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This work is the first part of a large bibliographic review of active queue management algorithms of the Random Early Detection (RED) family, presented in the scientific press from 1993 to 2023. The third part will provide data on algorithms published from 2016 to 2023.

Background. Arterial hypertension (AH) remains the leading risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cerebrovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. About 70% of patients with AH who are on monotherapy cannot achieve blood pressure (BP) targets, and therefore all quidelines for the management of AH have recently recommended prescribing combination therapy (PCT). In real clinical practice (RCP), there remains significant uncertainty in the effectiveness and rationality of therapy, despite the wide availability of antihypertensive drugs (AHD) and the presence of recommendations for a stepwise approach to prescribing combinations of specific groups of AHD in different clinical situations. Aim. Analyze the real ongoing antihypertensive therapy, including the PCT; international nonproprietary names of drugs and their dosages in RCP; compliance of therapy with clinical recommendations; changing trends in the PCT. Materials and methods. An analysis was carried out of the data from the register of AH, the compliance of treatment in different clinical groups of patients and the achievement of BP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in the sample of 2019–2022 (n=5012). The prescription of AHD and achievement of targets values were assessed in accordance with current clinical guidelines for the management of AH and hypercholesterolemia. Data from 2010 (n=7782) and 2020 (n=3061) were analyzed to assess the dynamics of prescription of monotherapy and PCT. Results. The greatest increase in the number of AHD was observed in patients with hypertension in combination with coronary heart disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. In a small group of patients with hypertension without other CVDs, the recommended combinations of AHD were not prescribed; preference was given to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and β-adrenoblocker (β-AB). PCT mainly differed from the recommended combinations by the wider use of drugs from the β-AB group. The PCT of recommended drugs was highest in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease – more than 90%, hypertension and heart failure in 56.2%, hypertension and atrial fibrillation – 33.3%, hypertension and chronic kidney desease – 19.6%. Achievement of BP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets was insufficient in all analyzed groups. Among the international nonproprietary names of drugs, the most frequently prescribed are the following: bisoprolol, metoprolol, lisinopril, perindopril, losartan, spironolactone, amlodipine, torasemide, indapamide, hypochlorothiazide, moxonidine. The prescribed daily dosages were closer to the initial recommended ones. By 2020, the prescription of PCT with β-AB and a more uniform prescription of various combinations will come to the fore, while PCT in 2010 is characterized by the presence of one or two leaders combinations. Conclusion. The described features of prescribing AHD partially reproduce clinical recommendations for the management of AH. Differences in therapy provided in RCP may be associated with an attempt to intensify the treatment of hypertension in patients with other concomitant CVDs. At the same time, analysis of combinations and dosages of prescribed drugs suggests the presence of wide opportunities for further escalation of therapy. The presented data can provide insight into current patterns of antihypertensive therapy prescription in patients in RCP and lay the foundation for optimizing therapy in different categories hypertensive patients.

Problem statement . The need to study and use network technology competencies to improve the general education and professional level is becoming a prerequisite for training the next generation of advanced engineers. To effectively use computer devices and digital tools, computational thinking is required. The study aimed at substantiating the effectiveness of using a professionally oriented network training course for the development of computational thinking of future engineers. Methodology . To obtain theoretical generalizations, an analysis of scientific works on the problem of defining the phenomenon of “computational thinking” and the use of network educational resources in the training of specialists in engineering and technical specialties was carried out. Computational thinking is determined as a mental process of a set of actions: mobilizing an image system of objects and their interconnections from human memory; formulating the problem taking into account uncertainties; creating a solution algorithm; and implementing it effectively using digital tools. 68 bachelors were involved in the study in the direction of training 23.03.03 “Operation of transport-technological machines and complexes”, profile “Automobiles and automotive industry”. All are first-year students of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. The online training course “Computer science and networks” is used, developed by E. V. Shchedrina, presented on the Moodle platform, and has registration certificate no. 24877 dated August 28, 2021. To diagnose and assess the maturity of computational thinking, the author’s testing materials are used: 30 questions following the work program of the discipline. Pearson's chi-square test was applied as a statistical processing method. Results . When working with the materials of a network course in the discipline “Computer Science and Networks,” a new generation engineer performs a sequence of actions characteristic of computational thinking: analyzes the text of a professionally oriented problem (formulates the task as a computational problem), decomposes the problem, composes and implements the algorithm, performs its analysis and evaluation. The conditions that influence the formation of computational thinking are generalized: obtaining relevant scientific and theoretical facts, patterns, and information on innovative methods and means; their reasoned choice, effective implementation at a high technical level; and analysis of the result and its practical application. Statistically significant differences were determined in the qualitative changes that occurred in the system of training specialists for high-tech production. Conclusion . The positive aspects of using a professionally oriented network course for the development of computational thinking of engineers are highlighted (for example, to gain experience in formulating a problem taking into account the uncertainty of the future, students analyze a corporate network, determine a subnet mask for different conditions, etc.). Options for the practical application of the research results are proposed: in the work of the All-Russian network project for variety testing “Malaya Timiryazevka”, and in the activities of the Center for Pre-University Training and the Digital Department of the academy.

Preschool children conceived through In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) tend to demonstrate particular behavioral, social, and emotional patterns that correlate with their physical development. The authors used a number of techniques to assess the behavior and social and emotional development of five-year-old IVF children. Such questionnaires as Your Child’s Behavior and Child’s Relationship with Friends and Family cast light on the behavioral, social, and emotional status. To define the physical development, the authors used such questionnaires as Child Feeding Issues, Three-Month History of Infectious Diseases, History of Injuries and Accidents, and Chronic Disease History. The sample consisted of 81 IVF children and 153 naturally-conceived children (aged 5); it included subgroups of children with perinatal developmental risks. Most parents of the IVF children reported neither behavioral nor social issues. However, the IVF children demonstrated more severe emotional issues. The IVF children with perinatal developmental risks had more pronounced emotional and anxiety issues, which was not typical of naturally-conceived children with perinatal risks. Both groups included children with difficulties in social and emotional development. The study revealed four significant factors that defined the difficulties of the socio-emotional development in the IVF children: behavioral disorders, aggression, social issues, and emotional issues. The significant correlations of behavioral, social, and emotional development in the IVF group indicated some specificity against the control. The correlating indicators of mental and physical development proved that physical development might affect behavioral, social, and emotional development in IVF children.

Abstract Background Ontologies are fundamental components of informatics infrastructure in domains such as biomedical, environmental, and food sciences, representing consensus knowledge in an accurate and computable form. However, their construction and maintenance demand substantial resources and necessitate substantial collaboration between domain experts, curators, and ontology experts. We present Dynamic Retrieval Augmented Generation of Ontologies using AI (DRAGON-AI), an ontology generation method employing Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). DRAGON-AI can generate textual and logical ontology components, drawing from existing knowledge in multiple ontologies and unstructured text sources. Results We assessed performance of DRAGON-AI on de novo term construction across ten diverse ontologies, making use of extensive manual evaluation of results. Our method has high precision for relationship generation, but has slightly lower precision than from logic-based reasoning. Our method is also able to generate definitions deemed acceptable by expert evaluators, but these scored worse than human-authored definitions. Notably, evaluators with the highest level of confidence in a domain were better able to discern flaws in AI-generated definitions. We also demonstrated the ability of DRAGON-AI to incorporate natural language instructions in the form of GitHub issues. Conclusions These findings suggest DRAGON-AI's potential to substantially aid the manual ontology construction process. However, our results also underscore the importance of having expert curators and ontology editors drive the ontology generation process.

Background. The technique of multiapical deformities correction with several orthopedic hexapods (one for each apex of deformity) is accepted as a standard one. However, usage of two or more hexapods on one segment is uncomfortable for the patient. Besides, software calculation for each of them is difficult and laborious for an orthopedic surgeon. Application of only one orthopedic hexapod with one software calculation is the advantage of the spring technique (ST) of multiapical deformities correction. However, its application is hindered by the fact that the corrective capabilities of this technique have not been studied yet. The aim of the study was to identify by the bench test the corrective capabilities of the spring technique and compare them with the capabilities of the standard one. Methods. The bench test was performed using plastic models of the femur. One-ring modules were used to fix each of the bone fragments. Foam rubber discs were used to imitate soft tissues. The mobile ring was moved relative to the base one in translation, angulation, distraction and rotation. The movement was stopped if one of the struts reached its minimum or maximum length, as well as if one of them touched a frame, transosseous elements or “soft tissues”. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis. Results. When using all the six struts equipped with standard threaded rods, the corrective capabilities of the spring technique are 58-97% (on average 72%) lower than of the standard one. When replacing 2-6 (depending on the type of motion) threaded rods with longer ones, the capabilities of ST increases by 36-466% (on average 257%). This provides better result for ST in translation (in three directions), varus and recurvation angulation. Conclusions. Corrective capabilities of the spring technique in 5 out of 11 types of motions are better than the capabilities of the standard technic if struts of the orthopedic hexapod are equipped with threaded rods of greater length.

