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Stop-and-go waves are commonly observed in traffic and pedestrian flows. In most traffic models they occur through a phase transition after fine tuning of parameters when the model has unstable homogeneous solutions. Inertia effects are believed to play an important role in this mechanism. Here, we present a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves based on stochastic effects in the absence of inertia. The introduction of specific coloured noises in a stable microscopic first order model allows to describe realistic stop-and-go behaviour without requiring instabilities or phase transitions. We apply the approach to pedestrian single-file motion and compare simulation results to real pedestrian trajectories. Plausible values for the model parameters are discussed., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. This is an extended version of the contribution arXiv:1801.09791

In this study a simple speed-based model is employed to simulate an experiment of pedestrian bottleneck flow. The experiment revealed that the density near the bottleneck is influenced by the motivation of the pedestrians and the corridor width. In narrow corridors, distinct lanes are formed for pedestrians with low motivation. These lanes can disappear when the pedestrians have a high motivation to reach their target. We show that a speed-based model is - despite its relative simplicity- capable to reproduce the observed phenomena to a high degree.

In recent years, the measures to interfere the crowds movement with physical facilities (such as channelizing, separation railing) have become more and more common, but how they affect the crowd movement and what moving risks exist in the entrance confluence area have not been fully revealed. Therefore, this paper analyzes the moving risk of the crowds before the bottleneck entrance area, in the presence of the channelizing barriers by controllable laboratory experiments. The visual color cloud charts of the local density, speed and confusion degree of moving directions within the entrance confluence area are analyzed in the presence of different gaps (1.05m and 0.7m) channelizing barriers, to further quantify the motion risk of the crowds. The study finds that the narrower gaps of the channelizing railings, the larger area of high-risk zones, and they have clear ‘lane formation’ effect in shaping the risk zones. The both ends of the channelizing barriers are higher moving risk zones for multi-entry sides conditions, but the area before the middle channels also needs to be closely concerned when the participants entering from two opposite entering sides. The study will provide theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of the setting conditions of the channelizing barriers and conducting scientific crowd management decisions.

We apply the concept of time-to-collision (TTC) to the modeling of pedestrian dynamics. The TTC combines the spatial distances with the velocities to quantify the 'distance' to a collision. Therefore, it is a promising candidate for modeling the interactions between pedestrians. Empirical studies also indicate that the interaction between pedestrians can be described by the TTC: While the pair distribution of the distances, i.e. the probability of two pedestrians to have a certain spatial distance, was found to strongly depend on the relative velocity, the TTC accurately parametrizes its pair distribution. However, there are still few pedestrian models that use the TTC. After giving a general definition of the TTC, we present the widely used approximations for its calculation, especially in a one-dimensional setting. Combined with a desired time-gap, these give rise to different models, namely an Optimal-Velocity model and a new Time-to-Collision model. The TTC model exhibits, however, generic inconsistencies which are related to the estimates we use to approximate the speed of the predecessor. The estimates have a large impact on the dynamics and must therefore be interpreted as reflecting the pedestrians behavior, i.e. as anticipation strategies. We propose new estimates for the predecessor's speed. These give rise to a rich family of models based on the TTC which are analyzed by means of linear stability analysis and simulations.

Large crowds are challenging the comfort and safety level of big cities, while music may be a potential method to improve pedestrian flow. This paper focuses on the influence of different tempos and types of background music on pedestrian dynamics. Three tempos (90[Formula: see text]beats/min (BPM), 120[Formula: see text]BPM and 150[Formula: see text]BPM) and two types (pure music and metronome stimuli) of music are considered. It is found that more frequent stop-and-go behaviors emerge with rhythms. Compared with that under a low tempo (90[Formula: see text]BPM) of rhythm condition, stopping is more frequent with a high tempo one (120[Formula: see text]BPM or 150[Formula: see text]BPM). The number of stopping pedestrians per unit time increases 68.57%, 376.00%, 298.29%, 224.00%, 438.29% and 393.71% with 90 BPM, 120[Formula: see text]BPM and 150[Formula: see text]BPM music, 90[Formula: see text]BPM, 120[Formula: see text]BPM and 150[Formula: see text]BPM metronome, compared with that without any rhythm, respectively. The velocity and flow are lower, and higher local densities appear with background music. The step frequency at high density with rhythms ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Hz for 90[Formula: see text]BPM, 120[Formula: see text]BPM and 150[Formula: see text]BPM music; [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Hz for 90[Formula: see text]BPM, 120[Formula: see text]BPM and 150[Formula: see text]BPM metronome) is lower than that without any rhythm ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Hz). Pedestrians need more time to avoid collisions and to step under background music conditions, because they are influenced by the music and not fully focusing on walking. As a result, step frequency decreases and stopping behavior is more frequent. This in turn leads to the decrease of the velocity and flow and the emergence of higher local densities. Our study will be helpful for understanding the effect of background music on pedestrian dynamics.

Die Einschränkungen in der Präsenzlehre sind insbesondere für experimentelle Wissenschaften wie die Physik eine besondere Herausforderung. In diesem Beitrag wollen wir einige Hilfsmittel und Konzepte vorstellen, die sich in der Ausbildung von angehenden Physiklehrer*innen bewährt haben. Wir werden getrennt auf die verschiedenen Veranstaltungsformen (Vorlesungen, Seminare, Praktika) eingehen und diskutieren, wie sie in einem Online-Format umgesetzt werden können. Tools wie Zoom, Ilias, Mural etc. können dabei insbesondere kooperative Lernformen unterstützen, die in der Online-Lehre besonders nützlich sind, um ein Mindestmaß an sozialer Interaktion zu gewährleisten. Außerdem stellen wir Konzepte vor, die zu einer reflektierteren Auseinandersetzung mit den Inhalten der Veranstaltung führen. Schließlich werden die Probleme bei Online-Prüfungen diskutiert, bei denen ein Kompromiss zwischen bestmöglicher Überwachung und der Wahrung der Privatsphäre gefunden werden muss. Hier schlagen wir mögliche Lösungen vor, die sich bereits in der Praxis bewährt haben.

