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Tricoordinate boron imparts near-infrared absorption/emission and unusual multi-stage changes in the photophysical properties to fluorescein dyes., Bora-fluoresceins (BFs), fluorescein analogues containing a tricoordinate boron atom instead of an oxygen atom at the 10-position of the fluorescein skeleton, were synthesized as a new family of fluorescein analogues. The deprotonated BFs exhibited absorption and fluorescence in the near-infrared region, which were significantly red-shifted relative to those of hitherto-known heteroatom-substituted fluorescein analogues on account of the orbital interaction between the tricoordinate boron atom and the fluorescein skeleton. BFs also showed multi-stage changes resulting from a Lewis acid–base equilibrium at the boron center in combination with a Brønsted acid–base equilibrium at the phenolic hydroxy group.

自由にクルマを使うことができない人たちが公共交通サービスの不十分な地域にいると、通院や買物など生活を支える上で不可欠な活動は実施される。一方、友人との交流や外食などの生活に潤いをもたらす「愉しみの活動」については潜在化する場合がある。本研究では、先ずこうした「愉しみの活動」の現状を把握する。次いで、人々の移動を支援する「バス」と憩いの場となる「せせらぎ（水路）」など身近な「都市の装置」との関係を分析する。さらに、多様な愉しみの活動と会話人数・会話時間との関係を把握することで、愉しみの活動の実態を会話人数や会話時間を通して評価する。その結果、複数種類の愉しみの活動を行うことや、自宅外で行う愉しみの活動の数が多いことが、生きがいの向上につながる可能性が確認できた。それらの愉しみの活動の中でも、「食事（外食）」「地域活動」「知人との交流」などで会話が増加することが確認できた。また、高台ではバスがあることで愉しみの活動が顕在化することや、せせらぎがあることでまちづくりへの参加意向が高くなり、生きがいにつながっている実態などが確認できた。, Even though those who are not able to be free to utilize a vehicle live their life in insufficient regions in terms of public transport services, it is necessary for them to fulfill activities to support their lives such as seeing a doctor regularly and going shopping. However, it is tended to be hidden for “pleasurable activities” such as interacting and eating out with friends, which enrich their lives. In this study, it is clarified the current situation of “pleasurable activities”. It is analyzed the relation to the equipment of urban functions, which include not only bus services for supporting people as their mobility but also artificial streams and waterfront for creating better amenity for people. Then, it is confirmed the relation between various pleasurable activities and an amount of interactions and time for conversation. Moreover, it is evaluated the nature of pleasurable activities throughout an amount of interactions and time for conversation. As a result, it is clarified a possibility to lead to improvement of living purpose because of not only having a various kind of pleasurable activities but also having a large quantity of pleasurable activities out of home. In particular, several pleasurable activities such as “eating out”, “community activities”, and “interacting with friends” encourage people to increase an amount of interactions and time for conversation. In addition, it is also clarified facts as followed. One is to reveal pleasurable activities because of bus services on hilltop residential areas. Another is to motivate people to participate community activities which lead to improvement of living purpose because of artificial streams and waterfront.

Previous studies on the effect of subsidiary staffing on subsidiary performance have examined the relationship between the two variables at certain points in time. These studies demonstrate that subsidiaries with more (or fewer) parent country nationals (PCNs) tend to demonstrate higher performance. However, these studies do not fully analyze whether the performance of a focal subsidiary improves by increasing (or decreasing) the number of PCNs assigned to the subsidiary. To answer this research question, this study addresses the way in which changes in a focal subsidiary’s staffing affect the subsidiary’s performance. It analyzes a panel dataset consisting of 11,286 observations of foreign subsidiaries owned by multinational corporations. This study demonstrates that a change in the deployment of PCNs has a U-shaped relationship with subsidiary performance, and the curve indicates that the performance of a focal subsidiary improves by both increasing and decreasing the deployment of PCNs. This study also finds that the slope of the U-shaped curve is flatter in institutionally distant host countries than in institutionally similar countries. This finding indicates that institutional differences between the host and home countries diminish the positive effect of increasing and decreasing the deployment of PCNs.

第2章: 研究と実践から導かれる「安寧の都市」論

This study examines whether isomorphic behavior by multinational corporations positively or negatively affect the performance of foreign subsidiaries. Although previous studies find that multinational corporations have a tendency to mimic practices adopted by other firms, the financial consequences of mimetic behavior remains uncovered. This study addresses multinational corporations' isomorphic behavior regarding foreign subsidiary staffing and hypothesizes the relationship between the imitation of the dominant practice for subsidiary staffing and the subsidiary performance. The panel dataset consisting of 3,284 foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations are used to test the hypotheses. The results obtained from a fixed effect model indicate that the imitation of the dominant practice adopted in the host country negatively affects the subsidiary performance. This study also finds that the negative relationship between mimetic behavior and subsidiary performance becomes greater as the institutional distance between the host country and the home country increases. The results of this study suggest that isomorphic behavior in pursuit of legitimacy is accompanied by the loss of efficiency.