The aim. To establish the relationship between coronary bed lesions and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated on the basis of creatinine, cystatin C and urine albumin-creatinine ratio in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Materials and methods. We examined 286 patients with STEMI, aged 39 to 87 years (mean age 62.8 ± 9.8, median age 64, interquartile range 56 to 71 years), 202 (70.6%) were men and 84 (29.4%) were women. All the patients underwent general clinical tests, coronary angiography with subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention, and echocardiography. Results. The most frequent infarct-related coronary artery (CA) was the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery in the proximal and middle segments, and the right coronary artery in the proximal segment. In general, there was no significant difference in the number of affected CAs among the examined patients. The division of patients into groups according to the level of GFR, determined both on the basis of creatinine and cystatin C, did not reveal significant differences in the distribution of infarct-related CAs. At the same time, the number of patients with multivessel lesions significantly increases with decreased GFR. Depending on the level of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, a significant increase in the number of patients with two- and multivessel lesions of the CAs was noted. Conclusions. Close correlations between multivessel lesions of CAs and gender, age, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, GFR, left and right atrial size, duration of history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, presence of II-III degree atrioventricular block and mortality were established.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, the incidence of cervical adenocarcinomas has increased from 5% to 20%. Endocervical adenocarcinomas are characterized by a more aggressive course and early metastasis. Owing to the difficulties in the cytological diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma, early radiation diagnostics and staging subsequently play a key role. Very few studies have examined the use of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing cervical adenocarcinomas. AIM: To determine the diagnostic informativeness of magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of cervical adenocarcinomas according to the T-criterion and assessing the depth of tumor invasion into the stroma of the cervix and clarify the semiotic signs of adenocarcinoma and features of tumor growth in the uterus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 123 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer (C53), who underwent diagnosis and treatment between 2020 and 2023, were examined. The examination results of 22 (18%) patients with cervical adenocarcinoma were analyzed. The average patient age was 56 years. A multiparametric magnetic resonance examination of the pelvic organs was performed on 22 patients using tomographs with a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T. Moreover, 14 (64%) patients underwent surgery including extirpation of the uterus and appendages with pelvic lymphadenectomy. The information value of magnetic resonance imaging was evaluated in 11 patients, whose first stage was surgical treatment. RESULTS: In this study, cervical adenocarcinoma was detected in 18% among all cases of cervical cancer. The information value of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing the local prevalence of endocervical adenocarcinoma according to the T-criterion was as follows (main value with the corresponding 95% confidence interval): sensitivity, 77.78% (39.99%–97.19%); specificity, 50.00% (1.26%–98.74%); positive predictive value, 87.50% (62.64%–96.69%); negative predictive value, 33.33% (7.30%–76.04%); and accuracy, 72.73% (39.03%–93.98%). The information value of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing the depth of tumor invasion into the cervical stroma was as follows: odds ratio, 3.500 (0.145%–84.694%); sensitivity, 85.7% (0.757%–0.993%); specificity, 33.3% (0.018%–0.0648%); positive predictive value, 75% (0.673%–0.883%); negative predictive value, 50% (0.027%–0.972%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that magnetic resonance imaging is a good tool with high diagnostic informativeness in detecting endocervical cervical adenocarcinoma. The four macrostructures of tumor growth in endocervical adenocarcinoma identified during magnetic resonance imaging data analysis indicate locally aggressive tumor growth and a high frequency of endometrial dropouts. This finding will allow radiologists to structure a descriptive picture, including the verified cervical adenocarcinoma, to enhance methods of developing a treatment plan for the patient.

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is one of the key problems of the Russian domestic healthcare system. E-health can be used to improve medical care quality and reduce the of hospitalizations and mortality. AIM: To examine the effect of telemedicine monitoring on mortality, frequency of hospitalizations, and clinical and functional states of patients with chronic heart failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, controlled, randomized study was conducted in the Central City Hospital No. 20 in Ekaterinburg (Russia), covering the period from December 2020 to December 2022. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic heart failure were randomized using the envelope method into three groups: group 1, a telephone control group (n=58); group 2, a remote control group using a Russian medical platform Medsenger (n=52); and group 3, the standard control group (n=103). All patients were examined, including NT-proBNP measurement and echocardiography on the first day of the study and at 3, 6, and 12 months. The occurrence of primary and secondary outcomes was evaluated at these reference points. Stata14 and jamovi software were used for statistical processing. RESULTS: The study involved 213 participants, and all three groups were comparable in terms of basic demographic and clinical characteristics. The advantage of remote control (groups 1 and 2) over face-to-face observation in reducing cardiovascular mortality was observed after 3 (odds ratio 2.73, 95% confidence interval 1.1–7.39; p=0.042) and 12 (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1–3.7; p=0.027) months and that in reducing the occurrence of the combined primary endpoint (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.6; p=0.015) after 12 months. The use of the Medsenger platform also demonstrated an advantage over face-to-face observation in the development of the combined secondary endpoint (odds ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.81; p=0.011) after 3 months and over telephone control by a nurse after 12 months in reducing cardiovascular mortality (odds ratio 0.177, 95% confidence interval 0.06–0.487; p=0.021) and development of the combined secondary endpoint (odds ratio 0.427, 95% confidence interval 0.189–0.964; p=0.041). When using the Medsenger platform, the ejection fraction increased from 47% initially to 55% after 12 months (p=0.004). The NT-proBNP level decreased from 817 to 582 pg/mL (p 0.001) after 3 months and then to 233 pg/mL after 12 months (p 0.001). CONCLUSION: Remote monitoring protocols can be a good alternative to the traditional face-to-face monitoring of patients with chronic heart failure, which may improve clinical and functional health indicators.

Introduction. The World Health Organization considers the values of antibody titers in the hemagglutination inhibition assay as one of the most important criteria for assessing successful vaccination. Mathematical modeling of cross-immunity allows for identification on a real-time basis of new antigenic variants, which is of paramount importance for human health. Materials and methods. This study uses statistical methods and machine learning techniques from simple to complex: logistic regression model, random forest method, and gradient boosting. The calculations used the AAindex matrices in parallel to the Hamming distance. The calculations were carried out with different types and values of antigenic escape thresholds, on four data sets. The results were compared using common binary classification metrics. Results. Significant differentiation is shown depending on the data sets used. The best results were demonstrated by all three models for the forecast autumn season of 2022, which were preliminary trained on the February season of the same year (Auroc 0.934; 0.958; 0.956, respectively). The lowest results were obtained for the entire forecast year 2023, they were set up on data from two seasons of 2022 (Aucroc 0.614; 0.658; 0.775). The dependence of the results on the types of thresholds used and their values turned out to be insignificant. The additional use of AAindex matrices did not significantly improve the results of the models without introducing significant deterioration. Conclusion. More complex models show better results. When developing cross-immunity models, testing on a variety of data sets is important to make strong claims about their prognostic robustness.

School shootings, defined as acts of mass armed violence perpetrated within educational institutions, elicit significant media attention. This extensive coverage, however, raises concerns regarding its potential contribution to the “copycat effect”, where subsequent crimes are inspired by media portrayals of previous incidents. Furthermore, media narratives can significantly influence public perceptions of both the victims and the perpetrators involved. This study aims to analyze the narrative of school shooting within four key categories: victim portrayal, perpetrator description, perceived motives, and the act itself. The results reveals a dominant narrative structure that closely follows the chronological sequence of the perpetrator’s actions. This mirroring effect, likely driven by the inherent demands of streaming media formats, results in a construction of victim narratives “through the lens” of the perpetrator. Consequently, information regarding the perpetrators and their actions tends to dominate the media landscape, potentially overshadowing the experiences and perspectives of the victims. These findings carry significant implications for the development of ethical guidelines within journalism and professional standards for reporting on mass gun violence in schools. Moreover, the identified patterns in media narratives could serve as valuable input for developing mathematical models that explore the potential link between media representations of school shootings and the occurrence of copycat crimes.

The notion of politeness is closely connected with communication control as one of its important mechanisms, which, however, has not been thoroughly researched in academic literature. In the present paper, we view this mechanism through the prism of communication monitoring, defined as a social negotiation instrument aimed at the speaker’s self-control and regulation of other people’s verbal and nonverbal behaviour. The study employs a complex of qualitative methods including observation, definition analysis, discourse analysis and introspection. Drawing upon the data of over 1500 communicative situations in English and Russian, we distinguish the prognostic, diagnostic, regulative, corrective, and reflexive functions of monitoring, as well as the function of conflict resolution. The connection between monitoring and politeness is determined by the existence of social constraints and the necessity to observe established rules and norms. The presence of multiple communication variables makes it possible to distinguish different types of monitoring: (i) horizontal vs. vertical monitoring; (ii) self-monitoring vs. monitoring of others; (iii) verbal vs. nonverbal monitoring; (iv) oral vs. written monitoring; (v) explicit vs. implicit monitoring; (vi) pre-monitoring vs. concurrent monitoring vs. post-monitoring; (vii) direct vs. mediated monitoring; and (viii) overt vs. covert monitoring. (Im)politeness is manifested in all the types through the choice of words and communication strategies, observance or violation of conversational rules, and different forms of nonverbal behaviour. These findings can lead to their practical application and help to enhance the effectiveness and quality of human interaction.