Pedestrian behavior tends to depend on the type of facility. The flow at bottlenecks, for instance, can exceed the maximal rates observed in straight corridors. Consequently, accurate predictions of pedestrians movements in complex buildings including corridors, corners, bottlenecks, or intersections are difficult tasks for minimal models with a single setting of the parameters. Artificial neural networks are robust algorithms able to identify various types of patterns. In this paper, we will investigate their suitability for forecasting of pedestrian dynamics in complex architectures. Therefore, we develop, train, and test several artificial neural networks for predictions of pedestrian speeds in corridor and bottleneck experiments. The estimations are compared with those of a classical speed-based model. The results show that the neural networks can distinguish the two facilities and significantly improve the prediction of pedestrian speeds.

The Braess paradox describes the counterintuitive situation that the addition of new roads to road networks can lead to higher travel times for all network users. Recently we could show that user optima leading to the paradox exist in networks of microscopic transport models. We derived phase diagrams for two kinds of route choice strategies that were externally tuned and applied by all network users. Here we address the question whether these user optima are still realized if intelligent route choice decisions are made based upon two kinds of traffic information. We find that the paradox still can occur if the drivers 1) make informed decisions based on their own past experiences or 2) use traffic information similar to that provided by modern navigation apps. This indicates that modern traffic information systems are not able to resolve Braess' paradox., 37 pages, 15 figures

It is interesting to investigate the effect of background music on pedestrian movement. This paper investigates the properties of crowd motion with external rhythms. With rhythm, pedestrians stop more frequently than without any rhythm. The stopping also increases with the increment of the tempo. Velocity and flow with rhythms are lower than that without any rhythm at high densities due to the more frequent stopping. Stepping behavior analysis shows that the step frequency with rhythms is smaller than that without any rhythm, especially at high densities. Dynamic coordinated behavior is weakened by music, which also affectsthe stepping behavior. Our study will be helpful for understanding the effect of background music on pedestrian movement.

Stop-and-go waves are a common feature of vehicular traffic and have also been observed in pedestrian flows. Usually the occurrence of this self-organization phenomenon is related to an inertia mechanism. It requires fine-tuning of the parameters and is described by instability and phase transitions. Here, we present a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves in pedestrian dynamics based on stochastic effects. By introducing coloured noise in a stable microscopic inertia-free (i.e. first order) model, pedestrian stop-and-go behaviour can be described realistically without requirement of instability and phase transition. We compare simulation results to empirical pedestrian trajectories and discuss plausible values for the model’s parameters.

