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Altres ajuts: This research was funded by LaScArBx program funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-52, ROMAE2, 2019 Edition), the Cross-border Spanish-French Cooperation between the Autonomous Community of Aragon and the Région Nouvelle Aquitaine (2019 Edition, Marmol project, 2019), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (de Marmoribus, SMI-INSHS 2020), the region Nouvelle Aquitaine (Aquitania, Ornata, 2021-2024). Quarries, workshops, craftmen, and customers of artistic productions in stone from Hispania Tarraconensis" and IR INFRANALYTICS FR2054 for conducting NMR experiments. The study of the provenance of dolomitic marble artefacts has become relevant since it was discovered that quarries of this marble other than that of Cape-Vathy located on the island of Thasos have been exploited since Antiquity. To improve our knowledge about the provenance of materials and the extent of their dispersion, multiple archaeometric studies were performed in the past including isotope analyses, petrography, cathodoluminescence, and elemental analyses. In the present work, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been added to this panel of techniques. NMR allows the characterization of the material at a molecular level by looking at different nuclei: carbon, magnesium, and calcium. Statistical analysis of the data collected on both quarry samples and archaeologic items was also implemented and clearly demonstrates the efficiency of a holistic approach for provenance elucidation. Finally, the first 25 Mg NMR tests have shown the potential of this technique to discriminate between dolomitic marbles of different provenance. The results are discussed in terms of their historical meaning and illustrate the exploitation of sources of dolomitic marbles other than the Greek Thasos source.

The Heroic City of Huajuapan de León is one of the municipalities of Oaxaca reporting great population growth; according to INEGI’s Intercensal Survey 2015, it has a population of 77,547 inhabitants, with an annual population growth of 2.3%. This has generated the need to create more sources of employment. Therefore, it is necessary to create a proposal from the formal trade to reduce unemployment in the aforementioned municipality. La Heroica Ciudad de Huajuapan de León, es uno de los municipios de Oaxaca que reporta un gran crecimiento poblacional; de acuerdo con la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 del INEGI, tiene una población de 77,547 habitantes y el crecimiento anual de la población es de 2.3%. Esto ha generando la necesidad de crear más fuentes de empleo. Por tanto, es necesario crear una propuesta desde el comercio formal para disminuir el desempleo en el citado municipio.

Probably the most important Romanesque artwork in Spain, the Portal of Glory of Santiago de Compostela is essentially made in granite, the most abundant stone in the NW of Iberia, with the only exception of five marble pieces. Different hypothesis on the origin of these marbles have previously been proposed based on visual assessment or by directly assuming a local source. To shed light on their quarry provenance, a multi-analytical study was performed combining polarized-light optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy, XRPD, SEM-EDS and stable C and O isotopes. The comparison of the results with the available databases reveals the use of marbles from the Estremoz Anticline (Portugal) in the three exquisitely carved columns strategically placed in the central arcade, whereas the other two pieces are local marbles, illustrating a more complex consumption of this noble material than that initially expected.

En 2012 iniciamos el proyecto ‘Marmora Galicia’ para estudiar los mármoles de época romana y tardorromana presentes en el Noroeste peninsular. Esta línea de investigación se enmarca en diversos proyectos nacionales e internacionales que pretenden caracterizar los materiales marmóreos empleados en diversos territorios peninsulares, prestando especial atención a la explotación de los recursos naturales de cada región, para aportar luz sobre su empleo en la Antigüedad. Desde entonces, hemos identificado más de 168 piezas arqueológicas marmóreas sólo en el territorio gallego, de las que hemos muestreado 44 para concretar arqueométricamente su procedencia. Al mismo tiempo, hemos estudiado un importante número de canteras locales y hemos documentado las características de los diversos tipos marmóreos presentes en esta región, que han sido incorporadas al corpus de referencia de materiales hispanos; corpus indispensable para realizar los citados estudios de procedencia. Los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha muestran que, a pesar del uso predominante del granito, en Galicia se utilizaron también mármoles importados y locales con finalidades muy concretas, asociadas a fenómenos de prestigio, que nos hablan de posibles talleres locales y de una distribución de materiales a muy larga escala temporal y espacial.

