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1. Author Correction:Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global peatland carbon sink (Nature Climate Change, (2021), 11, 1, (70-77), 10.1038/s41558-020-00944-0)

Author

Loisel, J., Gallego-Sala, A. V., Amesbury, M. J., Magnan, G., Anshari, G., Beilman, D. W., Benavides, J. C., Blewett, J., Camill, P., Charman, D. J., Chawchai, S., Hedgpeth, A., Kleinen, T., Korhola, A., Large, D., Mansilla, C. A., Müller, J., van Bellen, S., West, J. B., Yu, Z., Bubier, J. L., Garneau, M., Moore, T., Sannel, A. B.K., Page, S., Väliranta, M., Bechtold, M., Brovkin, V., Cole, L. E.S., Chanton, J. P., Christensen, T. R., Davies, M. A., De Vleeschouwer, F., Finkelstein, S. A., Frolking, S., Gałka, M., Gandois, L., Girkin, N., Harris, L. I., Heinemeyer, A., Hoyt, A. M., Jones, M. C., Joos, F., Juutinen, S., Kaiser, K., Lacourse, T., Lamentowicz, M., Larmola, T., Leifeld, J., Lohila, A., Milner, A. M., Minkkinen, K., Moss, P., Naafs, B. D.A., Nichols, J., O’Donnell, J., Payne, R., Philben, M., Piilo, S., Quillet, A., Ratnayake, A. S., Roland, T. P., Sjögersten, S., Sonnentag, O., Swindles, G. T., Swinnen, W., Talbot, J., Treat, C., Valach, A. C., and Wu, J.

Abstract

In the version of this Analysis originally published, the following affiliation for A. Lohila was missing: ‘Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland’. This affiliation has now been added, and subsequent affiliations renumbered accordingly, in the online versions of the Analysis.

Published
2021
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2. Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global peatland carbon sink

Author

Loisel, J., Gallego-Sala, A., Amesbury, M. J., Magnan, G., Anshari, G., Beilman, D. W., Benavides, J. C., Blewett, J., Camill, P., Charman, D. J., Chawchai, S., Hedgpeth, A., Kleinen, T., Korhola, A., Large, D., Mansilla, C. A., Müller, J., van Bellen, S., West, J. B., Yu, Z., Bubier, J. L., Garneau, M., Moore, T., Sannel, A. Britta K., Page, S., Väliranta, M., Bechtold, M., Brovkin, V., Cole, L. E. S., Chanton, J. P., Christensen, T. R., Davies, M. A., De Vleeschouwer, F., Finkelstein, S. A., Frolking, S., Gałka, M., Gandois, L., Girkin, N., Harris, L., Heinemeyer, A., Hoyt, A. M., Jones, M. C., Joos, F., Juutinen, S., Kaiser, K., Lacourse, T., Lamentowicz, M., Larmola, T., Leifeld, J., Lohila, A., Milner, A. M., Minkkinen, K., Moss, P., Naafs, B. D. A., Nichols, J., O'Donnell, J., Payne, R., Philben, M., Piilo, S., Quillet, A., Ratnayake, A. S., Roland, T. P., Sjögersten, S., Sonnentag, O., Swindles, G. T., Swinnen, W., Talbot, J., Treat, C., Valach, A. C., Wu, J., Loisel, J., Gallego-Sala, A., Amesbury, M. J., Magnan, G., Anshari, G., Beilman, D. W., Benavides, J. C., Blewett, J., Camill, P., Charman, D. J., Chawchai, S., Hedgpeth, A., Kleinen, T., Korhola, A., Large, D., Mansilla, C. A., Müller, J., van Bellen, S., West, J. B., Yu, Z., Bubier, J. L., Garneau, M., Moore, T., Sannel, A. Britta K., Page, S., Väliranta, M., Bechtold, M., Brovkin, V., Cole, L. E. S., Chanton, J. P., Christensen, T. R., Davies, M. A., De Vleeschouwer, F., Finkelstein, S. A., Frolking, S., Gałka, M., Gandois, L., Girkin, N., Harris, L., Heinemeyer, A., Hoyt, A. M., Jones, M. C., Joos, F., Juutinen, S., Kaiser, K., Lacourse, T., Lamentowicz, M., Larmola, T., Leifeld, J., Lohila, A., Milner, A. M., Minkkinen, K., Moss, P., Naafs, B. D. A., Nichols, J., O'Donnell, J., Payne, R., Philben, M., Piilo, S., Quillet, A., Ratnayake, A. S., Roland, T. P., Sjögersten, S., Sonnentag, O., Swindles, G. T., Swinnen, W., Talbot, J., Treat, C., Valach, A. C., and Wu, J.