The International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics is carried out biennially by scientists interested in pedestrian and evacuation movement.The field of pedestrian movement and evacuation dynamics is an interdisciplinary discipline. The modelling of evacuation and pedestrian dynamics has evolved from calculations based entirely on physical processes e.g. granular flow, to simulation that now begins to include psycho-social processes accouting for limited decision-making and group behaviour. Given projected demographic changes, the diversity of the evacuees and pedestrians populations and their capacity to achieve objectives has become increasingly important. Accessibility and egressibility, and the relationship between them, has therefore moved to the fore. This is further complicated as a building is used according to a number of management concerns as safety, security and operations, that are employed under different scenarios -emergency and non-emergency. The need for analysis to assess the effectiveness of management procedures is therefore significant and expanding. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics welcomes contributions of physicists, mathematicians, engineers as well as psychologists and sociologists with an interest in the description of small and large groups as well as individual pedestrians and evacuees. The PED conference focuses on the modelling of people movement during emergency and non-emergency scenarios. This modelling may range from enhancing our understanding such movement, the development of conceptual models, to the quantitative assessment of such movement, the development of engineering or computational tools. The applications of interest range from small domestic settings to the movement of thousands of people. The research objectives and applications may vary; however, the common intention is to aid in our understanding and/or assessment of pedestrian movement under emergency or non-emergency scenarios.PED is a therefore a conference, with a focus on the development of models that describe pedestrian and evacuee dynamics and the various activities that support this development: data collection, model development, model application in novel areas, using new techniques and the employment of the results gained in innovative ways.Citation:Please cite the full conference proceedings as follows:Dederichs, A., Köster, G., Schadschneider, A.; Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018, Collective Dynamics, A26, 1-543 (2020). DOI 10.17815/CD.2020.26Single articles inside the proceedings should be cited as:Authors; Title.In: Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018, Collective Dynamics, pages (2020)Additional contributions:Note that contributions accidentally not part of the PDF of the full proceedings can be downloaded as supplementary material.The table of contents includes all contributions.Table of Contents:DATA COLLECTION Pedestrian flow characteristics at upstream and downstream of bottleneck for unidirectional flow under normal conditions Siddhartha Gulhare, Aparna P M & Ashish VermaData archive for exploring pedestrian dynamics and its application in dimensioning of facilities for multidirectional streams Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl & Armin SeyfriedLane formation beyond intuition - towards an automated characterization of lanes in counter-flowsLuca Crociani, Giuseppe Vizzari, Andrea Gorrini & Stefania BandiniAccurate pedestrian localization in overhead depth maps via height-augmented HOGWerner Kroneman, Alessandro Corbetta & Federico ToschiAnomaly detection of pedestrian flow: A machine learning method for monitoring-data of visitors to a buildingKentaro KumagaiAnalysis of distracted pedestrians’ waiting time: Head-Mounted Immersive Virtual Reality applicationArash Kalatian, Anae Sobhani & Bilal FarooqCompression of pedestrian crowd in corner turning - subject experiment-based analysis of walking trajectories Mineko Imanishi & Tomonori SanoA large-scale real-life crowd steering experiment via arrow-like stimuliAlessandro Corbetta, Werner Kroneman, Maurice Donners, Antal Haans, Philip Ross, Marius Trouwborst, Sander Van de Wijdeven, Martijn Hultermans, Dragan Sekulovski, Fedosja van der Heijden, Sjoerd Mentink & Federico ToschiField theory in practiceJosé Méndez OmañaExperimental study on the evading behaviour of single pedestrians encountering an obstacleXiaolu Jia, Claudio Feliciani, Daichi Yanagisawa & Katsuhiro NishinariUnidirectional and bidirectional flow in a narrow corridor with body rotationDaichi Yanagisawa, Claudio Feliciani & Katsuhiro NishinariGrouping behaviour and decision making in road tunnels evacuation in smoke conditions - Experimental approach Jarosław Wąs, Jakub Porzycki & Natalia Schmidt – PolończykSingle-file movement of ants stressed by a high temperatureQiao Wang, Weiguo Song, Shujie Wang & Siuming LoA study of evacuation efficiency of a hopper-shape exit by using mice under competitionLin Peng, Wang Guoyuan, Wu Fanyu & Gao DongliSocial group behaviour of triads. Dependence on purpose and genderFrancesco Zanlungo, Zeynep Yücel & Takayuki KandaExperimental study on the influence of background music on pedestrian movement in high densitiesGuang Zeng, Andreas Schadschneide, Jun Zhang & Weiguo SongCan we learn where people go?Marion Gödel, Gerta Köster, Daniel Lehmberg, Manfred Gruber, Angelika Kneidl & Florian SesserExperimental Study of Collective Pedestrian DynamicsCécile Appert-Rolland, Julien Pettré, Anne-Hélène Olivier, William Warren, Aymeric Duigou-Majumdar, Etienne Pinsard & Alexandre Nicolas EXPERIMENTAL EVACUATION Evacuation data from a hospital outpatient drill: the case study of North Shore HospitalAnass Rahouti, Ruggiero Lovreglio, Phil Jackson & Sélim DatoussaïdInvestigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dangerClaudio Feliciani & Katsuhiro NishinariHUMAN BEHAVIOUR Comparing different metrics quantifying pedestrian safetyArne Hillebrand, Han Hoogeveen & Roland GeraertsEffect of architectural adjustments on pedestrian flow at bottleneckJianyu Wang, Jian Ma & Peng LinThe development of drunk behaviour during evacuationSimeon A. Doychinov & Anne S. DederichsMovement parameters of persons with disabilities on evacuation by liftsMartin Szénay & Martin LopusniakCrowding and queuing in entrance scenarios: Influence of corridor width in front of bottlenecksJuliane Adrian, Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl, Anna Sieben & Armin SeyfriedSafe evacuation for all. A top 10 list of requirementsLaura Künzer, Gesine Hofinger & Robert ZinkeEvacuation guidance design: An experimental study based on eye tracking devicesNing Ding, Tao Chen & Yuan LiuDynamic guidance by colored running lights and affordance: Route choices of adults and older childrenLaura Künzer, Robert