La ocupación y explotación del territorio de la cantería y las estrategias de distribución, consumo y reutilización de los materiales lapídeos desde la Antigüedad

Quantitative cathodoluminescence (CL) has rarely been applied for the archaeometric studies concerning marble provenance, despite its potential. This paper develops the method and provides a new database of the parameters obtained from the main marble quarries used in antiquity. With a total number of 473 marble samples from ten districts of the central and eastern Mediterranean, it is the first database on quantitative CL, with the additional advantage of being the same samples that have already characterized by other conventional techniques and that are available in the literature. Focused on the measurements of the intensity peaks at the UV and visible spectra, registered by a spectrometer coupled to a scanning electron microscope (CL-SEM), the representative values are plotted on different useful diagrams to be applied in the identification of marble provenance studies, as a complementary tool of other analyses.

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, intense perennial Plasmodium species transmission coincides with areas of high prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. This implies that antiretroviral naïve HIV-infected people living within these regions are repeatedly exposed to Plasmodium species infection and consequently malaria. Natural killer (NK) cells are known to contribute to malaria immunity through the production of IFN-γ after exposure to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (infected red blood cells [iRBC]). However, in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infection, these functions could be impaired. In this study we assess the ability of NK cells from antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected people to respond to iRBC. Method: Magnetically sorted NK cells from antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected people were tested for their ability to respond to iRBC following in vitro coculture. NK cell IFN-γ production after coculture was measured through multiparametric flow cytometry analysis. Results: Our data show a significant reduction (p = 0.03) in IFN-γ production by NK cells from antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected people after coculture with iRBCs. This was in contrast to the NK cell response from healthy controls, which demonstrated elevated IFN-γ production. NK cell IFN-γ production from untreated HIV-1-infected participants correlated inversely with the viral load (r = -0.5, p = 0.02) and positively with total helper CD4+ T-cell count (r = 0.4, p = 0.04). Thus, antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infection can dampen NK cell-mediated immunity to P. falciparum infection in malaria-intense regions. This could in effect escalate morbidity and mortality in people chronically infected with HIV-1.

Les méthodes le plus couramment utilisées pour l’identification de provenance des marbres reposent sur l’observation macroscopique, l’étude pétrographique, la réponse en cathodoluminescence et les analyses isotopiques de l’18O et du 13C. À cette stratégie, une caractérisation à l’échelle moléculaire, voire atomique, peut apporter un complément d’information permettant l’identification de sa provenance. Dans cette présentation, nous vous proposons de découvrir une méthode complémentaire qui, alliée aux méthodes traditionnelles et à la comparaison avec un référentiel géologique, permet de confirmer l’origine géographique du marbre, voire même de préciser la carrière d’où le bloc était extrait à l’occasion de la facture de l’objet. La Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, ou RMN, s’intéresse, en effet, à une propriété intrinsèque de certains noyaux chimiques, le spin nucléaire, qui, lorsqu’ils sont disposés dans un champ magnétique intense, ont, sous l’action d’un champ radiofréquence adapté, une réponse traduisant leur environnement chimique. Après la présentation de quelques éléments clefs permettant de comprendre en quoi la RMN peut servir l’archéométrie, notamment dans l’identification de provenance de marbres, quelques exemples pour lesquels cette stratégie analytique a été efficace seront présentés., Pianet Isabelle, Gutiérrez García-Moreno Anna, Lapuente Mercadal Pilar. Approche archéométrique pour l’identification de la provenance des marbres blancs. In: Aquitania : une revue inter-régionale d'archéologie, tome 36, 2020. pp. 289-300.

In this paper we present a new study about the Amiadoso plaque (Allariz, Ourense) has been developed, in which this Roman object has been analysed from an interdisciplinary point of view based in the combination of stylistic and archaeometric studies of its material. Consequently, we have linked up the analysis of the different artistic phases of this piece from a formal study with the identification of the marble used, which confirms a local provenance (O Incio area). These new data provide essential information, given the exceptional nature of this object, to recognize aspects related to technical quality of local workshops and consequently about social, economic and political implications of this type of productions in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.En este artículo se presenta un nuevo estudio sobre la placa de Amiadoso (Allariz, Ourense), que consiste en un análisis interdisciplinar en el que se combina la perspectiva estilística con el estudio arqueométrico del soporte material. De esta manera, a la contextualización cronológica de las diferentes fases de la pieza a partir de su estudio formal, hemos unido la identificación del mármol utilizado, cuyo resultado confirma un origen local (área de O Incio). Este nuevo dato aporta información esencial, dada la excepcionalidad de la pieza, para conocer aspectos vinculados a la calidad técnica de los talleres locales, y consecuentemente sobre las implicaciones económicas, sociales y políticas de este tipo de producciones dentro del noroeste de la Península Ibérica.