Swyer syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which gonadal dysgenesis and karyotype 46, XY are observed. In the postnatal and prepubescent period, this disease has no clinical manifestations and is asymptomatic, which makes diagnosis difficult. The first signs of the syndrome appear in puberty in the form of underdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics. This review presents the criteria based on which such a diagnosis as Swyer syndrome can be made. The main diagnostic methods are highlighted, the possibilities of both surgical treatment of patients and drug treatment due to hormone replacement therapy are considered. Verification of the syndrome contributes to a more thorough examination, which will allow you to determine management tactics and avoid complications from other organs and systems.

Abstract Despite the success of PD-1 blockade in cancer therapy, how PD-1 initiates signaling remains unclear. Soluble PD-L1 is found in patient sera and can bind PD-1 but fails to suppress T cell function. Here, we show that PD-1 function is reduced when mechanical support on ligand is removed. Mechanistically, cells exert forces to PD-1 and prolong bond lifetime at forces 8pN (slip bond). Molecular dynamics of PD-1–PD-L2 complex suggests force may cause relative rotation and translation between the two molecules yielding distinct atomic contacts not observed in the crystal structure. Compared to wild-type, PD-1 mutants targeting the force-induced distinct interactions maintain the same binding affinity but suppressed/eliminated catch bond, lowered rupture force, and reduced inhibitory function. Our results uncover a mechanism for cells to probe the mechanical support of PD-1–PD-Ligand bonds using endogenous forces to regulate PD-1 signaling.

Background: Galectin-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The blood and tumoral levels of galectin-1 could be dependent on the polymorphism of the promotor region of LGALS1 gene. Aim: To analyze an association between galectin-1 levels in tumor tissue and plasma and the genotype of the rs4820293 and rs4820294 polymorphisms of the LGALS1 gene in CRC patients. Materials and methods: The study included a total of 70 inpatients with pathologically verified CRC (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes C18-C20, 39 men and 31 women, mean age 65.4 ± 5.7 years), who were receiving treatment in the Tomsk Regional Oncology Center and Cancer Research Institute of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center from 2020 to 2022. The control group consisted of 70 healthy volunteers (34 men and 36 women, mean age 62.3 ± 7.2 years). Venous blood samples were taken from all study participants and tumor tissue samples were obtained from the CRC patients. Galectin-1 expression in the tumor tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry and plasma galectin-1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The LGALS1 gene polymorphisms rs4820293 and rs4820294 were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: The distributions of genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphic variants rs4820293 and rs4820294 of the LGALS1 gene in the CRC patients and in the healthy donors were comparable (p 0.05). Calculation of odds ratios did not confirm any association between LGALS1 gene polymorphisms and CRC. However, the rs4820294 polymorphism had a strong association with regional metastasis and tumor differentiation grade (Cramer's V above 0.4, p 0.001). The plasma galectin-1 levels in the CRC patients with the AA genotype of the rs4820294 polymorphism were higher than in the healthy carriers (17.42 versus 12.92 ng/ml, p = 0.040). However, there were no significant differences in the content of galectin-1+ cells in the tumor and galectin-1 in plasma of the CRC patients depending on the genotype of the LGALS1 gene polymorphisms (p 0.05). Conclusion: The LGALS1 gene polymorphism is not associated with CRC, but in the carriers of the rs4820294 variant is related to clinical and morphological parameters of the tumor process. The intratumoral expression and blood levels of galectin-1 in CRC patients are not dependent on the genotype of rs4820293 and rs4820294 polymorphisms of the LGALS1 gene.

Background. Improving the work on psychological prevention of stagnation in professional and personal development of employees (military personnel) as well as counteracting the spread of negative information and psychological effects provide for professional efficiency and reliability of the personnel of law enforcement agencies. Objectives. The article is aimed at studying the issues of negative information and psychological impact as determinants of stagnation in professional and personal development of representatives of law enforcement agencies. Study Participants. The study was conducted on a sample of 163 people (62 police officers, 87 military personnel, 14 employees of the penal enforcement system). The participants are men who have been in office for more than 3 years and are experiencing negative information and psychological effects; the average age is 32.4 years. Methods. Questionnaire for studying the impact of negative information and psychological effects on the personnel of law enforcement agencies; questionnaires for assessing the stagnation of professional and personal development and assessing the information stress tolerance by V.E. Petrov's employees were applied. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, evaluation of differences using the Mann-Whitney U-test, correlation analysis by Ch. Spearman were used for statistical processing of the empirical data. Results. With intense negative information and psychological impact, representatives of law enforcement agencies expressed: a subjective feeling of stagnation, loss of motivation for self-realization, awareness of stagnation in development. Such characteristics of personality and behaviour as information intelligibility, moderate information activity and sensitivity to stress, stress regulation of behaviour act as protectors from stagnation under the influence of negative information and psychological effects. Conclusions. The study found that representatives of law enforcement agencies integrate negative intensive informational and psychological impact into the overall assessment of the level of psychological stress in the service. The etiology and generalization of information stress and stagnation of professional and personal development among police officers, the penal enforcement system officers, and military personnel are largely similar. Countering negative information and psychological effects and overcoming stagnation phenomena in professional and personal development can serve as the basis for a system of prevention of deviant behaviours in the personnel of law enforcement agencies.

The paper is devoted to the polemics on the ways of development of Russian literature in emigration, in which Mark Slonim, Zinaida Gippius, Alfred Bem, Vladislav Khodasevich, and Georgii Adamovich all took part. The article considers the critical views of Khodasevich and Adamovich in relation to the position of Slonim, whose article “Living Literature and Dead Critics” made these polemics central to the emigrant critical literature of the 1920–1930s. Slonim thought that emigrant literature was only a branch of the common trunk of Russian literature that remained in Soviet Russia. According to Khodasevich, any literary tradition representing Russian literature in emigration never developed, and the array of different works of individual authors could not form the unity called emigrant literature. Adamovich, even though he denied the possible development of Russian literature, believed that the problem could be solved by the artistic expression of an individual’s self in simple forms of language devoid of any beauty.

Introduction. The current anthrax situation in Russia is characterized by instability. In 2023, there was an increase in the number of infection outbreaks compared to the long-term average (for five years). The aim of the study is to assess the epizootological and epidemiological situation regarding anthrax in the Russian Federation in 2023 and the reasons for its deterioration, and to analyze data from genomic epidemiological surveillance of this infection. Materials and methods. The information of the territorial bodies of Rospotrebnadzor on the investigation of anthrax outbreaks, reference materials about anthrax stationary hazardous areas and anthrax burials were used. The phylogenetic position of the identified Bacíllus anthracis strains and genomes structure were determined based on whole-genome sequencing data. Results. In 2023 anthrax outbreaks were registered in the Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia (1), the Tyva Republic (1), Tambov (1), Ryazan (1) and Voronezh (3) regions. 14 farm animals and 19 people fell ill. The infection of animals not vaccinated against anthrax, as well as vaccinated long before contact with the source of infection, occurred mainly during grazing in the territories of old (unregistered) anthrax soil foci. Human disease is caused by contact with sick animals during care, forced slaughter, cutting, transportation of carcasses and meat, cooking processing of contaminated meat and offal, and consumption of insufficiently heat-treated liver. 17 patients were diagnosed with a cutaneous form of anthrax, while 2 had an oropharyngeal form combined with a cutaneous form of the disease. In all cases, the genome structure typical of the B. anthracis species has been established. The phylogenetic relationship of B. anthracis isolates with B. anthracis strains previously isolated in Russia is shown. Conclusion. The reason for the trouble in anthrax in 2023 was a number of violations of veterinary and sanitary-epidemiological regulations against the background of the presence of soil foci of infection. Stabilization of the situation can be achieved only in full range of regulated preventive measures are constantly implementated. The results of molecular genetic typing of B. anthracis strains isolated during the epidemiologic investigation of seven anthrax outbreaks in the Russian Federation in 2023 allow us to conclude that they are of local origin and have a genome structure typical of the species. Genetic analysis of the isolated strains demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed wgSNP typing system in the epidemiologic investigation of outbreaks.

Background: 16-18-year-old girls represent the country's reproductive and employment potential, which is the basis for its future demographic and socioeconomic development. The study aimed to determine the heart rate variability (HRV) indicators that can be most interrelated with quality of life (QoL) and socioeconomic well-being in 16-18-year-old girls living in the Russian Arctic. Methods and Results: The study involved 53 girls aged 16-18 living in Arkhangelsk. The World Health Organization Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), Family Affluence Scale (FAS II), Family Financial Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) were used. HRV parameters were determined at rest and during slow-paced breathing with a frequency of 6 respiratory cycles per minute (6SPB). In girls with HR 90 bmp and below, the increase of “Psychological Health,” “Social Relationship,” and “Environmental health” scores of WHOQOL-BREF was correlated with the decrease of sympathetic activity and with the increase of vagal activity during the 6SPB test. CIAS scores were positively correlated with sympathetic activity. The number of family vacations in the last year was correlated with a decrease in sympathetic activity. Conclusion:16-18-year-old girls with optimal resting HR living in the Russian Arctic have more significant correlations of HRV indicators with social, psychological, and environmental aspects of QoL, as well as with the risk of Internet addiction, and, to a lesser extent, with economic living conditions. The opportunity for young people in the Arctic region to spend vacations with their families several times during the year helps reduce cardiac stress.