Zinke & Gesine HofingerEstimating social relation from trajectoriesZeynep Yucel, Francesco Zanlungo, Claudio Feliciani, Adrien Gregorj & Takayuki KandaExperimental study on variation strategies for complex social pedestrian groups in conflict conditionsXiaolei Zou, Xiaoyi Qu & Ruihua XuMeasuring social influence and group formation during evacuation processAdriana Balboa, Arturo Cuesta & Daniel AlvearThe influence of physical and mental constraints to a stream of people through a bottleneckPaul Geoerg, Jette Schumann, Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl & Anja HofmannEvacuation characteristics of preschool children through bottlenecksJun Zhang, Hongliu Li, Yanghui Hu & Weiguo SongAnalysis of built environment influence on pedestrian route choice behavior in Dutch Design Week using GPS DataYanan Liu, Dujuan Yang, Bauke de Vries & Harry J.P. TimmermansThe Modelling of Pedestrian Vehicle Interaction for Post-Exiting BehaviourPeter J Lawrence, Veronica Pellacini & Edwin R GaleaMODEL DEVELOPMENT Modelling and simulation of urban mobile agents for analyzing mixed flows in urban pedestrian spaceToshiyuki Kaneda, Masahiro Shohmitsu, Wataru Sasabe & Yuanyuan LiuAn artificial neural network framework for pedestran walking behavior modeling and simulationPeter M. Kielar & André BorrmannA method for joint estimation of homogeneous model parameters and heterogeneous desired speedsFredrik JohanssonAnalysis of alighting and boarding movement laws in subway using modified social force modelFeng Chen, Yongxin Gao, Zijia Wang & Yan LiuConcept of a decision-based pedestrian modelCornelia von Krüchten & Andreas SchadschneiderPedestrian collision avoidance with a local dynamic goalRafael F. Martin & Daniel R. ParisiThe difference between individuals and social groups in multidirectional movementYanghui Hu, Jun Zhang & Weiguo SongParameter calibration in crowd simulation models using approximate Bayesian computationNikolai W.F. BodeMovement characteristics of processionsPetros Polichronidis & Michael SchreckenbergNoise-induced stop-and-go dynamics in pedestrian single-file motionAndreas Schadschneider & Antoine Tordeux Tsunami evacuation facility choice behavior model in flat area and rias area considering possibility to remain at homeHiroyuki Yoshihara & Tatsuya KishimotoModelling Emergency Evacuation of Classroom with Different Age ProfilesLakshmi Devi Vanumu, Aditya Arya, Hari Krishna Gaddam, K. Ramachandra RaoInterdependence of flows when merge in rail tunnel evacuationsAdriana Balboa, Daniel Alvear & Orlando AbreuBridging the gap - why we need to enhance common simulation modelsAngelika KneidlSIMULATIONSDetermination of pedestrian’s personal space in mass religious gatherings - A case study of KumbhmelaAparna P M, Karthika P Sobhana & Ashish VermaTowards real-time monitoring of the HajjMuhammad Baqui & Rainald LöhnerUnderstanding crowd dynamics in processions during mass religious gatherings - A case study of Shahi Snan in Kumbh MelaH. Gayathri, Siddhartha Gulhare & Ashish VermaInvestigating pedestrians’ obstacle avoidance behaviourAbdullah Alhawsawi, Majid Sarvi, Milad Haghani & Abbas RajabifardA Markov-chain activity-based model for pedestrians in office buildingsSanmay Shelat, Winnie Daamen, Bjorn Kaag, Dorine Duives & Serge HoogendoornIncorporation of elevator evacuation from a specific floor - A numerical study of an office buildingJohanna Hammarberg, Håkan Niva & Axel MossbergThermodynamics of a gas of pedestrians: theory and experimentClaudio Feliciani, Francesco Zanlungo, Katsuhiro Nishinari, Takayuki KandaPOSTERSA Case for Identity Hierarchies in Simulating Social Groups A. Platt & A. KneidlA new framework for high-resolution pedestrian data processing using rule-based algorithms and real-time alarm systems Michael Moos, Basil Vitins, Mirwais Tayebi, Lukas Gamper, Julia Wysling & Uri SchtalheimAgent Based Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Crowds in Panic Situations Mohammed Alrashed & Jeff ShammaApplication of Ensemble Kalman Filter to Pedestrian Flow Fumiya Togashi, Takashi Misaka, Rainald Löhner & Shigeru Obayashi Congestion in Computational Evacuation Modelling Volker Schneider & Rainer KönneckeDecentralized Control for Self-driving Cars That can Freely Move on Two-dimensional Plane Takeshi Kano, Mayuko Iwamoto & Daishin UeyamaEfficient Quantification of Model Uncertainties When De-boarding a Train Florian Künzner, Tobias Neckel, Hans-Joachim Bungartz, Felix Dietrich & Gerta KösterEmpirical Findings from an Ascending Stair Evacuation Exercise in a Subway Station Helmut Schrom-Feiertag, Thomas Matyus, Martin Stubenschrott & Stefan SeerExperimental Investigation of Pedestrian Dynamics in Circle Antipode Experiments Yao Xiao, Rui Jiang, Ziyou Gao, Xingang Li & Yunchao QuNetwork-Based Continuous Space Representation for Describing Pedestrian Movement in High Resolution Wataru Nakanishi & Takashi FuseExperimental study on mixed traffic flow of bicycles and pedestrians Ning Guo, Rui Jiang, SC Wong, Qing-Yi Hao, Shu-Qi Xue, Yao Xiao & Chao-Yun WuExtracting Crowd Velocities at High Density Muhammad Baqui & Rainald LöhnerFollower-Leader Concept in Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Movement in a Crowd Jana Vacková & Marek BukáčekForecasting Visitors’ behaviour in Crowded Museums Caterina Balzotti, Maya Briani, Alessandro Corbetta, Emiliano Cristiani, Marina Minozzi, Roberto Natalini, Sara Suriano & Federico ToschiHuman stampedes at mass gatherings: An overview Lakshmi Devi Vanumu, Kumar Laxmikant & K.Ramachandra RaoInfluence of Obstacles on the Use of the Danger Zone on Railway Platforms Jasmin Thurau & Nicolas KeusenModeling Environmental Operative Elements in Agent-Based Pedestrian Simulation Luca Crociani, Giuseppe Vizzari & Stefania BandiniMultiscale Pedestrian Dynamics and Infection Spread Model for Policy Analysis Sirish Namilae, Pierrot Derjany, Dahai Liu, Anuj Mubayi & Ashok SrinivasanPedestrian Evacuation Modelling with Dynamics Congestion Avoidance Zongzhi Wang & Tao ChenUsing Agent-based Simulation for Safety: Fact-finding about a crowd accident to improve public space design Yuanyuan Liu & Toshiyuki KanedaPedestrian flow characteristics through bends: Effects of angle and desired speed Jiahua Zhang, Charitha Dias, Majid Sarvi & Miho Iryo AsanoPedestrian Models for Robot Motion Francesco Zanlungo, Florent Ferreri, Jani Even, Luis Yoichi Morales, Zeynep Yücel & Takayuki KandaSocial Force Modeling of the Pedestrian Motion in the Mataf Rainald Löhner, Eberhard Haug & Britto M.Toward dynamical crowd control to prevent hazardous situationsTomoichi TakahashiVirtual Reality approaches for evacuation simulation of various disasters Naohiro Takeichi, Takeshi Katagiri, Harumi Yoneda, Shusaku Inoue & Yusuke ShintaniVulnerable People in Microscopic Evacuation Modelling Rainer Könnecke & Volker Schneider