Immunoglobulin G specific responses againstPlasmodium falciparummerozoite antigens such as the merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) and UB05 are known to play critical roles in parasitemia control and protection from symptomatic illness. However when there is intense perennial malaria transmission coupled with concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), knowledge of IgG antibody response profiles is limited. In this study we assessed the impact of dual HIV-Malaria infections on IgG subclass responses to MSP3 (QβMSP3) and UB05 (QβUB05) in individuals living in two areas of Cameroon differing in transmission intensity. We observed differences in antigen specific IgG and IgG subclass responses which was dependent upon the antigen type, malaria transmission intensity, HIV infection, malaria infection and dual HIV-malaria infections. Individuals living in high malaria transmission areas irrespective of HIV or malaria status had significantly higher IgG responses to both antigens (P=0.0001 for QβMSP3, P=0.0001 for QβUB05) than their counterpart from low transmission areas. When dual HIV-Malaria infection is considered significantly higher QβMSP3 specific IgG1 (P=0.0001) and IgG3 (P=0.04) responses in double negative individuals was associated with protection against malaria in low transmission areas. Superior QβUBO5 specific IgG1 responses (P=0.0001) in double negative individuals were associated with protection in high transmission areas in contrast to significantly higher IgG3 responses to QβUB05 (P=0.0001) which were more relevant to protection in low malaria transmission areas in the same population. Thus, understanding immune responses to QβUB05 and QβMSP3 could facilitate the development of immunotherapeutic strategies suitable for areas differing in malaria transmission intensity.

This paper presents the first results of the archaeometric characterization of four lithological varieties of Espejón limestone, outcropping on the province of Soria and used in Roman times. Petrographic analysis (optical transmitted light microscopy –OM-), cathodoluminescence (CL), spectrometry energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and mass spectrometry of stable isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen (δ13C y δ18O) (IRMS) have been carried out on samples collected from quarries. The results form the basis of the reference core of these limestones, which will be subsequently used for future comparisons with archaeological items in order to determine the use and distribution of these limestones in Roman Hispania., Presentamos los primeros resultados de la caracterización arqueométrica realizada a cuatro variedades litológicas de caliza de Espejón (Soria) utilizadas en época romana. Se han llevado a cabo análisis petrográficos de microscopía óptica de luz polarizada (MO), catodoluminiscencia (CL), espectrometría de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDX) y espectrometría de masas de relaciones isotópicas estables de carbono y oxígeno (δ13C y δ18O) (IRMS) a muestras recogidas en cantera. Los resultados constituyen la base de referencia de estas calizas, imprescindible para llevar a cabo las comparaciones con materiales arqueológicos con el fin de determinar los usos y difusión de estas calizas en la Hispania romana.

This paper presents the results of the petrographic and cathodoluminescence analyses carried out in the ICAC (Tarragona) on different Spanish examples: the Apostles sarcophagus of Pueblanueva and the Jonah sarcophagus from Carranque (province of Toledo), the Ithacius sarcophagus at the Oviedo Cathedral and the Gijón reliefs from the Revillagigedo Palace. The analyses carried out (petrography (optical transmitted light microscopy -OM-), cathodoluminescence -CL- and Mass Spectrometry Isotopic Relations -IRMS-), demonstrate that they were made in Estremoz marble., Presentamos los resultados de los análisis llevados a cabo sobre algunas piezas de primer orden como el sarcófago de los Apóstoles de Pueblanueva (Toledo), la cubierta de sarcófago de Jonás de Carranque (Toledo), la cubierta de sarcófago de Ithacius de la Catedral de Oviedo y los relieves del Palacio de Revillagigedo de Gijón. Los análisis llevados a cabo (petrografía (microscopía óptica de luz transmitida -MO-), catodoluminiscencia -CL- y Espectrometría de Masas de Relaciones Isotópicas -IRMS-), demuestran que fueron elaboradas en mármol de Estremoz.