Pragmalinguistic analysis of media texts with a destructive component (violence, suicide, revenge, reprisals) is presented. A feature of the media content under study is: 1) the presence of a digital communicator – a digital platform (blog, messenger, social network, video, etc.) for broadcasting and replicating the communication process by the participants themselves (representatives of generation Z); 2) the place and role of a digital communicator in the implementation of a given destructive behavioral model. The transformation of axiosphere was revealed: there were axiological shifts in the conceptual field "LIFE-DEATH". Due to it we were able to identify the potential activity of the destructive vector of the homo digitalis behavioral model. The "axiologeme" is interpreted by us as a speech signal of hidden influence. In the text it acts as a lexical unit with code evaluation, which forms positive, neutral or negative associations: death (negative in psychological and emotional terms; neutral (logical conclusion of the life way) from the point of view of Christian morality in objective reality, neutral in virtual reality, as it is possible to reboot and positive (receiving bonuses: likes, discussions, comments). The development of influence plans ("positive-approving, neutral-indifferent or negativedisapproving") for the described events allowed us to identify the author's assessment of the media text with a destructive component. Positive-approving plan – 36.4%, negative-disapproving - 46.1%, and neutral-indifferent – 18.5%. These data reflect the prospects for the preservation/non-preservation of the axiosphere of Russian linguaculture.

IntroductionThe mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2-triggered complex alterations in immune cell activation and production of cytokines in lung tissue remain poorly understood, in part because of the limited use of adequate tissue models that simulate the structure and cell composition of the lung in vivo. We developed a novel ex vivo model of SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung explants, that maintains the intact tissue composition and the viral load for up to 7–10 days. Using this model, we studied cytokine production during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Materials and methodsLung tissue was monitored for viability and cell composition using flow cytometry and histological analysis. SARS-CoV-2 infection was verified immunohistochemically, viral loads in tissue and culture medium were monitored by qPCR. A panel of 41 cytokines was measured in culture medium using xMAP technology.ResultsThe explant lung tissue was viable and maintained viral infection that influenced the cytokine production. Elevated concentrations of G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-a, IFN-g, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-3, MIP-1a, PDGF-AA, and VEGF, and decreased IL-1RA concentration were observed in infected tissue compared to non-infected tissue.DiscussionOur results generally reflect the data obtained in COVID-19 patients. GRO-a, IFN-g, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-3, and RANTES correlated with the viral load, forming a distinct pro-inflammatory cluster. Thus, our lung ex vivo model faithfully reproduces some aspects of cytokine alterations in COVID-19 patients at an early disease stage, making the investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms more accessible and providing a potential platform for antiviral drug testing.

Abstract Objective Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors significantly improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients; however, the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that dapagliflozin improves cardiac outcomes via beneficial effects on systemic and cardiac inflammation and cardiac fibrosis. Research and design methods This randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled 62 adult patients (mean age 62, 17% female) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) without known heart failure. Subjects were randomized to 12 months of daily 10 mg dapagliflozin or placebo. For all patients, blood/plasma samples and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) were obtained at time of randomization and at the end of 12 months. Systemic inflammation was assessed by plasma IL-1B, TNFα, IL-6 and ketone levels and PBMC mitochondrial respiration, an emerging marker of sterile inflammation. Global myocardial strain was assessed by feature tracking; cardiac fibrosis was assessed by T1 mapping to calculate extracellular volume fraction (ECV); and cardiac tissue inflammation was assessed by T2 mapping. Results Between the baseline and 12-month time point, plasma IL-1B was reduced (− 1.8 pg/mL, P = 0.003) while ketones were increased (0.26 mM, P = 0.0001) in patients randomized to dapagliflozin. PBMC maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) decreased over the 12-month period in the placebo group but did not change in patients receiving dapagliflozin (− 158.9 pmole/min/106 cells, P = 0.0497 vs. − 5.2 pmole/min/106 cells, P = 0.41), a finding consistent with an anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT2i. Global myocardial strain, ECV and T2 relaxation time did not change in both study groups. Clinical Trial.gov Registration NCT03782259.

In this work, organic light-emitting LEDs based on Eu3+ coordination compounds with β-diketones and acetic and butyric acids were created and studied. At the moment, an active search is underway for new materials to create optoelectronic devices with high luminescent characteristics. One of these characteristics is high color purity and it can be achieved through the use of materials with narrow-band luminescence, for example, compounds based on Eu3+ ions. Complexes based on Eu3+ with 1,1,1-trifluoro4-phenyl-2,4-butanedione and acetic Eu(Cl)(Btfa)(CH3COO) (compound 1), butyric Eu(Btfa)2(CH3(CH2)3COO) (compound 2) acids were synthesized. The LEDs of the synthesized compounds were manufactured using a combined technique including the method of centrifugation and the method of thermal spraying in vacuum. The characteristics of the LEDs were measured by optical spectroscopy. To study the optical properties of the complexes, the powder was placed between two quartz substrates. Photoluminescence spectra were recorded using a SDL-1 spectrometer, an LED with a wavelength of 365 nm and a photoelectronic multiplier operating in linear mode. Electroluminescence spectra were obtained using the Ocean Optics Maya 2000 PRO spectrometer. A linear structure characteristic of Eu3+ ions was observed in the photoluminescence spectrum of the studied complexes. In the electroluminescence spectrum, radiation characteristic of Eu3+ ions is also observed, in addition to it, an additional wide band with a maximum at a wavelength of 390 nm and a half-height width of 61 nm is observed in the short-wavelength region. The operating voltage of the LED was 10 V. A characteristic “cold” white glow was observed for the studied LEDs. In the spectra of photos- and electroluminescence the following main transitions were found for the studied complexes: 5D0 → 7F0 (maxima at wavelengths λ1 = λ2 = 580 nm for compounds 1 and 2), 5D0 → 7F1 (split band, with maxima at wavelengths λ1 = 587 nm, λ2 = 593 nm, λ3 = 600 nm for the compound 1 and λ1 = 592 nm, λ2 = 599 nm for compound 2), 5D0 → 7F2 (split band, with maxima at wavelengths λ1 = 614 nm, λ2 = 619 nm, λ3 = 623 nm for compound 1 and λ1 = 614 nm, λ2 = 618 nm, λ3 = 620 nm for junction 2), 5D0 → 7F3 (split band, with maxima at wavelengths λ1 = 648 nm, λ2 = 652 nm, λ3 = 655 nm for junction 1 and λ1 = 652 nm, λ2 = 655 nm for compound 2). The wide band observed in the electroluminescence spectrum arises due to the contribution of the hole transport layer, due to the through flow of charge carriers through the active radiating layer, which leads to recombination in the PVK OLED layer. An analysis of the volt-ampere characteristics of the manufactured devices showed that they are characterized by two main conduction modes: the first corresponds to a limitation of the current by a spatial charge (0–7 V), the second is a limitation due to the processes of capture of charge carriers (7–23 V). The results of this work can be used in the production of industrial lighting.

The productive longevity of sows leads to an increase in production of marketable products. However, more than half are discarded after the first farrowing due to impaired reproductive qualities under the influence of various factors including infectious diseases. The seminal material of boars can be a source of infection for sows. There is evidence of the relationship between the influence of infectious agents on the reproductive tract of producers and on inflammatory processes in the generative organs of females, which leads to a decrease in reproduction rates. In males, contamination of the sperm-carrying ducts by microorganisms directly affects the quality of sperm production and the function of spermatozoa, which in turn leads to the production of antibodies, reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation. To study the effect of bacterial contamination on the biological integrity of sperm in breeding boars, three groups of animals were formed depending on the activity of spermatozoa. For the study, ejaculates of Large White, Landrace and Duroc breeding boars (n= 46) were taken. The age of the producers ranged from 18 to 40 months; ejaculates were collected in JanuaryDecember. To determine qualitative and quantitative parameters of spermatozoa, Argus CASA program (ArgusSoft, St. Petersburg, Russia) was used based on CASA technology, using single-factor analysis methods. A comprehensive assessment of the ejaculates of boar producers showed the presence of yeast and yeast-like fungi (mold) in 44% of the studied samples, in which the total number of colony-forming microorganisms was 489537.5 CFU/cm3, which is 8.1 times more than in samples without contamination, and the proportion of progressive motile spermatozoa was lower by 10%. In the group with high microbial contamination (4895CFU/cm3), activity was 1.2 times lower (p 0.001), the proportion of abnormal spermatozoa was 1.7 times higher (p 0.001) and the level of DNA fragmentation was 3.1 times higher (p 0.001). Correlation analysis between microbial contamination and progressively motile spermatozoa showed a negative bilateral correlationr=0.51 (p 0.01) and a positive correlation with abnormal morphologyr= 0.42 (p 0.05) and DNA fragmentationr= 0.56 (p 0.01). Reproductive indicators of boars-producers in the group with high bacterial contamination were established: fertilizing ability was 23% lower, and the number of abortions was 2.3 times higher, and the frequency of stillbirths and mummified piglets in the litter was 3 times and 2.5 times higher, respectively.

