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The current migration routes may represent an excellent record while studying nomadic populations in the past. And although we can only extrapolate the current situation or the results of comparative studies to the past without equating them, migration routes may be used as research contexts of high reliability. The slopes of Sabalan Mountain in the northwest of Iran is among principal summer pastures used by the herders of the Shahseven tribes. Here, the vast majority of Iron Age sites are cemeteries not associated with settlements, so in the past the area was used by the nomads for their summer camps. During the research of migration routes of the modern-day Shahseven leading to the summer pastures, multiple Iron Age cemeteries, as well as fortified settlements and campsites, were discovered. In large-scale field investigations, archaeological sites were thoroughly surveyed to locate them in relation to current migration routes and to verify possible relationship between them. In the research area, sites were studied both by number and by categories, and the sought-for relationship has been established. It is obvious that the sites are concentrated along migration routes. Both on the mountain slopes and adjacent plains, traces of ten pathways of primary and secondary importance were recovered, and Iron Age sites are found throughout along them. Hence, some modern migration routes appeared to have been in use during the Iron Age, although the traditional ancient pathways may not have been entirely the same as modern ones.

Introduction: Under water stress conditions, intercropping can be used as a strategy for maximum use of sunlight and limited water resources. Due to the difference in morphological and physiological traits, the two plants corn and mung bean may be suitable for intercropping under drought stress; Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of drought stress on the physiological traits and yield of corn and mung beans in monocultures and intercropping in order to study the possibility of reducing water consumption in this production system. Materials and methods: An experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ilam University during 2019-2020 growing season. The main plot were four water regimes including (40, 60, 80, and 100% of the plant's water requirement) and the subplots were include the planting pattern at four levels (additive intercropping series 100% corn + 50% mung bean, replacement intercropping series 50% corn + 50% mung bean and monocultures of mung bean and corn). The application of drought stress started after the establishment stage of the plant and continued until the harvest. At the end of the growth period, some physiological traits of both plants were measured, including photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline amount, leaf relative water content and grain yield. Finally, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Minitab 14 and SAS 9.1 softwares and the means compared by HSD test at 5% probability level (p≤0.05). Results and discussion: The results showed the highest rate of photosynthesis (25.4 µmol CO2.m-2.s-1) was obtained in the treatment of 100% water requirement and the lowest rate of photosynthesis was obtained in 40% water requirement, which showed a decrease of 68.5% compared to the well-watered conditions. The rate of photosynthesis of corn in the replacement intercropping of 50% corn + 50% mung bean was 18.3% higher compared to monocultures corn. The highest rate of mung bean photosynthesis was observed in replacement intercropping under conditions of 100% water requirement and additive intercropping series under 80% water requirement, and the lowest rate of mung bean photosynthesis was observed in intercropping under conditions of 60 and 40% water requirement. Dehydration stress decreased the amount of total chlorophyll in mung beans and corn. The highest intercellular CO2 concentration (475.5 mmol of CO2.m-2.s-1) and the temperature of the corn leaf (36.7 °C) belonged to the 40% water requirement treatment. The rate of transpiration of corn and mung bean decreased by 55.56 and 61.43% in the condition of 40% water requirement compared to well-watered conditions. Water stress reduced the relative water content of corn and mung bean. The highest proline in corn and mung leaves (46.3 and 45.23 µmol.g-1.FW-1, respectively) was obtained in the treatment of 40% water requirement, which had no significant difference with 60% water requirement. Corn grain yield in the treatment of 40% water requirement showed a decrease of 52.76% compared to 100% water requirement. Monocultures (3945.8 kg.ha-1) and intercropping (3875.1 kg.ha-1) had the highest corn grain yield, and the lowest corn grain yield in replacement intercropping was 2700 kg ha-1. At all irrigation levels, the highest grain yield of mung bean was obtained in monocultures, and the yield decreased in additive and replacement intercropping, and additive intercropping had the lowest grain yield. The values of land equality ratio of all intercropping patterns were greater than one, which indicates the advantage of corn and mung bean intercropping patterns to use land and increase yield. Conclusion: Considering the occurrence of recent droughts in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the need for forage in these regions, the cultivation of forage plants, especially corn, is inevitable. Therefore, one of the appropriate strategies to protection in management and water consumption is the intercropping of this plant with plants of the legume such as mung bean. Intercropping can partially moderate the effects of drought stress on plant water conditions. In general, it seems that the patterns of intercropping and substitution, due to having higher grain yield potential, is a suitable strategy for producing higher yield and stability of this plant compared to monocultural under well-watered and stress water. Acknowledgments: This research has been carried out using the research credits of Ilam University, by which we express our thanks and appreciation to the respected Assistance of Research and