), Caironi, M. (Mario), Georgiadou, D. G. (Dimitra G), Ding, L. (Li), Peng, L.-M. (Lian-Mao), Wang, Z. (Zhenxing), Wei, M.-D. (Muh-Dey), Negra, R. (Renato), Lemme, M. C. (Max C), Wagih, M. (Mahmoud), Beeby, S. (Steve), Ibn-Mohammed, T. (Taofeeq), Mustapha, K. B. (K B), Joshi, A. P. (A P), Pecunia, V. (Vincenzo), Silva, S. R. (S Ravi P), Phillips, J. D. (Jamie D), Artegiani, E. (Elisa), Romeo, A. (Alessandro), Shim, H. (Hongjae), Park, J. (Jongsung), Kim, J. H. (Jin Hyeok), Yun, J. S. (Jae Sung), Welch, G. C. (Gregory C), Larson, B. W. (Bryon W), Creran, M. (Myles), Laventure, A. (Audrey), Sasitharan, K. (Kezia), Flores-Diaz, N. (Natalie), Freitag, M. (Marina), Xu, J. (Jie), Brown, T. M. (Thomas M), Li, B. (Benxuan), Wang, Y. (Yiwen), Li, Z. (Zhe), Hou, B. (Bo), Hamadani, B. H. (Behrang H), Defay, E. (Emmanuel), Kovacova, V. (Veronika), Glinsek, S. (Sebastjan), Kar-Narayan, S. (Sohini), Bai, Y. (Yang), Kim, D. B. (Da Bin), Cho, Y. S. (Yong Soo), Žukauskaitė, A. (Agnė), Barth, S. (Stephan), Fan, F. R. (Feng Ru), Wu, W. (Wenzhuo), Costa, P. (Pedro), del Campo, J. (Javier), Lanceros-Mendez, S. (Senentxu), Khanbareh, H. (Hamideh), Wang, Z. L. (Zhong Lin), Pu, X. (Xiong), Pan, C. (Caofeng), Zhang, R. (Renyun), Xu, J. (Jing), Zhao, X. (Xun), Zhou, Y. (Yihao), Chen, G. (Guorui), Tat, T. (Trinny), Ock, I. W. (Il Woo), Chen, J. (Jun), Graham, S. A. (Sontyana Adonijah), Yu, J. S. (Jae Su), Huang, L.-Z. (Ling-Zhi), Li, D.-D. (Dan-Dan), Ma, M.-G. (Ming-Guo), Luo, J. (Jikui), Jiang, F. (Feng), Lee, P. S. (Pooi See), Dudem, B. (Bhaskar), Vivekananthan, V. (Venkateswaran), Kanatzidis, M. G. (Mercouri G), Xie, H. (Hongyao), Shi, X.-L. (Xiao-Lei), Chen, Z.-G. (Zhi-Gang), Riss, A. (Alexander), Parzer, M. (Michael), Garmroudi, F. (Fabian), Bauer, E. (Ernst), Zavanelli, D. (Duncan), Brod, M. K. (Madison K), Al Malki, M. (Muath), Snyder, G. J. (G Jeffrey), Kovnir, K. (Kirill), Kauzlarich, S. M. (Susan M), Uher, C. (Ctirad), Lan, J. (Jinle), Lin, Y.-H. (Yuan-Hua), Fonseca, L. (Luis), Morata, A. (Alex), Martin-Gonzalez, M. (Marisol), Pennelli, G. (Giovanni), Berthebaud, D. (David), Mori, T. (Takao), Quinn, R. J. (Robert J), Bos, J. G. (Jan-Willem G), Candolfi, C. (Christophe), Gougeon, P. (Patrick), Gall, P. (Philippe), Lenoir, B. (Bertrand), Venkateshvaran, D. (Deepak), Kaestner, B. (Bernd), Zhao, Y. (Yunshan), Zhang, G. (Gang), Nonoguchi, Y. (Yoshiyuki), Schroeder, B. C. (Bob C), Bilotti, E. (Emiliano), Menon, A. K. (Akanksha K), Urban, J. J. (Jeffrey J), Fenwick, O. (Oliver), Asker, C. (Ceyla), Talin, A. A. (A Alec), Anthopoulos, T. D. (Thomas D), Losi, T. (Tommaso), Viola, F. (Fabrizio), Caironi, M. (Mario), Georgiadou, D. G. (Dimitra G), Ding, L. (Li), Peng, L.-M. (Lian-Mao), Wang, Z. (Zhenxing), Wei, M.-D. (Muh-Dey), Negra, R. (Renato), Lemme, M. C. (Max C), Wagih, M. (Mahmoud), Beeby, S. (Steve), Ibn-Mohammed, T. (Taofeeq), Mustapha, K. B. (K B), and Joshi, A. P. (A P)

Abstract

Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.