Geomorphosite inventory remains an urgent task for many geographical domains where it can facilitate the exploration of geoheritage resources. The present study reports a new and sufficient portion of information from Mountainous Adygeya in southwestern Russia, which is a geoheritage-rich area in the western part of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The Cossack, Monk, and Three Teeth mountains were analyzed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. Their morphology and geological settings were described, their geoheritage properties were scored by several criteria, and their cultural meanings were considered. It was established that the total heritage values of these geomorphosites are comparable. The challenging accessibility of these landforms is offset by the availability of sites for distant observation. Each proposed geomorphosite has its own cultural meaning reflected by its name. The proposed geomorphosites are constituents of the geoheritage resources of Mountainous Adygeya, and they can be exploited via local product branding and georoute functioning.

The increasing volumes of produced and consumed wastes and the very low level of waste disposal weakly correlate with the key provisions of the concept of sustainable development, environmental protection, and socioeconomic development of society. This study aims to substantiate the provisions of a new concept of consumer behavior in a circular economy based on responsible and environmentally oriented consumer behavior. Online participants (N=400 suburban eco-conscious shoppers) were randomly assigned packaging with either collective, generational, or no sustainability messaging before rating eco-friendliness, intentions, and conducting discrete choice tasks. Results showed that collective impact messaging drove the highest perceived eco-alignment (M=5.81 vs. 4.22 control) and willingness-to-pay thresholds. Moderation analysis indicated that collective appeals strengthened eco-perception relationships with premiums. Findings provide empirical evidence that targeted circular economy communications can increase sustainable packaging appeal and economic adoption tradeoffs to overcome attitudinal barriers around consumer recycling behavior. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-04-01 Full Text: PDF

Background: Overweight and especially obesity are associated with the risk of the development and progression of colorectal cancer. It can be assumed that there are multifaceted interactions between the tumor and adipose tissue during anti-tumor treatment. Cancer cells secrete exosomes, extracellular vesicles affecting the microenvironment of the tumor and promoting its progression or regression. The presence of transcription/translation/folding factors (heat shock proteins (HSPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in exosomes secreted by irradiated cells and cells exposed to hyperthermia, indicates the cell adaptation to the thermal and radiation stress. Aim: To analyze the MMPs, TIMP1, and HSPs on CD9-positive (CD9+) exosomes, as well as on exosomes of adipocytic origin (FABP4+) in rectal cancer patients with overweight/obesity under thermoradiochemotherapy (TRCT) and their association with the immediate treatment efficacy. Methods: Since 2021, 20 patients (of those 8 men; median age 59.0 [52.0; 63.0] years, median body mass index 29.6 [28.5; 33.1] kg/m2) with morphologically verified rectal cancer (T3-4N0M0 and T3-4N1M0, differentiation grade G1–G3) have been participating in the study. They were treated with TRCT: external gamma therapy (2 Gy, 1 fraction/day, 5 days/week, total focal dose 54 Gy), chemotherapy with capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice daily) combined with local hyperthermia (42–44 °C, 60 min, 3 times/week, 10 sessions). The TRCT efficacy was assessed by RECIST 1.1 and ESGAR criteria. Blood samples for exosomes were taken from the patients at baseline (point 1), in the middle of the treatment course (point 2), at 6 to 10 weeks after the end of TRCT (point 3), and at 6 months after point 1 (point 4). Small extracellular vesicles were isolated from plasma by ultrafiltration with double ultracentrifugation. The isolated exosomes were characterized by transmission electronic microscopy, flow cytometry and nanoparticle trajectory analysis (NTA). Results: TRCT resulted in complete tumor regression in 13/20 of the rectal cancer patients and partial regression or stabilization in 7/20. Four subpopulations of CD9+ and FABP4+ exosomes associated with the TRCT efficacy were identified (CD9+MMP2+, СD9+MMP2+9+TIMP1+, СD9+MMP2+9+TIMP1-, and FABP4+MMP2+9-TIMP1+). Compared to the CD9+ exosomes, the adipocytic vesicles had higher MMP2 expression (p = 0.026); however, the adipocyte vesicles subpopulation were virtually free of vesicles with combined MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase expression. The HSPs expression by circulating exosomes at various TRCT steps was associated neither with direct treatment efficacy nor with the vesicle type. Conclusion: The expression of MMPs and TIMP1 on CD9+ and FABP4+ exosomes is associated with TRCT efficacy. In the future, vesicular markers could be used to build prognostic models, to identify patient groups with an unfavorable prognosis, and to personalize treatment and follow-up.

Abstract Background As genomes of many eukaryotic species, especially plants, are large and complex, their de novo sequencing and assembly is still a difficult task despite progress in sequencing technologies. An alternative to genome assembly is the assembly of transcriptome, the set of RNA products of the expressed genes. While a bunch of de novo transcriptome assemblers exists, the challenges of transcriptomes (the existence of isoforms, the uneven expression levels across genes) complicates the generation of high-quality assemblies suitable for downstream analyses. Results We developed Trans2express – a web-based tool and a pipeline of de novo hybrid transcriptome assembly and postprocessing based on rnaSPAdes with a set of subsequent filtrations. The pipeline was tested on Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA sequencing data obtained using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms and three non-model plant species. The comparison of structural characteristics of the transcriptome assembly with reference Arabidopsis genome revealed the high quality of assembled transcriptome with 86.1% of Arabidopsis expressed genes assembled as a single contig. We tested the applicability of the transcriptome assembly for gene expression analysis. For both Arabidopsis and non-model species the results showed high congruence of gene expression levels and sets of differentially expressed genes between analyses based on genome and based on the transcriptome assembly. Conclusions We present Trans2express – a protocol for de novo hybrid transcriptome assembly aimed at recovering of a single transcript per gene. We expect this protocol to promote the characterization of transcriptomes and gene expression analysis in non-model plants and web-based tool to be of use to a wide range of plant biologists.

Background. The effect of spinal deformity surgical correction in children with severe neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) on lung function remains unexplored.Objective. The aim of the study is to — to survey the dynamics of volume and structure of lungs pneumatization in children after surgical correction of severe neuromuscular deformities of the spine complicated by respiratory disorders.Methods. CT scans of lungs from 5 children with right-sided NMS, grade IV (Cobb angle < 50°) and functional respiratory disorders (lung capacity < 30% of normal value according to spirometry data and/or clinical signs of respiratory failure) were retrospectively studied. Right and left lungs volumes, their ratio (asymmetry index), indicators of distribution of tissue density of each lung (as a percentage of total volume) before (not earlier than 2 months) and after (not later than 3 months) surgical correction of scoliosis were determined via the data processing from CT scans of the thoracic spine.Results. All children had both lung volumes below reference values (healthy peers) before surgery. The right lung volume increased by 11% (6.4–40.6%), the left lung — by 41% (22.5–90%) with the asymmetry index approaching the reference values for the corresponding age after correction of spinal deformity (the value of scoliotic deformity decreased (median) from 94 to 68°). The volume of normal ventilation zones increased from 30 to 50% on the right side, and from 41 to 55% on the left side, primarily due to decrease in the volume of hypoventilation zones, but not atelectasis and emphysema.Conclusion. Surgical correction of spinal deformity in children with NMS, grade IV, complicated with respiratory failure led to normalization of lungs volume and tissue density characteristics already in the early postoperative period.

Currently, throughout the world, thermal cycling processes are recognized as the most effective ways to increase the durability of metalworking tools. However, this promising technology has been little studied for structural steels. But the question of the influence of thermal cycling on magnetic properties (coercive force) has practically not been raised in the scientific literature. Therefore, in this work, the goal was to study the change in the coercive force and hardness of steels when using various thermal cycling schemes. During the experiments, steels of various purposes (structural and instrumental) and chemical composition were investigated. The following were studied: - pendulum, lowtemperature, medium-temperature, high-temperature thermal cycling and thermal cycling near the Curie temperature of cementite. All standard types of thermal cycling showed a drop in coercive force. Thermal cycling for carbon structural steel was carried out near the Curie point of cementite. The steel showed a jump in properties during the third cycle. A study of the structure revealed that partial spheroidization of pearlite occurred despite the fact that thermal cycling took place below the line of phase transformations. Research has shown that granular pearlite has a significantly greater coercive force than lamellar pearlite. The issue needs further research, and the phenomenon must find its practical application.