Como parte del proyecto de investigación Marmora Galicia, que pretende analizar la procedencia, uso y distribución del mármol utilizado en época romana dentro del territorio gallego, se ha estudiado el sarcófago marmóreo de Tui, un ejemplar prácticamente inédito. Esta pieza presenta un doble interés: por una parte, es una de las escasas piezas de mármol de gran tamaño presentes en el territorio gallego; y por otra, el estudio arqueométrico e histórico que hemos realizado sobre esta pieza ha permitido la identificación de su materia prima con una procedencia foránea, concretamente del Anticlinal de Estremoz (en el Alentejo portugués). Por lo tanto, su presencia en el noroeste peninsular es significativa para entender la inclusión de este territorio en las redes de comunicación y comercio de este tipo de materiales de época romana. As part of the Marmora Galicia research project, focused on the provenance, use and distribution of marble in Roman times in the territory of modern Galicia, the study of the marble sarcophagus of Tui has been undertaken. Besides being a practically unpublished object, it is also of interest as it is one of the few large-size marble objects found in this territory and its study has confirmed a non-local origin for the marble used to carve it. Indeed, the fact that the marble comes from the Estremoz Anticline (in modern Alentejo, Portugal) adds to the understanding of the communication networks and commerce regarding this sort of Roman materials in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula.

The archaeological site of Carranque (Toledo, Spain) is one of the most important Hispano-Roman sites in terms of the use of marmora during the late Roman Empire. The research carried out since 2004 at this site has shed light on the extent of the use of more than forty types of marmora (from the most important Mediterranean and Hispanic quarries) to decorate a prominent palatial building built in the late 4th century AD and which has been the object of recent studies and publications. The work we present now focuses on the reuse of marmora from this Late Roman building in the construction of tombs of the necropolis established in Visigothic times (6th – 7th centuries AD).

After the recent re-edition of Tarraco’s epigraphic corpus (CIL II2/14), we initiated a multidisciplinary project to study the stones used for the town’s inscriptions. The study of Santa Tecla stone and the knowledge of the quarries of the territory provides a basis for the study of stone from Alcover, which was employed during the founding period of the colonia. Its lithology is very different from the bioclastic limestones and calcarenites so common around Tarragona that supplied large blocks and ashlars (El Mèdol and soldó stones) and facilitates obtaining uniform, thin pieces perfect for plaques. Its use for the earliest epigraphy is one of the clearest pieces of evidence to date the first historic urban phases. Alcover stone was used alongside another local stone, Santa Tecla limestone, which was gradually introduced during Augustan and Julio-Claudian times. However, in Flavian times, Alcover stone was no longer used in epigraphy.

This paper presents the first results of an ongoing provenance study of some objects aiming to determine which marbles were employed in an area as far apart from the Mediterranean Sea as Roman Gallaecia (in the NW of Spain) from an interdisciplinary perspective. These first results help us to understand the trade routes and other mechanisms of the economy and society that produced or enjoyed these objects. A multimethod analysis (POM, CL and IRMS for C-O isotopic determination) has been applied and compared to our reference collection including well-known Classical as well as most of the Iberian marbles. The results so far show a picture much more complex than anticipated, where the local marble from the area of O Incio (in the south of Lugo province) and other local varieties from the NW region were also exploited and used by the Romans.