Published
2023

4. Flexible IGZO TFTs and their Suitability for Space Applications

Author

Costa, J. C., Pouryazdan, A., Panidi, J., Spina, F., Anthopoulos, T., (0000-0001-7933-7295) Liedke, M. O., Schneider, C., (0000-0001-7575-3961) Wagner, A., Münzenrieder, N., Costa, J. C., Pouryazdan, A., Panidi, J., Spina, F., Anthopoulos, T., (0000-0001-7933-7295) Liedke, M. O., Schneider, C., (0000-0001-7575-3961) Wagner, A., and Münzenrieder, N.

Abstract

In this paper, Low Earth Orbit radiation, temperature and magnetic field conditions are mimicked to investigate the suitability of flexible Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide transistors for lightweight space wearables. Such wearable devices could be incorporated into spacesuits as unobtrusive radiation detectors or physiological monitors. Due to the harsh environment to which these space wearables would be exposed, they have to be able to withstand high radiation doses, low temperatures and magnetic fields. For this reason, the impacts of high energetic electron irradiation with fluences up to 1E12 e−/cm2, low operating temperatures down to 78K and magnetic fields up to 11mT are investigated. This simulates 278 h in Low Earth Orbit. The threshold voltage and mobility of transistors that were exposed to e- irradiation are found to shift by +(0.09 +- 0.05)V and (0.6 +- 0.5) cm 2 V−1 s−1. Subsequent low temperature exposure resulted in additional shifts of +0.38V and -5.95 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the same parameters. These values are larger than the ones obtained from non irradiated reference samples. In addition, the performance of the devices was observed not to be significantly affected by the magnetic fields. Finally, a Cascode amplifier presenting a voltage gain of 10.3 dB and a cutoff frequency of 1.2 kHz is demonstrated after the sample had been irradiate, cooled down and exposed to the magnetic fields. If these notions are considered during the systems’ design, these devices can be used to unobtrusively integrate sensor systems into space suits.

Published
2019

5. Post-polymerisation functionalisation of conjugated polymer backbones and its application in multi-functional emissive nanoparticles

Author

Heeney, MJ, Creamer, A, Wood, C, Howes, P, Casey, A, Cong, S, Marsh, A, Godin, R, Panidi, J, Anthopoulos, T, Burgess, C, Wu, T, Fei, Z, McLachlan, M, Stevens, M, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, British Council (Turkey), EPSRC, Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (E, Wellcome Trust, Commission of the European Communities, British Heart Foundation, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)

Subjects
SOLAR-CELLS, DOTS, Science & Technology, CLICK-CHEMISTRY, CROSS-LINKING, Polymers, Surface Properties, ORGANIC ELECTRONICS, Polymerization, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Semiconductors, NARROW-BAND EMISSION, Science & Technology - Other Topics, BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, Nanoparticles, Sulfhydryl Compounds, NEAR-INFRARED FLUORESCENCE, BRIGHT, ULTRABRIGHT
Abstract

Backbone functionalisation of conjugated polymers is crucial to their performance in many applications, from electronic displays to nanoparticle biosensors, yet there are limited approaches to introduce functionality. To address this challenge we have developed a method for the direct modification of the aromatic backbone of a conjugated polymer, post-polymerisation. This is achieved via a quantitative nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction on a range of fluorinated electron deficient comonomers. The method allows for facile tuning of the physical and optoelectronic properties within a batch of cons istent molecular weight and dispersity. It also enables the introduction of multiple different fu nctional groups onto the polymer backbone in a controlled manner. To demonstrate the versatility of this reaction, we designed and synthesised a range of emissive poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene- alt -benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) based polymers for the creation of mono and multifunctional semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) capable of two orthogonal bioconjugation reactions on the same surface.

Published
2018

7. 4H-1,2,6-Thiadiazin-4-one-containing small molecule donors and additive effects on their performance in solution-processed organic solar cells

Author

Hermerschmidt, F., Kalogirou, Andreas S., Min, J., Zissimou, Georgia A., Tuladhar, S. M., Ameri, T., Faber, H., Itskos, Grigorios, Choulis, Stelios A., Anthopoulos, T. D., Bradley, D. D. C., Nelson, J., Brabec, C. J., Koutentis, Panayiotis Andreas, Itskos, Grigorios [0000-0003-3971-3801], Koutentis, Panayiotis Andreas [0000-0002-4652-7567], Zissimou, Georgia A. [0000-0003-4821-9469], Kalogirou, Andreas S. [0000-0002-5476-5805], and Choulis, Stelios A. [0000-0002-7899-6296]