A new mononuclear complex, pentaaqua(cucurbit[6]uril-κ2O,O′)(nitrato-κ2O,O′)praseodymium(III) dinitrate 9.56-hydrate, [Pr(NO3)(CB6)(H2O)5](NO3)2·9.56H2O (1), was obtained as outcome of the hydrothermal reaction between the macrocyclic ligand cucurbit[6]uril (CB6, C36H36N24O12) with a tenfold excess of Pr(NO3)3·6H2O. Complex 1 crystallizes in the P21/n space group with two crystallographically independent but chemically identical [Pr(CB6)(NO3)(H2O)5]2+ complex cations, four nitrate counter-anions and 19.12 interstitial water molecules per asymmetric unit. The nonacoordinated PrIII in 1 are located in the PrO9 coordination environment formed by two carbonyl O atoms from bidentate cucurbit[6]uril units, two oxygen atoms from the bidentate nitrate anion and five water molecules. Considering the differences in Pr—O bond distances and O—Pr—O angles in the coordination spheres, the coordination polyhedrons of the two PrIII atoms can be described as distorted spherical capped square antiprismatic and muffin polyhedral.

The text complexity assessment is an applied problem of current interest with potential application in the drafting of legal documents, editing textbooks, and selecting books for extracurricular reading. The methods for generating a feature vector when automatically assessing the text complexity are quite diverse. Early approaches relied on easily calculable quantities, such as the average length of a sentence or the average number of syllables per word. With the development of natural language processing algorithms, the space of used features is expanding. In this work, we examined three groups of features: 1) automatically generated keywords, 2) information about the features of morphemic word parsing, and 3) information about the diversity, branching, and depth of syntactic trees. The RuTermExtract algorithm was utilized to generate keywords, a convolutional neural network model was used to generate morphemic parses, and the Stanza model, trained on the SynTagRus corpus, was used to generate syntax trees. We conducted a comparison using four different machine learning algorithms and four annotated Russian-language text corpora. The corpora used differ both in the domain and markup paradigm, due to which the results obtained more objectively reflect the real relationship between the characteristics and the text complexity. The use of keywords performed worse on average than the use of topic markers obtained using latent Dirichlet allocation. In most situations, morphemic characteristics turned out to be more effective than previously described methods for assessing the lexical complexity of a text: the frequency of words and the occurrence of word-formation patterns. The use of an extensive set of syntactic features allowed, in most cases, to improve the quality of work of neural network models in comparison with the previously described set.

Background. Advanced AI models such as the large language model GPT-4 demonstrate sophisticated intellectual capabilities, sometimes exceeding human intellectual performance. However, the emotional competency of these models, along with their underlying mechanisms, has not been sufficiently evaluated. Objective. Our research aimed to explore different emotional intelligence domains in GPT-4 according to the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso model. We also tried to find out whether GPT-4's answer accuracy is consistent with its explanation of the answer. Design. The Russian version of the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) sections was used in this research, with questions asked as text prompts in separate, independent ChatGPT chats three times each. Results. High scores were achieved by the GPT-4 Large Language Model on the Understanding Emotions scale (with scores of 117, 124, and 128 across the three runs) and the Strategic Emotional Intelligence scale (with scores of 118, 121, and 122). Average scores were obtained on the Managing Emotions scale (103, 108, and 110 points). However, the Using Emotions to Facilitate Thought scale yielded low and less reliable scores (85, 86, and 88 points). Four types of explanations for the answer choices were identified: Meaningless sentences; Relation declaration; Implicit logic; and Explicit logic. Correct answers were accompanied by all types of explanations, whereas incorrect answers were only followed by Meaningless sentences or Explicit logic. This distribution aligns with observed patterns in children when they explore and elucidate mental states. Conclusion. GPT-4 is capable of emotion identification and managing emotions, but it lacks deep reflexive analysis of emotional experience and the motivational aspect of emotions.

Background. The growing of spring wheat in arid conditions is a difficult task because the biological characteristics of the crop and its demands on moisture reserves. The need for sowing spring wheat in the spring is dictated by the possible death of winter grains in winter. Purpose. To determine the most adaptive varieties of spring wheat with high yield and good quality for cultivation in the dry climate of the Lower Volga region of Russia. Methods. To achieve this goal, an environmental test of spring wheat varieties was carried out by us; the harvest results were processed by analysis of variance. To characterize weather conditions, the hydrothermal coefficient was calculated according to T.G. Selyaninov. An analysis of the ability of varieties to adapt to local climatic conditions was carried out using the coefficient of adaptability, stress resistance and compensatory ability of varieties. The graph was constructed and statistical data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel 2008. Result. As a result of the research work, it was established that on average over three years of research, the highest yield of spring wheat was in the following varieties: Saratovskaya 73 -1.65 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1, 4 t/ha. Processing of spring wheat harvest data are used by dispersion analysis made it possible to determine that the gross harvest of the crop is largely influenced by meteorological conditions, up to 42.0%, the choice of variety is about 19.7%, and agrotechnological and other environmental factors are 38.2%. It can be noted that spring soft wheat in the conditions of the Lower Volga region is capable of producing grain yields of good quality with large grains from 31.2 to 36.4 g of 1000 grains. Analysis of indicators of the level of resistance to drought conditions shows that the most stress-resistant varieties are: Zinaida - 0.06 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.24 t/ha, Albidum 188 - 0.24. The varieties that have the highest genetic flexibility in the conditions of the Lower Volga region are: Saratovskaya 73 - 1.72 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1.5 t/ha and Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha. The spring wheat varieties Bezenchukskaya 205 have the highest responsiveness to changes in crop growth conditions - 0.12, Dobrynya is in second place - 0.14, Albidum is in third place, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.15. The adaptability coefficient is higher than 1 in the varieties Albidum 188, Kamyshinskaya 3, Saratovskaya 73, Prokhorovka, Zinaida. Conclusion. The varieties Saratovskaya 73 and Kamyshinskaya 3 are distinguished by yield, stress tolerance, genetic adaptability to dry climate.

Background. The process of storing sperm in a deeply frozen state causes structural and functional disorders of spermatozoa, which reduces their fertilizing ability. The main mechanism of the negative effect of cryopreservation on spermatozoa is the development of oxidative stress. Molecular hydrogen has some advantages as a potential antioxidant molecule - it is a selective effect on certain reactive oxygen species, the ability to overcome cell membranes, the absence of toxic effects. Purpose. To study the effect of molecular hydrogen on the functional status of native and deconserved sperm cells of breeding bulls. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the ejaculates of bulls before cryopreservation and after defrosting. The native sperm diluted with the "BioXcell" diluent, the native sperm diluted with the "BioXcell" diluent enriched with molecular hydrogen, the sperm after deep freezing and the sperm after deep freezing pretreated with molecular hydrogen were studied. The intensity of free radical processes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined in spermatozoa. Results. After cryopreservation of sperm, the processes of lipid peroxidation in spermatozoa are significantly activated. The content of malondialdehyde, diene and triene conjugates increases. The use of molecular hydrogen to correct the quality of sperm production after cryopreservation gave positive results. A decrease in the concentration of primary and intermediate products of lipid peroxidation was noted. The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in spermatozoa significantly increases. Conclusion. Molecular hydrogen has the potential as a new and effective antioxidant, the widespread use of which is possible for veterinary purposes. Sponsorship information. The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-26-00205.

There are two main approaches to the numerical solution of the eikonal equation: reducing it to asystemofODES(methodofcharacteristics)andconstructingspecializedmethodsforthenumericalsolutionof this equation in the form of a partial differential equation. The latter approach includes the FSM (Fast sweeping method) method. It is reasonable to assume that a specialized method should have greater versatility. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the applicability of the FSM method for constructing beams and fronts. The implementation of the FSM method in the Eikonal library of the Julia programming language was used. The method was used for numerical simulation of spherical lenses by Maxwell, Luneburg and Eaton. These lenses were chosen because their optical properties have been well studied. A special case of flat lenses was chosen as the easiest to visualize and interpret the results. The results of the calculations are presented in the form of images of fronts and rays for each of the lenses. From the analysis of the obtained images, it is concluded that the FSM method is well suited for constructing electromagnetic wave fronts. An attempt to visualize ray trajectories based on the results of his work encounters a number of difficulties and in some cases gives an incorrect visual picture.

This work is the second part of a large bibliographic review of active queue management algorithms of the Random Early Detection (RED) family, presented in the scientific press from 1993 to 2023. This part provides data on algorithms published from 2006 to 2015.

Significant lagging of the Arctic regions of Russia from the all-Russian values of life expectancy and mortality rates of people of working age is noted at the highest state level as one of the main threats to the socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic and ensuring its national security. This lag is largely due to the negative impact of extreme natural and climatic environmental conditions on the health of the population working and living in the Arctic. The presented article is aimed at systematizing the problems and challenges associated with the impact of the harsh natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic on the health of the population living there, as well as finding ways to adapt the public administration system to these challenges. Based on a critical analysis of scientific literature and official statistical information, the paper identifies the health features and the process of adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic for different groups of the Arctic population: indigenous, old-timers and newcomers. The authors have substantiated that the most vulnerable group of the population, whose health is most negatively affected by the extreme natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic, are migrants. On the basis of generalization of problems and peculiarities of public health of the Arctic population and systematization of the experience of previous scientific research, the directions of adaptation of the public administration system of the Arctic regions to the existing challenges have been developed. These directions are based on a differentiated approach to various groups of the Arctic population: indigenous, old-timers and newcomers. According to the authors, the implementation of the directions presented in the article, as well as the creation of the most favorable socio-economic living conditions, can compensate for physiological losses and improve the health indicators of Arctic residents.