Technology of Ilam University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction As the world's population grows, more food need to be produced. Plasma technology is one of the methods that can improve plant growth. Cold plasma is effective in increasing growth and germination indices. In this article, the effect of cold plasma based on corona discharge was investigated on germination of Adel, Mansur, and Azad chickpea varieties. Materials and Methods In the corona discharge method, a relative vacuum should be used. Corona discharge is formed when there are pronounced spatial in-homogeneities in the electric field, in particular, when the electric field exceeds the breakdown threshold in a limited spatial region. This commonly occurs when highly asymmetric electrodes are employed, such as a point and a plane. Thermodynamically corona is a very non-equilibrium process, creating a non-thermal plasma. The avalanche mechanism does not release enough energy to heat the gas in the corona region generally and ionize it, as occurs in an electric arc or spark. Only a small number of gas molecules take part in the electron avalanches and are ionized, having energies close to the ionization energy of 1-3 ev, the rest of the surrounding gas is close to ambient temperature. Corona discharge is a weakly ionized non-equilibrium plasma based on the avalanche mechanism. If it reaches a close distance with a conductive material or increase the electrical field, it can create longer breakdown streamers and eventually create sparks. The system is designed to convert 220V voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz to 12 kV voltage with a frequency of 9 kHz. Two electrodes with a 2 cm distance are in a vacuum chamber with a negative pressure of 20 pounds per square inch. And the samples are placed between two electrodes. Experiment was performed in form of a.factorial experimental design based on a CRD. In this plan, treatments are randomly placed in experimental units. The type of factorial experiment performed is 3×3×2×2 and multiplied numbers are factor levels. Seed production year factor in two levels, moisture factor in two levels, Seed variety factor in three levels, and exposure duration factor in three levels were examined. Plasma-exposed seeds and non-exposed seeds were grown under the same conditions. The samples were selected completely randomly. The samples were wetted 24 hours before exposure. Then all 18 chickpeas were placed in a dish in order to observe proper repetition. Samples from each dish were exposed to cold plasma under the same conditions between samples for a specified period of time. After exposing the samples to cold plasma, samples of all dishes under the same conditions at 30 °C and 300 lux environmental light were examined for germination evaluation. For this purpose, samples of each dish were placed in a cover of cotton cloth. They got wet every 4 hours. After 48 hours, all samples were examined and the root length of each sample was measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that seeds exposed to plasma for 60 seconds had a faster germination speed than those without exposure. Also, seeds that were exposed to plasma for 30 seconds had a longer root length than those without exposure. According to the results of statistical analysis, exposure to cold plasma for 30 seconds has increased root length in Adel chickpea variety up to 12.5% and in Mansour variety up to 18%. Conclusion After statistical analysis, appear that root length under the same conditions, during 30 seconds of exposure to cold plasma, is significant at 5% level from non-exposure and 60 seconds of exposure. Microscopic images of samples were examined on the outer surface and inner tissue of seed cell. Studies have shown that the outer surfaces of seeds exposed to cold plasma are smoother, less prominent and smaller contact angle than those without exposure to plasma. This change can increase the hydrophilicity of seeds. But cold plasma had no effect on cell tissue in terms of size and number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Common antibiotics may be useless against multiple pathogens because of the multidrug resistance. Therefore, new ways of nanotechnology and effective herbal combination can be the solution for this problem. The objective of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Allicin, silver nano particles and their combination against skin infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in animal model. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Allicin, silver nano particles, and their combination were determined by macro dilution susceptibility test. Skin infection was produced in the shoulder region of 12 mice using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effect of ointment of Allicin, silver nano particles, and their combination were evaluated. Results: The results showed that MIC and MBC of Allicin for pseudomonas aeruginosa were 2.38 and 4.77 mg/ml, respectively. MIC and MBC of silver nano particle for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 3.12 and 6.25 ppm, respectively. MIC and MBC of combination of Allicin and silver nano particles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0.59 mg/ml and 1.5 ppm, 1.19 mg/ml and 3.12 ppm, respectively. Anti-microbial effect of Allicin, silver nano particles and the synergistic activity of their combination against skin infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed in animal model. Conclusion: The results showed that Allicin in combination with silver nano particles have synergistic effect against skin infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium are among important causes of infection and antibiotic resistance. It is essential to find antimicrobial compounds against them. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Lecanora muralis SP. extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium in in-vitro and in animal model. Materials & Methods: In this study, aquatic, acetonic, and ethanoic extracts of Lecanora muralis SP. were prepared. Then their antimicrobial effects were determined by agar well diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) were calculated by macro dilution method. In animal model, 24 hours after inoculation of bacteria in mice, care was provided by injecting 0.5 ml of Lecanora muralis SP. extracts (as MBC concentration).. Then, the colonies of mentioned bacteria in spleen were counted on agar media after nine days. Results: The results indicated that MIC of acetonic extract of Lecanora muralis SP. for Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium were 103.75 and 207.5 mg/ml and for ethanoic extract were 49.81 and 99.625 mg/ml, respectively. The aquatic extracts of the tested lichens didn't show any antibacterial activity on mentioned organisms. The mean of the bacterial count in experiment group showed significant reduction compared to the control group in animal model. Conclusion: The ethanoic extract of Lecanora muralis SP. had the most effective antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium in comparison with acetonic extract. In addition Salmonella typhimurium was more sensitive to extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove some results on characterization of ε-simultaneous approximations of downward sets in vector lattice Banach spaces. Also, we give some results about simultaneous approximations of normal sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moyamoya disease is a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to ischemic strokes in young people and cerebral hemorrhage, which is more frequent in adults. Secondarily, an abnormal network of fine collateral vessels arises at the base of the brain. The term moyamoya refers to the angiographic appearance of the cerebral vasculature. We present such a disease in an 18-month-old Iranian girl with global developmental delay, which is a very rare presentation of moyamoya disease. She was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention has recently been paid to natural language processing in information storage and retrieval. This paper describes how the application of natural language processing (NLP) techniques can enhance cross-language information retrieval (CLIR). Using a semi-experimental technique, we took Farsi queries to retrieve relevant documents in English. For translating Persian queries, we used a bilingual machine-readable dictionary. NLP techniques such as tokenization, morphological analysis and part of speech tagging were used in pre-and- post translation phases. Results showed that applying NLP techniques yields more effective CLIR performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Built environment does not "simply appear overnight, like a movie-set springing up on a vacant lot, but has to be produced".Thus, the first point in dealing with such an environment is considered to be the tracing of time in the evaluation of the city and keeping in mind that the whole is more than its parts. The last point becomes naturally understood when the process of city building is probed; because the notion of process in itself comprises the relatedness among the socio-cultural events that resulted in urban artefacts. This also means considering a large number of factors, especially socio-cultural ones, involved in this process. By doing this, we can relate the physical environment with the social, "relating the world of artefacts with the world of people" - who built and used them Considering this argument, the paper examines structural elements influences on the development and use of urban space in Qatâr-chyân quarter, Sanandaj, Iran as a historical narrative. It is argued that the existence of Dara-bayân River, socio-political role of the Wakils' family and Ulamâ (educated people with religious backgrounds), and the continuation of principal route, through the residential segregation, formed and drove the phases of quarter's development and defined the main socio-spatial structural elements of the quarter. The paper then proceeds to examine those structural elements as they were before overall influences of modernism in Iranian context, especially before the first cross-roads of the city in 1930. The paper concludes that, in defining and conceptualising the structural elements of a particular built environment, it is difficult to rely on one factor. While the role of nature as form giver is an important factor, we can not undermine other soft factors, especially socio-cultural ones. This defines the nature of built form which comprises both the realms of the physical and the social and multi-dimensions background namely as socio-spatial factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inbred strains of mice showed marked variation in their mast cell (MC) response to infection with Trichinella spiralis. Variation was under genetic control, the ability to respond to infection being inherited as a dominant trait. MHC-linked genes may influence the absolute level of response, but overall response kinetics appear to be controlled by genes which are not linked to the MHC. An enhanced MC response was transferred adoptively with immune mesenteric lymph node cells (IMLNC), but reciprocal adoptive transfers between H-2 compatible rapid (NIH) and slow (B 10.0) responder strains showed that the degree of enhancement was determined by the response phenotype of the recipient, not that of the donor. Similarly, in bone marrow (BM) chimaeras, produced by reconstituting lethally irradiated F1 (B 10.0 × NIH) mice with parental BM, the MC response to T. spiralis was determined by the response phenotype of the BM donor, whether or not rapid responder IMLNC were transferred. The data are discussed in terms of a T lymphocyte regulated, bone marrow stem cell origin of mucosal MC and interpreted as showing that genetic regulation of the MC response is expressed at the level of stem cell or precursor response to T cell derived mastopoietic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares injury-induced and learning-induced plasticity in the nociceptive mechanosensory neurons in the marine mollusk `Aplysia.' Generation of induction signals at site of injury; Movement of signals by axonal transport; Impact of similarities in neuronal modifications; Memory mechanism evolution.