Classical second order models of pedestrian dynamics, like the social-force model, suffer from various unrealistic behaviors in the dynamics, e.g. backward motion, oscillations and overlapping of pedestrians. These effects are intrinsic to the dynamics and the consequence of strong inertia effects that usually appear in second order models. The experimentally observed stop-and-go behavior, which is an important test for any pedestrian model, can be reproduced with a stochastic first order model that does not suffer from the dynamical artefacts resulting from strong inertia. The model provides a new mechanism for stop-and-go behavior which is based on correlated noise. We show that this mechanism exists in a large class of models.

The spreading of density fluctuations in two-dimensional driven diffusive systems is marginally anomalous. Mode coupling theory predicts that the diffusivity in the direction of the drive diverges with time as $(\ln t)^{2/3}$ with a prefactor depending on the macroscopic current-density relation and the diffusion tensor of the fluctuating hydrodynamic field equation. Here we present the first numerical verification of this behavior for a particular version of the two-dimensional asymmetric exclusion process. Particles jump strictly asymmetrically along one of the lattice directions and symmetrically along the other, and an anisotropy parameter $p$ governs the ratio between the two rates. Using a novel massively parallel coupling algorithm that strongly reduces the fluctuations in the numerical estimate of the two-point correlation function, we are able to accurately determine the exponent of the logarithmic correction. In addition, the variation of the prefactor with $p$ provides a stringent test of mode coupling theory., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

Dynamical universality classes are distinguished by their dynamical exponent $z$ and unique scaling functions encoding space-time asymmetry for, e.g. slow-relaxation modes or the distribution of time-integrated currents. So far the universality class of the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) model, which is a paradigmatic model for traffic flow on highways, was not known except for the special case $v_{\text{max}}=1$. Here the model corresponds to the TASEP (totally asymmetric simple exclusion process) that is known to belong to the superdiffusive Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) class with $z=3/2$. In this paper, we show that the NaSch model also belongs to the KPZ class \cite{KPZ} for general maximum velocities $v_{\text{max}}>1$. Using nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamics theory we calculate the nonuniversal coefficients, fixing the exact asymptotic solutions for the dynamical structure function and the distribution of time-integrated currents. Performing large-scale Monte-Carlo simulations we show that the simulation results match the exact asymptotic KPZ solutions without any fitting parameter left. Additionally, we find that nonuniversal early-time effects or the choice of initial conditions might have a strong impact on the numerical determination of the dynamical exponent and therefore lead to inconclusive results. We also show that the universality class is not changed by extending the model to a two-lane NaSch model with dynamical lane changing rules., 10 pages, 10 figures

The prediction of pedestrian movements in complex buildings is a difficult task. Recent experiments have shown that the behaviour of pedestrians tends to depend on the type of facility. For instance, flows at bottlenecks often exceed the maximal rates observed in straight corridors. This makes pedestrian behaviours geometry-dependent. Yet the types of geometries are various, and their systematic identification in complex buildings is not straightforward. Artificial neural networks are able to identify various types of patterns without supervision. They could be a suitable alternative for forecasts of pedestrian dynamics in complex architectures. In this paper, we test this assertion. We develop, train and test artificial neural networks for the prediction of pedestrian speeds in corridor and bottleneck experiments. The estimations are compared to those of an elementary speed-based model. The results show that neural networks distinguish the flow characteristics for the two different types of facilities and significantly improve the prediction of pedestrian speeds.

This contribution presents a realistic cellular automaton model for multi-lane traffic, based on the model proposed by Lee et al. (2004). In contrast to current approaches, a limited deceleration capability, i.e., a mechanical restriction, has been assigned to the vehicles. Moreover, the velocity of the vehicles was determined on the basis of the local neighborhood, and the drivers were thus divided into optimistic or pessimistic drivers. The former were prone to underestimating their safety distance if their neighborhood admitted it, whereas the latter always kept a safe distance, thus over-reacting. This resulted in a convincing reproduction of the microscopic and macroscopic features of synchronized traffic. The anticipation of the leader’s velocity was thereby essential for the reproduction of synchronized traffic. Nevertheless, accidents occurred in the stationary state, and thus, the model approach required modification so as to be capable of simulating multi-lane traffic. The adapted model was enhanced by a realistic lane-change algorithm, and a multi-lane model, reproducing the empirical data even better than the single-lane approach, was formulated. In open systems with bottlenecks, such as an on-ramp or a speed-limit, the empirically observed complex structures of the synchronized traffic could be reproduced in great detail.

Braess' paradox has been shown to appear rather generically in many systems of transport on networks. It is especially relevant for vehicular traffic where it shows that in certain situations building a new road in an urban or highway network can lead to increased average travel times for all users. Here we address the question whether this changes if the drivers (agents) have access to traffic information as available for modern traffic networks, i.e. through navigation apps and or personal experiences in the past. We study the effect of traffic information in the classical Braess network, but using a microscopic model for the traffic dynamics, to find out if the paradox can really be observed in such a scenario or if it only exists in some theoretically available user optima that are never realized by drivers that base their route choice decisions intelligently upon realistic traffic information. We address this question for different splits of the two information types., Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures

We study the Brownian motion of a particle in a bounded circular 2-dimensional domain, in search for a stationary target on the boundary of the domain. The process switches between two modes: one where it performs a two-dimensional diffusion inside the circle and one where it travels along the one-dimensional boundary. During the diffusion, the Brownian particle resets to its initial position with a constant rate $r$. The Fokker-Planck formalism allows us to calculate the mean time to absorption (MTA) as well as the optimal resetting rate for which the MTA is minimized. From the derived analytical results the parameter regions where resetting reduces the search time can be specified. We also provide a numerical method for the verification of our results., 11 pages, 10 figures

Pedestrian behaviours tend to depend on the type of facility. Therefore accurate predictions of pedestrians movements in complex geometries (including corridor, bottleneck or intersection) are difficult to achieve for classical models with few parameters. Artificial neural networks have multiple parameters and are able to identify various types of patterns. They could be a suitable alternative for forecasts. We aim in this paper to present first steps testing this approach. We compare estimations of pedestrian speed with a classical model and a neural network for combinations of corridor and bottleneck experiments. The results show that the neural network is able to differentiate the two geometries and to improve the estimation of pedestrian speeds when the geometries are mixed., 8 pages, 5 figures; Traffic and Granular Flow 2017 Conference (TGF'17)