The study concerns the behavior of optical and colorimetric properties of cadmium telluride semiconductor colloidal quantum dots covered with silica shell (CdTe/SiO2, core/shell) in an external constant electric field has been studied. To date, the electric field is known to lead mainly to quenching and red shift of the luminescence spectra of quantum dots; however, in most of the corresponding studies only the behavior of band-edge luminescence is considered. In this work, in addition to the luminescence due to interband transitions, the effect of the electric field on the trap-related luminescences of core/shell quantum dots is studied. Semiconductor nanocrystals were synthesized by colloidal chemistry methods. The product mixture was a solution of quantum dots in an aqueous medium. To investigate the optical properties of CdTe/SiO2 nanoparticles in an external electric field, a series of samples was fabricated on the basis of an optically passive cellulose film, in the pores of which quantum dots were embedded. The final sample was a cellulose film with quantum dots sandwiched between two glasses with transparent indium tin oxide electrodes. The strength of the constant electric field applied to such structures reached 140 kV/cm. Photoluminescence spectra of the investigated nanostructures were recorded using a CCD spectrometer. As a result of the experiments it was found that the presence and subsequent increase of the external electric field leads to quenching of the intensity of both band-edge and traprelated photoluminescence of quantum dots. This fact is associated with a decrease in the overlap between electron and hole wave functions under the action of the electric field. It is also shown that at moderate field strength there is a slight increase in the total photoluminescence intensity. This observation can be related to impeded charge carrier trapping. The demonstrated quenching of luminescence intensity is also consistent with the results of other authors who have shown a decrease in the absorption of quantum dots in external electric fields. The stability of colorimetric characteristics of the spherical nanoparticles in an external electric field has been demonstrated. The results of the study can be used for development of optoelectronic devices based on CdTe/SiO2 nanoparticles.

Luminescent properties of tissue-equivalent detectors have been studied. The detectors are made of lithium tetraborate and doped with magnesium, manganese, or tin. Analysis of the results obtained makes it possible to confirm the complexity of luminescence centers in lithium tetraborate without using structural analysis methods. For the first time, the effect of the method and order of introducing impurities on the storage properties of the studied materials was demonstrated and explained. The synthesis of the lithium tetraborate host occurred through the reaction of H3BO3 and Li2CO3. The binding agent was SiO2. Magnesium, manganese, or tin dopants were introduced during the synthesis of the host or later. The final stage of the synthesis was pressing of the powder into tablets and sintering in argon at 1158 K. The photoluminescence and pulsed cathodoluminescence signals were recorded by CCD-spectrometers. Portable pulsed electron accelerator was used for excitation of cathodoluminescence. Thermally stimulated luminescence was recorded by a special dosimetric reader with a heater and photo muliplier tube after exposure of the samples to an electron beam. Photoluminescence spectra, cathodoluminescence spectra, and glow curves were obtained for five samples of lithium tetraborate with various impurities, namely, magnesium, manganese, and tin. A comparison of the results was made to identify how the intensity signals depend on the amount of impurities and order of their introduction. It was found that the synthesis procedure and the order of introducing the dopants affect the luminescent properties of the materials. It has been suggested that the impurities take different positions in the lithium tetraborate structure. Predominant introduction of a particular impurity at a particular site leads to the following result. Doping with tin provides an increase in the number of luminescence centers of manganese and significantly sensitizes its luminescence, while doping with magnesium leads to the opposite result. The results indicate that it is possible to create advanced tissue-equivalent detectors with tailored luminescent. Depending on the dose of ionizing radiation, the use of material with different sensitivity and radiation resistance is required. Thus, the production of detectors based on lithium tetraborate and the described impurities in the future will give an opportunity to create a promising group of ionizing radiation detectors with various properties.

The first trips of West German writers to the Soviet Union after 1955 are practically not highlighted in the research literature. The article relies on RGALI documents: letters of German writers and reports made by their translators for the Soviet Writers’ Union. Establishing official contacts with West German writers became the main direction of Soviet literary policy in the post-war period. Before 1955, when diplomatic relations between the FRG and the USSR began, the writers of West Germany did not come to the USSR. The Foreign Commission of the Soviet Writers’ Union had insufficient information about contemporary German literature: new authors and their works, new literary groups, and artistic trends were not known in the USSR. The first West German guests of the Soviet Writers’ Union were little-known authors and journalists, as well as writers who sympathized with the USSR. In 1959, two famous West German authors, Heinrich Böll and Stefan Andres, were invited to the Third USSR Writers’ Congress. Böll refused the invitation, and Andres came to the USSR unofficially. In Moscow, Andres succeeded in meeting with the German Ambassador to the USSR to touch upon cooperation between West German and Soviet writers. Hermann Kasack, one of the most prominent German writers, was also in Moscow in the autumn of 1959, at the invitation of his son, an employee of the German embassy, and took part in the organization of the first Moscow delegation to the FRG in 1960.

The article is devoted to the history of the German writers’ emigration during the Second World War in Mexico. Mexico was not a major center of German emigration like the Soviet Union or the United States, but the Mexican government supported anti-fascist émigrés who were in France before its occupation. The Mexican consulate in Marseille issued visas to many German writers, but only Anna Seghers was able to move from France to Mexico. Bodo Uhse and Ludwig Renn went there from the United States, Alfred Kantorovicz and Hans Marchwitza had to stay in the United States, because transit through the USA became impossible since 1941. German writers maintained constant contact with the Soviet Writers’ Union. Correspondence often did not reach the addressees, but before the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Mexico, this was the only way to exchange information. The small German colony in Mexico was engaged in active antifascist activities. The movement “Free Germany” (“Freies Deutschland”) was organized in Mexico a year and a half earlier than the National Committee “Free Germany” in the USSR. Although it seemed that they were two branches of the same organization, in fact they were two different entities with different goals and with the same name. At this moment an internal conflict among the German Communists became apparent; years later it had tragic consequences. After the surrender of Germany, German writers were not able to go directly to their homeland, since the American law prohibiting transit through the United States was still in force. In 1946–1948 German writers were leaving Mexico on Soviet cargo ships: they could get to Germany only through the Soviet Union.

In this article, we will begin with two almost simultaneously written paradoxes of modernism / avant-garde. The first paradox is Gertrude Stein’s miniature “Sacred Emily”, a one-line poem that reads “Rose is a rose is a rose”. The second paradox is Alexey Kruchenykh’s abstract poem “Dyr byl schyl”. Both texts suggest a transition from a negative emotional state to a positive one, creating a complex aesthetic experience. At the heart of this experience is a re-evaluation of the poetic code as a meaningful and symbolic system, a source of meaning and knowledge. The reader interacts with this code as a collaborator and co-creator, adapting it to their own reality and giving it new meaning. These texts reflect the global artistic trends of the era, which were characterized by a shift towards a different type of representation, one that emphasizes the transmission of feelings and impressions. This vector is inherent in the creative works of both Gertrude Stein and Aleksey Kruchenykh. The artist's task is to induce a complex range of reactions in the recipient, which form a cognitive and creative experience, resulting in an epistemological reconfiguration. Focusing on a new approach to imitation (imitating an experience of reality, not reality itself), both Stein and Kruchenykh sought to accomplish a cognitive recalibration of the reader's mind through experimentation with language. Both Gertrude Stein and Alexey Kruchenykh identify peripheral and associative aspects of experience, create a complex of experiences based on these elements, and recreate them through language. This process is made possible by the suggestive, associative, and connotative power of language and artistic form.

Background There is currently no pathogenetically based treatment for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. One of the most promising areas of possible targeted therapy is the use of genetically engineered drugs, including monoclonal blockers of proinflammatory cytokines, aimed at inhibiting inflammation and indirectly reducing the activity of osteodestruction. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the IL-6 monoclonal blocker in the course of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in an experiment. Purpose Evaluate the preliminary results of the use of the IL-6 monoclonal blocker in the course of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in an experiment. Materials and methods Surgical induction of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head was performed in 18 male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into two groups of 9 individuals each. The first group did not receive any treatment, the second received therapy with a monoclonal IL-6 receptor blocker, starting from the second week of the experiment, one injection once every two weeks. All animals were removed from the experiment at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the induction of aseptic necrosis, 3 rats from each group at a time. Total RNA was isolated from the femoral head on the aseptic necrosis side and the conditionally healthy side as a control. The expression of genes of regulatory proteins of osteogenesis was studied by PCR. To study the features of osteodestructive processes, histological examination of femoral head preparations in all animals was conducted. Results Histological preparations of femoral heads of the second group animals were characterized by less pronounced osteodestructive, chondrodestructive processes compared to the animals that did not receive therapy. The mRNA profile of the rats of the second group displayed an increase in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in osteoreparation at all stages of the experiment. At the same time, the activity of genes encoding proteins of proinflammatory cytokines, regulatory molecules of osteoclastogenesis was reduced relative to the first group. Discussion The data obtained indicate an important role of inflammation in the regulation of osteodestruction. Inhibition of the biological action of IL-6 contributed to inhibition of the expression of osteoclastogenesis genes, increased activity of bone metabolism genes, and caused a decrease in the intensity of osteodestruction and activation of osteoreparation. Conclusion Preliminary results of the use of a monoclonal blocker of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 indicate the inhibition of osteodestructive and strengthening of osteoreparative processes due to the correction of the expression of bone metabolism genes during the progression of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in rats in an experimental model.