International audience; Determining the geographical origin of materials used for precious artifacts such as cherts, ancient monuments, statues ... is a challenge that makes possible, after thorough investigations, to get more insight into essential historical features. The archaeometrist looks for clues, such as traces of some minerals, crystalline phases, fossils ... and associates more and more statistical tools to analyze the data collected. The methodological approach proposed in this work is to combine these traditional analysis methods with characterization tools commonly used in the study of modern materials. In particular, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has many advantages for the study of archaeomaterials: it is a non-destructive and non-dedicated technique since it allows us to probe the raw material without any previous preparation. It provides invaluable chemical information which cannot be obtained with other techniques as almost any element of the periodic table may be analyzed. The present work concerns two kinds of lithic materials, marbles and cherts which NMR spectra are used with the aim to provenance them since getting information about the chemical organization of lithic materials is undoubtedly an interesting geographic site marker.For marbles, the target was its major component, calcium carbonate, which NMR signals response depends on its local environment, such as the presence of secondary elements, and its crystallization state (dolomite vs calcite). Two different nuclei of the calcium carbonate were aimed: Carbon (13C, which is the isotope detectable using NMR and is present at 1% naturally) and Calcium (43Ca, natural abundance, 0.1%). The 13C NMR signal of the main carbonate function of marbles contains information about both the Fe content in its area and the presence of calcium substitution in the calcite crystal in its linewidth. 43Ca, whose NMR detection is a challenge per se due to the low natural abundance of this calcium isotope and its low NMR sensitivity, provides complementary information: The two crystalline forms of marbles, dolomite and calcite, can be distinguished and quantified. For cherts, the geologic history information of two geological formations from the Pyrénées (France) with similar petrographic features (1) provided by their analysis by 29Si (natural abundance, 4%) and 27Al NMR were investigated. Particularly, two specific data were of interest to discriminate cherts depending on their location: 29Si NMR gives access to the identification of their framework and their Si/Al ratio, and 27Al NMR permits to distinguish and quantify the two most common classes of aluminosilicates, tectoaluminosilicates and layer-lattice aluminosilicates.To test the potential of NMR for provenance purposes, NMR spectra of archaeological items were recorded and analyzed. For marbles, two portraits (Roman emperor Hadrien , 130 c AD, Roman female portrait, 1st to 2nd c AD) from the National Museum of Tarragona (MNAT, Spain) were made of Carrara and Göktepe marbles, respectively, when the Ithacius sarcophagus (Oviedo cathedral, Spain, 5th c AD) was made of Estremoz white marble confirming previous observation (1, 2). For cherts, a lithic tool recovered at the Magdalenian levels from Montlleó open-air-site and petrographically similar to the two studied geological formations (3) was selected. To conclude, this work highlights the power of NMR spectroscopy in its capability to identify the geographic origin of lithic artefacts.--(1) Sánchez de la Torre, et al., Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, published online 13-12-2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0581-7.(2) Vidal, et al., DigitAR, 2016, 3, 119-128. (3) Sánchez de la Torre, M., 2015, Las sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras del Paleolítico superior final pirenaico: territorios económicos y sociales, Monografies del SERP, 11, 314 p.

We present the first results of an on-going research project on a decorative stone that might have been one of the main ornamental stones in Roman Spain’s inland, the limestone and conglomerate from Espejón. Within the framework of exploitation and uses of other Hispano-Roman stone resources, these results will add significant data to the whole picture of non-foreign marmora exploitation and use in Hispania. So far, the archaeological materials of several sites have been inspected, a survey to locate quarrying evidence has been undertaken and a multimethod analytical protocol has been initiated. Thus, we have established the basis for an archaeometric reference corpus, which will be henceforth enlarged and used as tool for comparison with archaeological items in order to determine the extent of this limestone and multi-coloured conglomerate’s distribution and use.

Background In West and Central Africa areas of endemic Loa loa infections overlap with regions of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. Because individuals in this region are exposed to filarial parasites from birth, most HIV-1 infected individuals invariably also have a history of filarial parasite infection. Since HIV-1 infection both depletes immune system and maintains it in perpetual inflammation, this can hamper Loa loa filarial parasite mediated immune modulation, leading to enhanced loaisis. Methods In this study we have assessed in plasma from asymptomatic anti-retroviral (ARV) naïve Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people the filarial antibody responses specific to a filariasis composite antigen consisting of Wbgp29-BmR1-BmM14-WbSXP. The antibody responses specific to the filariasis composite antigen was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma from ARV naïve Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected participants. In addition the filarial antigen specific IgG antibody subclass profiles were also determined for both HIV-1 positive and negative people. Results Both Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 positive and negative individuals showed significantly higher plasma levels of IgG1 (P

Presentamos los primeros resultados de la caracterización arqueométrica realizada a cuatro variedades litológicas de caliza de Espejón (Soria) utilizadas en época romana. Se han llevado a cabo análisis petrográficos de microscopía óptica de luz polarizada (MO), catodoluminiscencia (CL), espectrometría de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDX) y espectrometría de masas de relaciones isotópicas estables de carbono y oxígeno (δ13C y δ18O) (IRMS) a muestras recogidas en cantera. Los resultados constituyen la base de referencia de estas calizas, imprescindible para llevar a cabo las comparaciones con materiales arqueológicos con el fin de determinar los usos y difusión de estas calizas en la Hispania romana. This paper presents the first results of the archaeometric characterization of four lithological varieties of Espejón limestone, outcropping on the province of Soria and used in Roman times. Petrographic analysis (optical transmitted light microscopy –OM-), cathodoluminescence (CL), spectrometry energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and mass spectrometry of stable isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen (δ13C y δ18O) (IRMS) have been carried out on samples collected from quarries. The results form the basis of the reference core of these limestones, which will be subsequently used for future comparisons with archaeological items in order to determine the use and distribution of these limestones in Roman Hispania.