Stop-and-go waves are commonly observed in traffic and pedestrian flows. In traffic theory they are described by phase transitions of metastable models. The self-organization phenomenon occurs due to inertia mechanisms but requires fine tuning of the parameters. Here, a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves based on stochastic effects is presented for pedestrian dynamics. We show that the introduction of specific coloured noises in a stable microscopic model allows to describe realistic pedestrian stop-and-go behaviour without requirement of metastability and phase transition. We compare simulation results of the stochastic model to real pedestrian trajectories and discuss plausible values for the model's parameters., 8 pages, 5 figures; Traffic and Granular Flow 2017 Conference (TGF'17)

The Braess paradox can be observed in road networks used by selfish users. It describes the counterintuitive situation in which adding a new, per se faster, origin-destination connection to a road network results in increased travel times for all network users. We study the network as originally proposed by Braess but introduce microscopic particle dynamics based on the totally asymmetric exclusion processes. In contrast to our previous work [10.1103/PhysRevE.94.062312], where routes were chosen randomly according to turning rates, here we study the case of drivers with fixed route choices. We find that travel time reduction due to the new road only happens at really low densities and Braess' paradox dominates the largest part of the phase diagram. Furthermore, the domain wall phase observed in [10.1103/PhysRevE.94.062312] vanishes. In the present model gridlock states are observed in a large part of phase space. We conclude that the construcion of a new road can often be very critical and should be considered carefully., Comment: 25 pages, 16 figures

Stochastic processes of interacting particles with varying length are relevant e.g. for several biological applications. We try to explore what kind of new physical effects one can expect in such systems. As an example, we extend the exclusive queueing process that can be viewed as a one-dimensional exclusion process with varying length, by introducing Langmuir kinetics. This process can be interpreted as an effective model for a queue that interacts with other queues by allowing incoming and leaving of customers in the bulk. We find surprising indications for breaking of ergodicity in a certain parameter regime, where the asymptotic growth behavior depends on the initial length. We show that a random walk with site-dependent hopping probabilities exhibits qualitatively the same behavior., 5 pages, 7 figures

Pedestrian crowds often include social groups, i.e. pedestrians that walk together because of social relationships. They show characteristic configurations and influence the dynamics of the entire crowd. In order to investigate the impact of social groups on evacuations we performed an empirical study with pupils. Several evacuation runs with groups of different sizes and different interactions were performed. New group parameters are introduced which allow to describe the dynamics of the groups and the configuration of the group members quantitatively. The analysis shows a possible decrease of evacuation times for large groups due to self-ordering effects. Social groups can be approximated as ellipses that orientate along their direction of motion. Furthermore, explicitly cooperative behaviour among group members leads to a stronger aggregation of group members and an intermittent way of evacuation., 17 pages, 11 figures

We introduce a two-species exclusion model to describe the key features of the conflict between the RNA polymerase (RNAP) motor traffic, engaged in the transcription of a segment of DNA, concomitant with the progress of two DNA replication forks on the same DNA segment. One of the species of particles ($P$) represents RNAP motors while the other ($R$) represents replication forks. Motivated by the biological phenomena that this model is intended to capture, a maximum of only two $R$ particles are allowed to enter the lattice from two opposite ends whereas the unrestricted number of $P$ particles constitute a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) in a segment in the middle of the lattice. Consequently, the lattice consists of three segments; the encounters of the $P$ particles with the $R$ particles are confined within the middle segment (segment $2$) whereas only the $R$ particles can occupy the sites in the segments $1$ and $3$. The model captures three distinct pathways for resolving the co-directional as well as head-collision between the $P$ and $R$ particles. Using Monte Carlo simulations and heuristic analytical arguments that combine exact results for the TASEP with mean-field approximations, we predict the possible outcomes of the conflict between the traffic of RNAP motors ($P$ particles engaged in transcription) and the replication forks ($R$ particles). The outcomes, of course, depend on the dynamical phase of the TASEP of $P$ particles. In principle, the model can be adapted to the experimental conditions to account for the data quantitatively., Comment: 10 pages, including 7 figures

In this paper, the stability of the uniform solutions is analysed for microscopic flow models in interaction with $K\ge1$ predecessors. We calculate general conditions for the linear stability on the ring geometry and explore the results with particular pedestrian and car-following models based on relaxation processes. The uniform solutions are stable if the relaxation times are sufficiently small. The analysis is focused on the relevance of the number of predecessors in the dynamics. Unexpected non-monotonic relations between $K$ and the stability are presented., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures

The dynamics of pedestrian crowds has been studied intensively in recent years, both theoretically and empirically. However, in many situations pedestrian movement is rather static, e.g. due to jamming near bottlenecks or queueing at ticket counters or the su- permarket checkout. Classically such queues are described by a M/M/1 queue which neglects the internal structure (density profile) of the queue by focussing on the queue length as the only dynamical variable. This is different in the exclusive queueing process (EQP) which considers the queue on a microscopic level. It is equivalent to a totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) of varying length for which many exact results can be obtained. The EQP has a surprisingly rich phase diagram with respect to the arrival probability α and the service probability β The behaviour at the phase transition line is much more complex than for the TASEP. It is nonuniversal and depends strongly on the update procedure used.

We are happy to present this special issue of Transportmetrica A on “Vehicular and pedestrian flow: from data to models”. It bundles eight papers, which describe the ever progressing state-of-the-a...

