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Reading the piece of writings in the target language is also suggested to enhance creative ability, while the basic tenets of English Grammar can also be improved through a comparative study of the grammatical concepts. The study aims to identify, discuss, explain, and categorize the grammatical errors, especially errors in present indefinite tense sentences committed by the ESL learners of 6th grade at Cantt Public High School, Sialkot, Pakistan, due to overgeneralization in written exercises. The study gathered data through a worksheet task comprising 10 items of translation sentences from Urdu to English and ten items of English fill-in-the-blanks comprised of grammatical use of present simple tense and agreement morpheme. Corder’s model (1967) of error analysis has opted to analyze the errors in the present indefinite tense. This study pays great attention to overgeneralization in Present Indefinite tense sentences of ESL learners of 6th grade. The learners overgeneralize in the use of rules used for verb forms and auxiliary verbs. The present study also found that a lack of knowledge of the rules of the target language, in addition, to overgeneralization, is the cause of such errors, for instance, the inappropriate use of prepositions. The findings suggest that teachers of English should focus their attention on the troublesome aspect of the present simple tense while also encouraging students to apply the drill practice to the study of the present indefinite tense. This study has a few limitations as it was not feasible for researchers to analyze all kinds of tenses and find all types of errors according to the opted model due to time restraints.

This paper is based on the Critical Discourse Analysis approach to explore Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi’s speech at the UN in 2021 in a sociopolitical context. The researchers, by applying Fairclough’s 3D model, investigate Arab Israel community reflection through textual or stylistic strategies in speech and explore the level of Islamic ideology reflected in Shah Mehmood Qureshi speech through linguistic choices. The study further explores the representation of stylistic features in a speech that depicts the political and socio-cultural relationship between Palestine and the Israeli community. Findings of the study suggest that Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi used different devices like textual and stylistic to give his ideology more explicatively. The sophisticated manners of ideology are propagated through the speech with all its prerequisites. It was syntactically well organized and produces a thematic message that was based on religious sociocultural and political discrimination and biased as well as inequality in cohesion. The expressive speaker values and relational indications were ordered according to the situation.

Language considers a form of social practice in Critical Discourse Analysis, and it is frequently used in political discourse written, verbal and visual including public speeches. This paper examines the Prime Minister of Canada's press conference speech, held at the House of Commerce on June 8, 2021 (https://www.rev.com/blog, 2021), in the aftermath of a Muslim family's murder in Ontario's London. The Three-Dimensional Model of Fairclough has been used to investigate the implicit/explicit power displayed in PM Justin's speech, as well as the display of power at the textual, discursive, and societal levels, in the context of the speech's two key themes: anti-Muslim hatred and Islamophobia. The study examines speech using a qualitative approach and addresses power within the discourse as well as the power behind the discourse. The findings show how language reflects political leaders' ideologies and how social behaviors can shape and be shaped by speech. The Prime Minister skillfully employed language to convey the ideological divides between Muslim communities and the western communities. After drawing the line of demarcation, he urged world leaders to take steps to resolve their differences to achieve global harmony and peace. This study enables the general public to comprehend Justin Trudeau's position on prevalent intolerance and the ideology of Islamophobia, as well as its effects.

Critical Discourse Analysis considers language use to be a form of social practice, and it is frequently used in political discourse, including written, verbal and visual public speeches. The last sermon of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is presented in this article as a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in the perspective of social discrimination, inequity and racism. The study explores how the sermon brings about the true picture of Islam. The Prophet Muhammad’s view has been reflected through textual and stylistic discussion in the study. This study also focuses the ideology of Prophet Muhammad PBUH that is revealed through the linguistic choices in the sermon and how the relationship between Muslim and Non-Muslim in the broader socio-cultural and political sense is represented. To achieve the goals of the study Fairclaugh’s 3D Model was opted. The Prophet (PBUH) teaches his followers how to live-in peace with others, connect with them, and communicate with them without jeopardizing their own identities or the Muslims' sense of self. The findings of the study are that the Prophet's Farewell Sermon is seen as a road map for humankind, ensuring happiness, well-being, and prosperity for all people regardless of race, color, language, or other factors. The Prophet’s expert use of the available media at the time added to the sermon's effectiveness. Teaching His disciples how to communicate and disseminate the sermon's teachings throughout the world. Furthermore, the study found that the Prophet's tremendous rhetorical and linguistic eloquence in placing words, phrases, sentences, and other elements in their right contexts played a crucial part in expressing His intended meanings to His audience. The study has some limitations as researchers could not analyse each element at the textual level, although they had given a little detail in the quantitative analysis of the text. The researchers suggest that future researchers go for complete analysis at the textual level and explore other potential areas.

The purpose of this study was to explore, analyze, and find out the frequency of the grammatical, syntactical, and lexical errors committed by the students of the University of Gujrat in a written summary of a research article. The researcher tried to find out the frequency of errors that occurred by the male and the female students. A one-page summary of a research article written by the BS English students of the University of Gujrat was taken as the population of this study and a total of 30 summaries were chosen as a sample with the help of a systematic random sampling method. The collected data was analyzed with the help of Corder’s Model of Error Analysis. The written summaries were checked by the researcher and the errors were analyzed. This research finds out seven types of errors occurred by the participants. Male students made fewer errors as compared to female students. This study recommends that the students should try to get help from computer software or online software to eradicate their errors and they should try to eradicate the structural errors on a priority basis.