As in many other areas of the Roman Empire, the exploitation of stone resources for the construction of buildings, public areas, infrastructure, sculptures, inscriptions and other objects, such as sarcophagi, was a key activity in Roman Spain from the beginning of the Roman conquest. However, the study of supply areas (the quarries) has been limited to date. Taking north-eastern Spain as a case study, this article addresses the importance of identifying ancient quarries by field work at the sites and archaeometric characterization of the materials. Along with consideration of the distribution of the stone from specific quarries throughout and beyond the region, this provides a solid basis to appreciate the significance of stone exploitation as part of the process of Romanization.

De grandes avancées ont été réalisées récemment concernant l’emploi des marbres et des autres roches ornementales dans l’Espagne romaine. Cependant, certains territoires de la péninsule Ibérique ne font l’objet que de rares études de provenance. Ceci était le cas du nord-ouest (actuelle Galice), où aucun travail n’avait été mené jusqu'à présent. Dans le cadre d'une étude interdisciplinaire, un nombre important d'objets ne correspondait pas aux principaux marbres classiques, mais semblaient avoir été mis en œuvre à partir d’un matériau local connu sous le nom de marbre d’O Incio qui n'avait jamais fait l'objet d’une caractérisation archéométrique. C'est ainsi que les carrières avoisinant le petit village d’O Incio ont été localisées et échantillonnées. Une approche multi-méthode combinant analyse pétrographique, cathodoluminescence, diffraction de rayons X, analyse des isotopes stables de C et O et spectrophotométrie a été menée afin de caractériser les différentes variétés de marbre. Cela constitue la première étape fondamentale pour les différencier d'autres marbres ibériques et étrangers macroscopiquement similaires. In spite of the great leap forward experienced in our understanding of the use of marble and other ornamental stones in Roman Spain, provenance studies are still quite uncommon in some territories of the Iberian Peninsula. This was the case of the northwesternmost part (modern Galicia), where no significant work had been done until now. Within the framework of an interdisciplinary study, a significant number of objects studied did not match with the main well-known Classical marbles but seemed to have been produced with a local stone known as O Incio marble, which had never been yet archaeometrically analysed. Therefore, the quarries near the small village of O Incio were located and sampled, and a multi-method approach combining polarized-light microscopy, cathodoluminescence, X-ray powder diffraction and stable C and O isotope analysis as well as spectrophotometry was applied to characterize the different outcropping marble varieties as the first and basic step to correctly differentiate them from other Iberian and foreign marbles with similar macroscopic features.

Presentamos los resultados de los análisis llevados a cabo sobre algunas piezas de primer orden como el sarcófago de los Apóstoles de Pueblanueva (Toledo), la cubierta de sarcófago de Jonás de Carranque (Toledo), la cubierta de sarcófago de Ithacius de la Catedral de Oviedo y los relieves del Palacio de Revillagigedo de Gijón. Los análisis llevados a cabo (petrografía (microscopía óptica de luz transmitida -MO-), catodoluminiscencia -CL- y Espectrometría de Masas de Relaciones Isotópicas -IRMS-), demuestran que fueron elaboradas en mármol de Estremoz. This paper presents the results of the petrographic and cathodoluminescence analyses carried out in the ICAC (Tarragona) on different Spanish examples: the Apostles sarcophagus of Pueblanueva and the Jonah sarcophagus from Carranque (province of Toledo), the Ithacius sarcophagus at the Oviedo Cathedral and the Gijón reliefs from the Revillagigedo Palace. The analyses carried out (petrography (optical transmitted light microscopy -OM-), cathodoluminescence -CL- and Mass Spectrometry Isotopic Relations -IRMS-), demonstrate that they were made in Estremoz marble.