Abstract

Peatlands are impacted by climate and land-use changes, with feedback to warming by acting as either sources or sinks of carbon. Expert elicitation combined with literature review reveals key drivers of change that alter peatland carbon dynamics, with implications for improving models. The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century. However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are used for future climate change projections, and they are not considered in integrated assessment models that are used in impact and mitigation studies. By using evidence synthesized from the literature and an expert elicitation, we define and quantify the leading drivers of change that have impacted peatland carbon stocks during the Holocene and predict their effect during this century and in the far future. We also identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the scientific community and provide insight towards better integration of peatlands into modelling frameworks. Given the importance of the contribution by peatlands to the global carbon cycle, this study shows that peatland science is a critical research area and that we still have a long way to go to fully understand the peatland-carbon-climate nexus.

Published
2021
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3. Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global peatland carbon sink

Author

Loisel, J, Gallego-Sala, AV, Amesbury, MJ, Magnan, G, Anshari, G, Beilman, DW, Benavides, JC, Blewett, J, Camill, P, Charman, DJ, Chawchai, S, Hedgpeth, A, Kleinen, T, Korhola, A, Large, D, Mansilla, CA, Müller, J, van Bellen, S, West, JB, Yu, Z, Bubier, JL, Garneau, M, Moore, T, Sannel, ABK, Page, S, Väliranta, M, Bechtold, M, Brovkin, V, Cole, LES, Chanton, JP, Christensen, TR, Davies, MA, De Vleeschouwer, F, Finkelstein, SA, Frolking, S, Gałka, M, Gandois, L, Girkin, N, Harris, LI, Heinemeyer, A, Hoyt, AM, Jones, MC, Joos, F, Juutinen, S, Kaiser, K, Lacourse, T, Lamentowicz, M, Larmola, T, Leifeld, J, Lohila, A, Milner, AM, Minkkinen, K, Moss, P, Naafs, BDA, Nichols, J, O’Donnell, J, Payne, R, Philben, M, Piilo, S, Quillet, A, Ratnayake, AS, Roland, TP, Sjögersten, S, Sonnentag, O, Swindles, GT, Swinnen, W, Talbot, J, Treat, C, Valach, AC, Wu, J, Loisel, J, Gallego-Sala, AV, Amesbury, MJ, Magnan, G, Anshari, G, Beilman, DW, Benavides, JC, Blewett, J, Camill, P, Charman, DJ, Chawchai, S, Hedgpeth, A, Kleinen, T, Korhola, A, Large, D, Mansilla, CA, Müller, J, van Bellen, S, West, JB, Yu, Z, Bubier, JL, Garneau, M, Moore, T, Sannel, ABK, Page, S, Väliranta, M, Bechtold, M, Brovkin, V, Cole, LES, Chanton, JP, Christensen, TR, Davies, MA, De Vleeschouwer, F, Finkelstein, SA, Frolking, S, Gałka, M, Gandois, L, Girkin, N, Harris, LI, Heinemeyer, A, Hoyt, AM, Jones, MC, Joos, F, Juutinen, S, Kaiser, K, Lacourse, T, Lamentowicz, M, Larmola, T, Leifeld, J, Lohila, A, Milner, AM, Minkkinen, K, Moss, P, Naafs, BDA, Nichols, J, O’Donnell, J, Payne, R, Philben, M, Piilo, S, Quillet, A, Ratnayake, AS, Roland, TP, Sjögersten, S, Sonnentag, O, Swindles, GT, Swinnen, W, Talbot, J, Treat, C, Valach, AC, and Wu, J

Abstract

The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century. However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are used for future climate change projections, and they are not considered in integrated assessment models that are used in impact and mitigation studies. By using evidence synthesized from the literature and an expert elicitation, we define and quantify the leading drivers of change that have impacted peatland carbon stocks during the Holocene and predict their effect during this century and in the far future. We also identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the scientific community and provide insight towards better integration of peatlands into modelling frameworks. Given the importance of the contribution by peatlands to the global carbon cycle, this study shows that peatland science is a critical research area and that we still have a long way to go to fully understand the peatland–carbon–climate nexus.

Published
2021

4. Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global peatland carbon sink

Author

Loisel, J., Gallego-Sala, A. V., Amesbury, M. J., Magnan, G., Anshari, G., Beilman, D. W., Benavides, J. C., Blewett, J., Camill, P., Charman, D. J., Chawchai, S., Hedgpeth, A., Kleinen, T., Korhola, A., Large, D., Mansilla, C. A., van Bellen, S., West, J. B., Yu, Z., Bubier, J. L., Garneau, M., Moore, T., Sannel, A. B. K., Page, S., Bechtold, M., Brovkin, V., Cole, L. E. S., Chanton, J. P., Christensen, T. R., Davies, M. A., De Vleeschouwer, F., Finkelstein, S. A., Frolking, S., Ga?ka, M., Gandois, L., Girkin, N., Harris, L. I., Heinemeyer, A., Hoyt, A. M., Jones, M. C., Joos, F., Juutinen, S., Kaiser, K., Lacourse, T., Lamentowicz, M., Larmola, T., Leifeld, J., Lohila, A., Milner, A. M., Minkkinen, K., Moss, P., Naafs, B. D. A., Nichols, J., Payne, R., Philben, M., Piilo, S., Quillet, A., Ratnayake, A. S., Roland, T. P., Sonnentag, O., Swindles, G. T., Swinnen, W., Talbot, J., Treat, C., Valach, A. C., and Wu, J.