This study aims to find factors that increase the level of interorganizational trust. Although previous studies emphasize structural aspects or initial conditions of alliances, this current study focuses on interactions held after the alliances are established. Specifically, joint decision-making, bargaining power, cultural adaptation, and conflict resolution strategy are a focus in this study. Using data collected from 76 international joint ventures established by Korean and Japanese firms, an empirical study is conducted. The results show that perceived fairness for the joint decision-making process, satisfactory distribution of bargaining power, and an effort to understand and adapt to a partner’s culture work to enhance the level of interorganizational trust. In contrast, the use of formal contracts for conflict resolution has a negative impact on the level of interorganizational trust.

This longitudinal study was conducted to understand the socialization process of undergraduates (Yoshida et al., 1999). Seventy one freshmen majoring in education joined in this study until the end of their senior year. Questionnaires to measure some aspects of their socialization process were administered to them frequently for four years. In this paper, with regard to career orientation, we reported how their job orientation and self-evaluated competence (Wakabayashi et al., 1987) had changed. We also showed that the students who chose to work after graduation and the students who wanted to go on to graduate school had been consistently distinguished by their job orientation and self-evaluated competence since their first year of university., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Social annoyance was defined as any behavior which may bother, annoy, or irritate others, usually occurring between strangers (Saito, 1999; Yoshida et al., 1999). The purpose of this study was to investigate social annoyance from a cognitive perspective. Ninety seven subjects were asked to indicate their attitudes towards seven annoying behaviors and to describe the reasons why they think so. They were also asked to estimate how many people have the similar attitudes to their own. The main findings were as follows : (1) content analyses of the reasons revealed four categories; "self", "others", "society", and "rules"; (2) perception of social annoyance was negatively retated to the references to "self", and positively related to references to "others", "society", and "rules"; (3) perception of social annoyance was positively related to their estimate of the amount of people who similarly feel annoyance., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

In order to effectively plan for and induce a drastically improved higher education program, it is essential to examine the socialization process of undergraduates. The purpose of this study was to investigate adjustment as a socialization process through a longitudinal study spanning the undergraduate program. Questionnaires were administered to 71 undergraduates majoring in education. In this article, we report the changes in attitude toward learning, acquisition of social skills, gaining life event experiences, changes in self-evaluated competence, and evaluation of job aptitude from freshman through sophomore years. The principal findings were that : first, subjects generally held a better image of psychology than education, although while the latter remained constant, the former declined with time. Furthermore, while the tendency to favor a special subject decreased, subjects came to place more importance to part-time job and travel. Consistently, throughout the period interpersonal relationships were regarded as most important. Second, freshman gained many life event experiences, but there was much variance in these experiences for sophomores. There was also found a positive correlation between the social skills of interpersonal sensibility and gained events. Third, self-evaluated competence produced 3 factors labeled competence, interpersonal harmony and trustworthiness. Finally, the relationship between self-evaluated competence and evaluated job aptitude was discussed., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Social annoyance was defined as any behavior which may bother, annoy, or irritate others, usually occurring between strangers. Social annoyance is aimed solely toward fulfilling one's own personal needs, at the sacrifice of inconveniencing others. This series of studies investigated social annoyance from a cognitive perspective. Study I examined the concept through three surveys. In Surveys 1 and 2,undergraduates (N=672) responded to questionnaires which included items which dealt with their attitudes toward social annoyance. These questionnaires consisted of attitude ratings of 120 annoying behaviors, along with various personality scales (e.g., Locus of Control (Kanbara et al, 1982), Social Consciousness (Wada & Kuze, 1990)). Factor analysis of the 120 behaviors revealed two factors, labeled "deviation from rules and manners", and "inconveniencing others." These attitudes showed positive correlations with the personality variables of "respect for norms", "philanthropic values" and "moral values". Survey 3 involved undergraduates (N=417) who responded to a questionnaire which included items asking for their perception of how they think others might feel toward the 120 annoying behaviors. Results indicated that subjects perceive the annoyance that others experience exceeds what they themselves experience. In Study II, social annoyance within two specific social events, i.e. weddings and funerals, were examined. Subjects were undergraduates and graduate students (N=136,mean age=21.0), along with their mothers (N=91,mean age=49.2). The questionnaire included items which dealt with : (1) attitudes toward 12 annoying behaviors, and means of coping; (2) the degree to which they perceive themselves as a social entity versus an individual entity (Social Consideration); and (3) their perception of how society should be (Belief about Society). Factor analyses showed that Belief about Society consists of three sub-scales : regulative, symbiotic and selfish belief. Furthermore, mothers scoring high on regulative and/oo symbiotic perceived annoyance the most, while students showed a positive correlation between Social Consideration and attitude toward social annoyance. These results suggest that belief about society and social consideration are important concepts toward examining social annoyance., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。