We study the Braess paradox in the transport network as originally proposed by Braess with totally asymmetric exclusion processes (TASEPs) on the edges. The Braess paradox describes the counterintuitive situation in which adding an edge to a road network leads to a user optimum with higher travel times for all network users. Travel times on the TASEPs are nonlinear in the density, and jammed states can occur due to the microscopic exclusion principle, leading to a more realistic description of trafficlike transport on the network than in previously studied linear macroscopic mathematical models. Furthermore, the stochastic dynamics allows us to explore the effects of fluctuations on network performance. We observe that for low densities, the added edge leads to lower travel times. For slightly higher densities, the Braess paradox occurs in its classical sense. At intermediate densities, strong fluctuations in the travel times dominate the system's behavior due to links that are in a domain-wall state. At high densities, the added link leads to lower travel times. We present a phase diagram that predicts the system's state depending on the global density and crucial path-length ratios., 14 pages, 17 figures

We obtain the exact solution of the one-loop mode-coupling equations for the dynamical structure function in the framework of non-linear fluctuating hydrodynamics in one space dimension for the strictly hyperbolic case where all characteristic velocities are different. All solutions are characterized by dynamical exponents which are Kepler ratios of consecutive Fibonacci numbers, which includes the golden mean as a limiting case. The scaling form of all higher Fibonacci modes are asymmetric L\'evy-distributions. Thus a hierarchy of new dynamical universality classes is established. We also compute the precise numerical value of the Pr\"ahofer-Spohn scaling constant to which scaling functions obtained from mode coupling theory are sensitive., Comment: PACS classification: \pacs{05.60.Cd, 05.20.Jj, 05.70.Ln, 47.10.-g}

To better design safe and comfortable urban spaces, understanding the nature of human crowd movement is important. However, precise interactions among pedestrians are difficult to measure in the presence of their complex decision-making processes and many related factors. While extensive studies on pedestrian flow through bottlenecks and corridors have been conducted, the dominant mode of interaction in these scenarios may not be relevant in different scenarios. Here, we attempt to decipher the factors that affect human reactions to other individuals from a different perspective. We conducted experiments employing the inflow process in which pedestrians successively enter a confined area (like an elevator) and look for a temporary position. In this process, pedestrians have a wider range of options regarding their motion than in the classical scenarios; therefore, other factors might become relevant. The preference of location is visualized by pedestrian density profiles obtained from recorded pedestrian trajectories. Non-trivial patterns of space acquisition, e.g., an apparent preference for positions near corners, were observed. This indicates the relevance of psychological and anticipative factors beyond the private sphere, which have not been deeply discussed so far in the literature on pedestrian dynamics. From the results, four major factors, which we call flow avoidance, distance cost, angle cost, and boundary preference, were suggested. We confirmed that a description of decision-making based on these factors can give a rise to realistic preference patterns, using a simple mathematical model. Our findings provide new perspectives and a baseline for considering the optimization of design and safety in crowded public areas and public transport carriers., Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures

This article considers execution and analysis of laboratory experiments of pedestrians moving in a quasi-one-dimensional system with periodic boundary conditions. To analyse characteristics of jams in the system we aim to use the whole experimental set-up as the measurement area. Thus, the trajectories are transformed to a new coordinate system. We show that the trajectory data from the straight and curved parts are comparable and assume that the distributions of the residuals come from the same continuous distribution. Regarding the trajectories of the entire set-up, the creation of stop-and-go waves in pedestrian traffic can be investigated and described.

Stop-and-go waves in single-file movement are a phenomenon that is observed empirically in pedestrian dynamics. It manifests itself by the co-existence of two phases: moving and stopping pedestrians. We show analytically based on a simplified one-dimensional scenario that under some conditions the system can have unstable homogeneous solutions. Hence, oscillations in the trajectories and instabilities emerge during simulations. To our knowledge there exists no force-based model which is collision- and oscillation-free and meanwhile can reproduce phase separation. We develop a new force-based model for pedestrian dynamics able to reproduce qualitatively the phenomenon of phase separation. We investigate analytically the stability condition of the model and define regimes of parameter values where phase separation can be observed. We show by means of simulations that the predefined conditions lead in fact to the expected behaviour and validate our model with respect to empirical findings.

We propose and analyse extended floor field cellular automaton models for evacuation dynamics of inhomogeneous pedestrian pairs which are coupled by asymmetric group interactions. Such pairs consist of a leader, who mainly determines the couple’s motion and a follower, who has a defined tendency to follow the leader. Examples for such pairs are mother and child or two siblings of different age. We examine the system properties and compare them to the case of a homogeneous crowd. We find a strong impact on evacuation times for the regime of strong pair coupling due to the occurrence of a clogging phenomenon. In addition, we obtain a non-trivial dependence of evacuation times on the followers’ coupling to the static floor field, which carries the information of the shortest way to the exit location. In particular we find that systems with fully passive followers, who are solely coupled to their leaders, show lower evacuation times than homogeneous systems where all pedestrians have an equal tendency to move towards the exit. We compare the results of computer simulations with recently performed experiments.

The effects of social groups on pedestrian dynamics , especially in evacuation scenarios , have attracted some interest recently. However, due to the lack of reliable empirical data, most of the studies focussed on modelling aspects. It was shown that social groups can have a considerable effect, e.g. on evacuation times. In order to test the model predictions we have performed laboratory experiments of evacuations with different types and sizes of the social groups. The experiments have been performed with pupils of different ages. Parameters that have been considered are (1) group size, (2) strength of intra-group interactions, and (3) composition of the groups (young adults, children, and mixtures). For all the experiments high-quality trajectories for all participants have been obtained using the PeTrack software. This allows for a detailed analysis of the group effects. One surprising observation is a decrease of the evacuation time with increasing group size.

The current status of empirical results for pedestrian dynamics is reviewd. Suprisingly even for basic quantities like the flow-density relation there is currently no consensus since the results obtained in various empirical and experimental studies deviate substantially. We report results from recent large-scale experiments for pedestrian flow in simple scenarios like long corridors and bottlenecks which have been performed under controlled laboratory conditions that are easily reproducible. Finally the implications of the unsatisfactory empirical situation for the modeling of pedestrian dynamics is discussed.