Subjects
Solar cells, Systematic variation, Electron mobility, Fullerene, Materials science, Organic solar cell, Technische Fakultät, Silicones, Bulk heterojunction solar cells, Hole mobility, Power conversion efficiencies, Polymer solar cell, Solution-processed, Materials Chemistry, Side chain, Organic chemistry, Alkyl, chemistry.chemical_classification, Energy conversion efficiency, Donor acceptor donors, technology, industry, and agriculture, General Chemistry, Electrical Engineering - Electronic Engineering - Information Engineering, Acceptor, Alkyl side chains, Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Heterojunctions, Engineering and Technology, Fullerenes, ddc:600
Abstract

The optical, electrochemical, morphological and transport properties of a series of thiadiazinone (acceptor) and (thienyl)carbazoles (donor) containing π-extended donor-acceptor-donors (D-A-D) are presented. Systematic variations in the number of the thienyl units, the choice of branched or straight alkyl side chains and the use of a processing additive demonstrate their use as electron donors in bulk heterojunction solar cells blended with fullerene acceptors. The best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.7% is achieved by adding to the D-A-D 3:fullerene blend a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) additive, that improves the morphology and doubles the hole mobility within the D-A-D:fullerene blend. © The Royal Society of Chemistry. 3 10 2358 2365 Cited By :7

Published
2015

9. High-efficiency, solution-processed, multilayer phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with a copper thiocyanate hole-injection/hole-transport layer

Author

Perumal, A, Faber, H, Yaacobi-Gross, N, Pattanasattayavong, P, Burgess, C, Jha, S, McLachlan, M, Stavrinou, P, Anthopoulos, T, and Bradley, D

Subjects
Communications
Abstract

Copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) is introduced as a hole‐injection/hole‐transport layer (HIL/HTL) for solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The OLED devices reported here with CuSCN as HIL/HTL perform significantly better than equivalent devices fabricated with a PEDOT:PSS HIL/HTL, and solution‐processed, phosphorescent, small‐molecule, green OLEDs with maximum luminance ≥10 000 cd m‐2, maximum luminous efficiency ≤50 cd A‐1, and maximum luminous power efficiency ≤55 lm W‐1 are demonstrated.

Published
2014

12. Highly sensitive and room temperature detection of ultra-low concentrations of O 3 using self-powered sensing elements of Cu 2 O nanocubes.

Author

Petromichelaki E, Gagaoudakis E, Moschovis K, Tsetseris L, Anthopoulos TD, Kiriakidis G, and Binas V

Abstract

The fundamental development of the design of novel self-powered ozone sensing elements, operating at room temperature, based on p-type metal oxides paves the way to a new class of low cost, highly promising gas sensing devices. In this work, p-type Cu 2 O nanocubes were synthesized by a simple solution-based method and tested as a self-powered ozone sensing element, at room temperature (25 °C) for the first time. Highly crystalline Cu 2 O nanocubes with 30 nm size were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Self-powered sensing elements of Cu 2 O nanocubes have been successfully fabricated by deposition of Cu 2 O nanocubes on interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) consisting of two connection tracks with 500 digits and a gap of 5 μm in order to investigate their response to ozone at room temperature. The experimental results showed that the use of nanocubes as sensing elements was suitable for detecting ultra-low concentrations of O 3 down to 10 ppb at room temperature with very high sensitivity (28%) and a very low response/recovery time. The reversible sensing process of the relatively weak binding of O 3 species by trapping sites on Cu 2 O facets with increased oxygen content was studied by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Published
2019
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13. Lyotropic 'hairy' TiO 2 nanorods.

Author

Cheng F, Verrelli E, Alharthi FA, Kelly SM, O'Neill M, Kemp NT, Kitney SP, Lai KT, Mehl GH, and Anthopoulos T

Abstract

We report the synthesis of the first stable, solution-processable and photocrosslinkable hybrid organic/inorganic titanium dioxide nanorods as 'hairy rods' coated with phosphonate ligands with photoreactive coumarin groups located in a terminal position. The relationships between the chemical structure of the diethyl-ω-[(7-oxycoumaryl)- n -alkyl]phosphonate ligands on the ligand exchange rate (LER) and the solubility of the resultant ligand-stabilized titanium dioxide nanorods in organic solvents are elucidated. These TiO 2 nanorods, with an organic ligand coating, are short enough (aspect ratio = 5-8) to be dissolved in chlorobenzene at high concentrations, but long enough to form lyotropic nematic liquid crystals. These colloidal solutions are used to deposit a thin, uniform layer of hybrid organic/inorganic TiO 2 nanorods with their long axes in the plane of a flat, smooth substrate through a self-organization process. Standard photolithographic patterning creates an insoluble dielectric layer of the desired thickness, smoothness and uniformity and with a dielectric constant of sufficient magnitude, k = 8, suitable for the fabrication of multilayer, plastic electronic devices using solution-based fabrication techniques, such as ink-jet printing, used in roll-to-roll manufacturing., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Published
2018
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