The current empirical study aimed to stimulate and measure the competence level of children for learning vowel sounds at nursery level at Right School, Model Town, Sillanwali. Sound-bingo strategy was used for distinguishing and learning vowel sounds in the context of gamification efficacy. Gamification frameworks can boost dedication, while also developing learning execution at the same time. In any case, only a few studies have been undertaken to address the constructs used to analyse the effects of gamification on people. The current study implemented Mathew Nudds and Casey Callaghan’s ‘Theory of Auditory Perception’ as its theoretical framework. According to the theory, the information we hear is comprehensible. The researchers used the purposive sampling technique and an achievement exam to obtain data for this study. Data was collected from two distinct groups of twenty-five students apiece, named Iqbal and Quaid, respectively. Quaid group was designated as the control group and Iqbal group as the experimental group. Utilising the gamification technique, both groups were subjected to a test without learning. Sound-bingo technique was utilised to deliver a specific corpus of vowel sounds to Iqbal group. The results revealed that when an activity is gamified, a meaningful goal needs to be provided before the action can be adequately rated. An all-around organised game could help to enhance children’s motivation, commitment, and mental turn of events. The current study concludes that gamification can influence the students’ attitudes toward language learning and its effective application can help them learn better. Keywords: achievement test, English vowel sounds, gamification, interest, nursery class, sound-bingo technique

The production of phonological patterns is a very complicated process especially when alveolar consonant sounds are pronounced in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The toddlers ageing 2-3 years as well as the language handicaps find it more complicated to cope with this sound process. The present study on toddlers aims at investigating the alveolar consonant sounds in keeping with single word production. The Iowa Test of Consonant Perception by Jason Geller was implemented to investigate sound productions in the perspective of Substitution Process proposed by Burnthal and Rankson (2004). Non-probabilistic Sample of twenty-five toddlers was given 125 words; a five-word set to every toddler to pronounce repeating at least five times at the top of his voice the articulators at length. Data was collected by means of informants’ close observations. The comparison between the pronunciation of original words and that of produced words with their phonetic transcription provided evidence of the shift in alveolar sound patterns during the phonological process by the toddlers. The results implicated that the toddlers made good use of articulators with ease and without any special training. They simplified the complicated consonant sound patterns at their own convenience. The study will be equally beneficial for speech pathologists, linguistic scholars, and keen phonology learners.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is known to be the worst pandemic on the planet which has not only affected humankind very severely but also frozen all areas of life on the sphere. The pandemic caused the largest turmoil in the field of education across the world. The conventional system of education has been disrupted resulting in the closure of all educational institutions around the globe. The exams were postponed which made the students more concerned about their academic achievements. The educationists around the world started thinking about some good alternatives for this problem and subsequently considered online learning as the best substitute for conventional learning at educational institutes. The current study was carried out to accentuate the effectiveness of online learning system during the wave of COVID-19. To achieve the objective of the study, two educational institutes, one government and one private institute, were selected in Sargodha through convenient sampling and the individual perception of the participant teachers was documented using questionnaire as the data collection tool. The descriptive and inferential statistical design was followed for the analysis of the data. The overall findings revealed that the online learning was an effective and efficient system of learning to fulfill the educational needs of learners at distant locations. On the whole, the inferences supported the effectiveness of the online learning system during COVID-19.

Codeswitching is a common phenomenon, generally observed in multilingual communities across the globe. A critical look at codeswitching literature reveals that mostly codeswitching has been studied in classroom in learning and teaching context while codeswitching outside classroom in settings such as café, hostel and so on have been the least explored areas. In view of the above the current research investigated the reasons for codeswitching in the interactive practices of students and their perecptions regarding the same in outside classroom settings. Data were collected by means of audio recording 90 minutes students interactions in café and hostel and serving an open-ended questionnaire to the partcicipants. The findings showed that the students code switched on account of socio-cutural, socio-psychological and comuniactive reasons. The study is important in the sense that it will further students understanding about CS in outside classroom settings.

Bu tez, Aralık 2001-Eylül 2016 döneminde üçer aylık veri kullanarak seçimdönemlerinde ve konjektürel dalgalanmada Türk bankalarının kredi vermedavranışlarını incelemektedir. Bankalar, mülkiyetlerine göre kamu, özel ve yabancıbanka olarak, mevduat toplama yeteneklerine göre, mevduat ve kalkınma bankalarıolarak sınıflandırmıştır. Bu dönemde yapılan beş genel ve üç yerel seçimincelenmiştir. Genel seçim dönemlerinde, yabancı kalkınma bankaları dışındaki tüm bankaların nominal ve reel kredi büyüme oranlarını artırdıkları görülmüştür. Yerel seçim dönemlerinde, kamu mevduat ve kalkınma bankalarının kredi büyüme oranlarının özel bankalardan daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Tek aşamalı sistem genellestirilmis momentler metodu modelinin sonuçları, kamu bankalarının kredi büyümesinin, özel bankalardan daha az konjektürle aynı yönde hareket ettiğini göstermektedir. Kamu mevduat bankalarının kredi büyüme oranları konjektürle aynı yönde hareket etmesine rağmen, kamu kalkınma bankalarının kredileri konjektürle ters yönde büyüdüğü bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, negatif GSYİH büyüme oranı oldugu dönemlerde kamu bankalarının kredi büyüme oranlarını artırdığı görülmektedir. This thesis examines the lending behavior of Turkish banks during elections andbusiness cycles using quarterly data for the period December 2001-September 2016.Banks are classified on the basis of their ownership as public, private and foreignbanks and their deposit collecting ability as deposit and development banks. Five general election and three local election events are studied during this period. I find that all banks except foreign development banks increase their nominal and real loan growth rates during general elections. Loan growth rates of public deposit and development banks are found to increase during local elections more than that of private banks. The results of one-step system GMM model suggests that loan growthrate of public banks is less pro-cyclical than that of private banks. Public deposit banks are found to lend pro-cyclically while public development banks are not. It is also found that public banks increase their loan growth rate in periods with negative GDP growth rate. 131