Subjects
Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

© 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century. However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are used for future climate change projections, and they are not considered in integrated assessment models that are used in impact and mitigation studies. By using evidence synthesized from the literature and an expert elicitation, we define and quantify the leading drivers of change that have impacted peatland carbon stocks during the Holocene and predict their effect during this century and in the far future. We also identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the scientific community and provide insight towards better integration of peatlands into modelling frameworks. Given the importance of the contribution by peatlands to the global carbon cycle, this study shows that peatland science is a critical research area and that we still have a long way to go to fully understand the peatland–carbon–climate nexus.

Published
2020

5. HUBUNGAN KERJASAMA INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA-NEGARA PASIFIK SELATAN

Author

ANSHARI G, YUMNA SANI

Subjects
Pasifik Selatan, Kerjasama, Indonesia, Isu Papua Barat, Melanesia
Abstract

2016 Yumna Sani Anshari,E 13112112, dengan skripsi berjudul ???Hubungan Kerjasama Indonesia dan Negara-negara Pasifik Selatan???, dibawah bimbingan Patrice Lumumba selaku Pembimbing I dan Husein Abdullah selaku Pembimbing II, Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang mengapa Indonesia dan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan mengadakan hubungan kerjasama ekonomi & politik serta bentuk implementasi dari hubungan kerjasama Indonesia dan negaa-negara Pasifik Selatan. Indonesia dan kawasan Pasifik Selatan yang berdekatan secara geografis dan memiliki kesamaan sumber daya alam di bidang perikanan dan kelatan menjadikan kedua aktor tersebut saling bekerja sama dengan kebutuhan negara masing-masing. Kerjasama ini bergerak di bidang ekonomi dan politik, Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitik yang kemudian didukung oleh data-data kuantitatif. Dalam metode ini dijelaskan secara sistematis mengenai data-data ataupun variabel-variabel yang berkaitan dengan latar belakang hubungan kerjasama Indonesia dengan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan dan perwujudan hubungan kerjasama Indonesia dengan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah telaah pustaka (library research) yaitu dengan mengumpulkan literatur yang berkaitan dengan substansi permasalahan yang akan dibahas berupa buku, dokumen, jurnal, artikel, atau surat kabar serta melakukan wawancara. Adapun Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisa yang bersifat analisis deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu data yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur kemudian dihubungkan antara data-data yang ada kemudian permasalahan yang ada dijelaskan dan dianalisa berdasarkan data-data yang ada dan disusun dalam suatu tulisan serta ditarik suatu kesimpulan akhir dari data-data yang ada. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang hubungan kerjasama Indonesia dan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan didasari oleh kebutuhan dan kepentingan masing-masing tiap negara. Indonesia banyak memberi bantuan berupa kerjasama teknis seperti capacity building di bidang ekonomi dan good governance di bidang politik kepada negara-negara Pasifik Selatan (Fiji, Vanuatu, Papua Nugini), sebab negara-negara di Pasifik Selatan minim akan kemajuan pembangunan negaranya yang disebakan oleh kapasitas sumber daya manusia yang kurang, demografi yang jumlahnya sedikit, serta akses yang sulit dijangkau. Adapun tujuan utama selain membantu pembangunan negara demi menjaga kestabilan kawasan, manfaat yang Indonesia dapatkan adalah meredam dukungan-dukungan ketiga negara tersebut dalam upaya kemerdekaan Papua Barat dari Indonesia. Kesamaan etnis Melanesia yang membuat negara-negara di Pasifik Selatan yang dimana atas nama solidaritas mendukung penuh separatism Papua Barat. Isu ini juga sudah menjadi isu internasional yang mengkhawatirkan Indonesia terhadap ancaman kedaulatan keutuhan NKRI (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia).

Published
2016

7. Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands

Author

University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Hooijer, A., Page, S., Jauhiainen, Jyrki, Lee, W.A., Lu, X.X., Idris, A., Anshari, G., University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Hooijer, A., Page, S., Jauhiainen, Jyrki, Lee, W.A., Lu, X.X., Idris, A., and Anshari, G.