The paper evaluates the contribution of the journal “Inostrannaia literatura” to the reception of P.P. Pasolini’s work in Russia. The research is based on an analysis of the archives of the journal and all published materials related to Pasolini in it, such as translations of his works, informational notes, articles by Ts. Kin, G. and A. Bogemskii, a Literary guide to the 100th anniversary of his birth. Reviewing the materials in chronological order allows us to trace how the attitude towards Pasolini has changed over time, in which measure his creative work has been covered. The publications in the journal do not reflect sufficiently the importance of Pasolini as one of the most original and multifaceted personalities in Italian literature and culture — poet, writer, philologist, literary critic, cinematographer, and influential intellectual — mainly because of the originality of his poetic and prosaic works, which did not correspond in Soviet times to the idea of progressive literature, Pasolini’s scandalous fame, and negative assessments given by authoritative critics. At the same time, the publications of the last years reflect the aspiration to fill this regrettable gap.

Background. Rationing of health care—restricting patients’ access to potentially beneficial health care interventions through non-market instruments—is a natural feature of all health care systems as they operate under resource constraints. The purpose of this study is to characterize rationing practices and the attitude of doctors themselves to it, with an emphasis on comparing Russia and the United States and on changes in the perception of rationing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications in the medical scientific literature since 1989 on the issue of rationing of medical care. To characterize rationing practices in Russia and the United States and the attitudes of doctors towards them, we used data from published studies and data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 28 Russian doctors. Results. Despite the increasing frequency of publications related to the topic of resource allocation over the past 20 years, studies using the term “rationing” are rare. Both Russia and the USA have practices of explicit and implicit rationing. In Russia they are more diverse and widespread. In both countries, doctors prefer implicit rationing and do not want open discussion of these issues. The practice of rationing is institutionalized. In Russian medical organizations its most common form is a chain of permissions for the use of resources. But most doctors believe they are not rationing care. The pandemic briefly brought the topic of rationing into the public sphere, but then its discussion was limited. The probable reason is that medical practice during the pandemic was carried out within the previous legal framework. Professional organizations have developed several recommendations for rationing, but their usefulness and level of acceptance by professionals and the public is unclear. Conclusions The transition from implicit to explicit rationing is extremely difficult, but is necessary to ensure equitable patient access to scarce medical resources and the effective functioning of health care systems. A major barrier to the explicit and informed use of rationing instrument is the limited public acceptance of it and the reluctance of professional communities to make public decisions that maximize public benefit by prioritizing access to effective interventions.

The issues related to the polymodality of perception and various forms of intermediality are widely discussed in linguistics whereas the aspect of their interrelation is seldom considered. This research is aimed at tracing the participation of various modes of perception in the process of interaction with the world, the reflection of this process in our consciousness and memory in the form of various images up to the manifestation of those images in the intermedial relations in fiction text. The study draws on cognitive semiotics, text linguistics, polymodality and intermediality. The theoretical analysis sugessts that the polymodality of perception results in the formation of synesthetic mental images represented in the phenomenon of intermediality. The empirical material of the research includes text fragments from the works by Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, Joyce Cary and Adam Thorpe containing samples of linguа-artistic and linguа-musical techniques of writing as forms of intermediality. The intermedial analysis of the empirical material shows how the polymodality of perception determines the specificity of the authors’ creative thinking represented in the choice of language means that activate musical and visual images in the readers’ minds. As a result, such fiction texts are constituted as related to a specific art whose forms and devices are used in it. The analysis has also revealed that in the process of verbal representation of musical or artistic images language exploits all forms of its semiotic signs: symbols (for naming colours, shades of light, sounds of music), indices (allusions to works of art or their authors) and icons (the use of forms and devices characteristic of other arts). The study confirms the productivity of exploring intermedial interaction in the cognitive and semiotic perspectives to demonstrate the relations between perception, conceptualization and the embodiment of the results in fiction text.

Anthropological features of the Russian city population in the 11th – 18th centuries were studied using classical methods of craniometry as well as cranio- and osteoscopy. However, the method of geometric morphometry, which has been actively used since the 1990s and is a recent morphometric tool, has not yet been applied to Russian urban craniological series. We obtained and analyzed by the GM method three-dimensional copies of 225 skulls from thirteen series of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period from the excavations of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Despite the small number of studied samples from Tver and Torzhok, we were able to trace their features and originality relative to other comparable groups and among themselves. Based on historical information, these variations can be explained by political factors. The differences between the political systems of Ancient Rus’ and Russia in the Early Modern period also explain the greater morphological homogeneity of the urban population in the 15th – 18th centuries compared to the 11th –13th centuries. The study of variability in the late urban series and comparison of diachronic samples from Yaroslavl and Pereslavl-Zalessky showed morphological similarity between the inhabitants of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, which may indicate the constancy of administrative, trade, and economic ties, as well as the significant contribution of the local rural population to the formation of the anthropological appearance of the townspeople. The revealed greater variability in the female samples compared to the male ones may indicate significant irregularities in the facial skeleton shape of women, which cannot be disclosed using classical craniology data. In general, the obtained results not only confirm many of the conclusions of previous craniological studies of the urban population from Eastern Europe but also make it possible to obtain new data on the degree of homogeneity of the townspeople’s anthropological appearance in the Middle Ages and Early Modern periods.

Geological heritage sites (geosites) have various properties such as accessibility, geometry, and vulnerability, as well as age. It is reasonable to distinguish the geological ages related to the content of geosites (e.g., Early Ordovician or Valanginian) from the technical ages related to the physical appearance (forms) of geosites (e.g., Late Pleistocene, Prehistoric, or 21st century). This study examines 17 geosites known from the Western Caucasus—a geologically-rich area of the Greater Caucasus orogen. The revision and the update of the stratigraphical information allow to establish their geological ages. The technical ages are defined as old (before the 19th century), historical (19th–20th centuries), or young (the beginning of the 21st century). The results show that the analyzed geosites shed light on the lengthy time span (from the late Proterozoic to the Quaternary), and the Cisuralian–Early Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the study area is represented with significant completeness. Technically, the geosites are chiefly old, although the historical and young features are also common. The outcomes of this study do not only systematize the knowledge of the ages of the geosites from the Western Caucasus, but also have several practical implications (for instance, the conservation of the technically young geosites is the priority, and the geological ages are important to arrange the geosites logically for educational and touristic excursions).

Despite extensive Salmonella controls used at processing, 5.5% of salmonellosis cases are linked to turkey. This study had two objectives: (i) to summarize USDA-FSIS turkey Salmonella verification program data and (ii) to evaluate Salmonella through turkey production and processing of 22 flocks. In objective 1, USDA-FSIS data show the average Salmonella prevalence in ground turkey from 2016 to 2022 was 15.9%, and that the leading serovar changes frequently. For objective 2, bootsocks (n = 22) were collected on-farm right after load-out. At processing, prescald wingtips (n = 6 composites of 10/flock), prechill wingtips (n = 6 composites of 10/flock), mechanically separated turkey (MST; n = 6 bins/flock), and ground turkey (n = 6 bins/flock) were collected. Salmonella prevalence was determined by a commercial qPCR and culture confirmed. In 33.2% of PCR-positive samples, Salmonella was not confirmed by culture, highlighting a discrepancy between molecular and culture detection. On-farm, 8/22 flocks were Salmonella positive, compared to 21 flocks that were positive at one or more processing locations, including 18 flocks that were positive in at least one final product sample. A logistic regression showed higher Salmonella prevalence in prescald (53.8%) than in prechill (18.2%), MST (27.3%) or ground turkey (26.5%). CRISPR-SeroSeq analysis of 148 culture−positive samples detected 18 Salmonella serovars and showed 35.1% of samples contained multiple serovars. In 16 flocks, one or more serovars detected in final products were absent from any upstream samples. Two−thirds of final product samples containing serovar Typhimurium typed as a live-attenuated Typhimurium vaccine strain. Salmonella on-farm and at prescald did not reflect Salmonella observed in final product. These data underscore the complexity of serovar tracking in turkey production and highlight challenges to identify surveillance samples that accurately represent Salmonella in turkey products.