Molecular motors are macromolecular complexes which use some form of input energy to perform mechanical work. The filamentary tracks, on which these motors move, are made of either proteins (e.g., microtubules) or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). Often, many such motors move simultaneously on the same track and their collective properties have superficial similarities with vehicular traffic on highways. The models we have developed provide ``unified'' description: in the low-density limit, a model captures the transport properties of a single motor while, at higher densities the same model accounts for the collective spatio-temporal organization of interacting motors. By drawing analogy with vehicular traffic, we have introduced novel quantities for characterizing the nature of the spatio-temporal organization of molecular motors on their tracks. We show how the traffic-like intracellular collective phenomena depend on the mechano-chemistry of the corresponding individual motors., 9 pages, 11 figures; Based on the invited talk delivered by the first author (DC) at the IUPAP International Conference STATPHYS23, Genoa (Italy), July, 2007

Force-based models describe pedestrian dynamics in analogy to classical mechanics by a system of second order ordinary differential equations. By investigating the linear stability of two main classes of forces, parameter regions with unstable homogeneous states are identified. In this unstable regime it is then checked whether phase transitions or stop-and-go waves occur. Results based on numerical simulations show, however, that the investigated models lead to unrealistic behavior in form of backwards moving pedestrians and overlapping. This is one reason why stop-and-go waves have not been observed in these models. The unrealistic behavior is not related to the numerical treatment of the dynamic equations but rather indicates an intrinsic problem of this model class. Identifying the underlying generic problems gives indications how to define models that do not show such unrealistic behavior. As an example we introduce a new force-based model which produces realistic jam dynamics without the appearance of unrealistic negative speeds for empirical desired walking speeds., 20 pages, 15 figures, published in PRE

Universality is a well-established central concept of equilibrium physics. However, in systems far away from equilibrium a deeper understanding of its underlying principles is still lacking. Up to now, a few classes have been identified. Besides the diffusive universality class with dynamical exponent $z=2$ another prominent example is the superdiffusive Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) class with $z=3/2$. It appears e.g. in low-dimensional dynamical phenomena far from thermal equilibrium which exhibit some conservation law. Here we show that both classes are only part of an infinite discrete family of non-equilibrium universality classes. Remarkably their dynamical exponents $z_\alpha$ are given by ratios of neighbouring Fibonacci numbers, starting with either $z_1=3/2$ (if a KPZ mode exist) or $z_1=2$ (if a diffusive mode is present). If neither a diffusive nor a KPZ mode are present, all dynamical modes have the Golden Mean $z=(1+\sqrt{5})/2$ as dynamical exponent. The universal scaling functions of these Fibonacci modes are asymmetric L\'evy distributions which are completely fixed by the macroscopic current-density relation and compressibility matrix of the system and hence accessible to experimental measurement., Comment: 8 pages, 5 Figs (2 Figure revised, one new Figure added), revised introduction

We reconsider the long-standing question of the critical defect hopping rate $r_c$ in the one-dimensional totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) with a slow bond (defect). For $r< r_c$ a phase separated state is observed due to queuing at the defect site whereas for $r\geq r_c$ the defect site has only local effects on the stationary state of the homogeneous system. Mean-field theory predicts $r_c=1$ (when hopping rates outside the defect bond are equal to 1) but numerical investigations seem to indicate $r_c \approx 0.80(2)$. Here we improve the numerics to show that $r_c > 0.99$ and give strong evidence that indeed $r_c=1$ as predicted by mean-field theory, and anticipated by recent theoretical findings., 5 pages, 6 Figs, version as accepted by Europhysics Letters

We propose a microscopic stochastic model to describe 1D pedestrian trajectories obtained in laboratory experiments. The model is based on optimal velocity (OV) functions and an additive noise determined by the inertial Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. After statistical estimation of the OV function and noise parameters, we explore the model by simulation. The results show that the stochastic approach gives a good description of the characteristic relation between speed and spacing (fundamental diagram) and its variability. Moreover, it can reproduce the observed stop-and-go waves, bimodal speed distributions, and nonzero speed or spacing autocorrelations.

Part I: Pedestrian Dynamics and Evacuation Dynamics.- Part II: Highway and Urban Vehicular Traffic.- Part III: Biological Systems and Granular Flow.

Motivated by recent experimental results for the step sizes of dynein motor proteins, we develope a cellular automata model for intra-cellular traffic of dynein motors incorporating special features of the hindrance-dependent step size of the individual motors. We begin by investigating the properties of the aggressive driving model (ADM), a simple cellular automata-based model of vehicular traffic, a unique feature of which is that it allows a natural extension to capture the essential features of dynein motor traffic. We first calculate several collective properties of the ADM, under both periodic and open boundary conditions, analytically using two different mean-field approaches as well as by carrying out computer simulations. Then we extend the ADM by incorporating the possibilities of attachment and detachment of motors on the track which is a common feature of a large class of motor proteins that are collectively referred to as cytoskeletal motors. The interplay of the boundary and bulk dynamics of attachment and detachment of the motors to the track gives rise a phase where high and low density phases separated by a stable domain wall coexist. We also compare and contrast our results with the model of Parmeggiani et. al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 90}, 086601 (2003)) which can be regarded as a minimal model for traffic of a closely related family of motor proteins called kinesin. Finally, we compare the transportation efficiencies of dynein and kinesin motors over a range of values of the model parameters., Final Version Accepted for Publication in J. Phys. A (IOP, UK)

In this paper we study the ground state phase diagram of a one-dimensional t-J-U model away from half-filling. In the large-bandwidth limit and for ferromagnetic exchange with easy-plane anisotropy a phase with gapless charge and massive spin excitations, characterized by the coexistence of triplet superconducting and spin density wave instabilities is realized in the ground state. With increasing ferromagnetic exchange transitions into a ferrometallic and then a spin gapped triplet superconducting phase take place., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J. B