Abstract

Conversion of tropical peatlands to agriculture leads to a release of carbon from previously stable, long-term storage, resulting in land subsidence that can be a surrogate measure of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. We present an analysis of recent large-scale subsidence monitoring studies in Acacia and oil palm plantations on peatland in SE Asia, and compare the findings with previous studies. Subsidence in the first 5 yr after drainage was found to be 142 cm, of which 75 cm occurred in the first year. After 5 yr, the subsidence rate in both plantation types, at average water table depths of 0.7 m, remained constant at around 5 cm yr−1. The results confirm that primary consolidation contributed substantially to total subsidence only in the first year after drainage, that secondary consolidation was negligible, and that the amount of compaction was also much reduced within 5 yr. Over 5 yr after drainage, 75 % of cumulative subsidence was caused by peat oxidation, and after 18 yr this was 92 %. The average rate of carbon loss over the first 5 yr was 178 t CO2eq ha−1 yr−1, which reduced to 73 t CO2eq ha−1 yr−1 over subsequent years, potentially resulting in an average loss of 100 t CO2eq ha−1 yr−1 over 25 yr. Part of the observed range in subsidence and carbon loss values is explained by differences in water table depth, but vegetation cover and other factors such as addition of fertilizers also influence peat oxidation. A relationship with groundwater table depth shows that subsidence and carbon loss are still considerable even at the highest water levels theoretically possible in plantations. This implies that improved plantation water management will reduce these impacts by 20 % at most, relative to current conditions, and that high rates of carbon loss and land subsidence are inevitable consequences of conversion of forested tropical peatlands to other land uses.

Published
2012

8. A cost-efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil

Author

Warren, M. W., primary, Kauffman, J. B., additional, Murdiyarso, D., additional, Anshari, G., additional, Hergoualc'h, K., additional, Kurnianto, S., additional, Purbopuspito, J., additional, Gusmayanti, E., additional, Afifudin, M., additional, Rahajoe, J., additional, Alhamd, L., additional, Limin, S., additional, and Iswandi, A., additional

Published
2012
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12. Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands: reducing uncertainty and implications for CO2 emission reduction options.

Author

Hooijer, A., Page, S., Jauhiainen, J., Lee, W. A., Lu, X. X., Idris, A., and Anshari, G.

Subjects
PEATLANDS, UNCERTAINTY (Information theory), ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, EMISSION control, VEGETATION & climate, WATER table, FOREST drainage
Abstract

Conversion of tropical peatlands to agriculture leads to a release of carbon from previously stable, long-term storage, resulting in land subsidence that can be a surrogate measure of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. We present an analysis of recent large-scale subsidence monitoring studies in Acacia and oil palm plantations on peatland in SE Asia, and compare the findings with previous studies. Subsidence in the first 5 years after drainage was found to be 142 cm, of which 75 cm occurred in the first year. After 5 years, the subsidence rate in both plantation types, at average water table depths of 0.7 m, remained constant at around 5 cm yr-1. Bulk density profiles indicate that consolidation contributes only 7% to total subsidence, in the first year after drainage, and that the role of compaction is also reduced quickly and becomes negligible after 5 years. Over 18 years after drainage, 92% of cumulative subsidence was caused by peat oxidation. The average rate of carbon loss over the first 5 years was 178 t ha-1 yr-1 CO2eq, which reduced to 73 t ha-1 yr-1 CO2eq over subsequent years, resulting in an average loss of 100 t ha-1 yr-1 CO2eq annualized over 25 years. Part of the observed range in subsidence and carbon loss values is explained by differences in water table depth, but vegetation cover and addition of fertilizers also influence peat oxidation. A relationship with groundwater table depth shows that subsidence and carbon loss are still considerable even at the highest water table levels theoretically possible in plantations. This implies that improved water management will reduce these impacts by only 20% at most, relative to current conditions, and that high rates of carbon loss and land subsidence should be accepted as inevitable consequences of conversion of forested tropical peatlands to other land uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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13. A preliminary assessment of peat degradation in West Kalimantan.

Author

Anshari, G. Z.

Subjects
PEAT, ENERGY minerals, CARBON, HUMUS, NITROGEN
Abstract

Degradation of tropical peats is a global concern due to large Carbon emission and loss of biodiversity. The degradation of tropical peats usually starts when the government clears closed peat forests into open and drained peatlands for agricultural uses. Tropical peats have high values of Water Contents (WC), Organic Matters (OM) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and low values of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Sulphur (TS). Dry Bulk Density (DBD) is commonly less than 0.1 g cm-3. Decline of concentration values of OM (<90%) and TOC (<40%) indicate peat degradation. In disturbed peats, TN concentration tends to decrease and the concentration of TS slightly increases. Changes in OM, TOC, TN and TS are potentially important indicators for assessing peat degradation in the tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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