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En los últimos años la educación ha tenido cambios y los avances tecnológicos han dado una mirada distinta a la manera de enseñar y de aprender, por lo que lo tradicional ha sido ajustado a lo novedoso e innovador de las herramientas tecnológicas, dando paso a la educación virtual, que fue reforzado por la emergencia sanitaria vivida en los últimos años. En este estudio se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los fundamentos y de las investigaciones realizadas de la educación tradicional y la educación virtual. Los hallazgos encontrados muestran que la educación tradicional fue la manera como se entendió el sistema educativo durante muchos años, y paulatinamente se fueron incorporando algunos recursos tecnológicos que hicieron cambios en la manera de entender el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, hasta que en los últimos años, debido a la pandemia se dio paso a la educación virtual, que aunque tiene muchas ventajas para la enseñanza, aún tiene un camino que recorrer para hacer las mejoras correspondientes en la utilización y acceso para todos los involucrados. Se concluye que aún hay retos que afrontar en la educación para que la calidad de enseñanza se mantenga, haciendo el uso respectivo de los recursos disponibles.

Así como la corriente periodística, denominada Nuevo periodismo, nacida en los Estados Unidos, en América Latina distintos periodistas y escritores utilizaron herramientas de géneros literarios para escribir crónica, manteniendo los principios y prácticas propias del periodismo, lo que se llama Nuevo periodismo latinoamericano. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y describir características narrativas y técnicas de reporteo de determinadas crónicas del Nuevo periodismo latinoamericano, entre los años 2000 y 2012, a partir del trabajo de destacados maestros de la Fundación Gabo2. Es una investigación aplicada con enfoque cualitativo, de nivel descriptivo. El diseño es no experimental. La muestra no aleatoria está conformada por 10 crónicas que cumplen con cuatro requisitos: tienen una extensión de 2500 palabras o más; describen una persona, conjunto de personas o lugar; describen un aspecto extraordinario de un personaje ordinario o un aspecto ordinario de un personaje famoso; y describen una realidad particular que permite comprender una realidad universal.

The marine environment is highly diverse, each living creature fighting to establish and proliferate. Among marine organisms, cyanobacteria are astounding secondary metabolite producers representing a wonderful source of biologically active molecules aimed to communicate, defend from predators, or compete. Studies on these molecules’ origins and activities have been systematic, although much is still to be discovered. Their broad chemical diversity results from integrating peptide and polyketide synthetases and synthases, along with cascades of biosynthetic transformations resulting in new chemical structures. Cyanobacteria are glycolipid, macrolide, peptide, and polyketide producers, and to date, hundreds of these molecules have been isolated and tested. Many of these compounds have demonstrated important bioactivities such as cytotoxicity, antineoplastic, and antiproliferative activity with potential pharmacological uses. Some are currently under clinical investigation. Additionally, conventional chemotherapeutic treatments include drugs with a well-known range of side effects, making anticancer drug research from new sources, such as marine cyanobacteria, necessary. This review is focused on the anticancer bioactivities of metabolites produced by marine cyanobacteria, emphasizing the identification of each variant of the metabolite family, their chemical structures, and the mechanisms of action underlying their biological and pharmacological activities.

In this paper, an approach referred to as IoTsecM is proposed. This proposal is a UML/SysML extension for security requirements modeling within the analysis stage in a waterfall development life cycle in a Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach. IoTsecM allows the security requirements representation in two very well-known modeling languages, UML and SysML. With the utilization of this extension, IoT developers can consider the security requirements from the analysis stage in the design process of IoT systems. IoTsecM allows IoT systems to be designed considering possible threats and the corresponding security requirements analysis. The applicability of IoTsecM is demonstrated through applying it to analyze and represent the security requirements in an IoT real-life system in the context of collaborative autonomous vehicles in smart cities. In this use case, IoTsecM was able to represent the security requirements identified within the system architecture elements, in which all countermeasures identified were depicted using the proposed IoTsecM profile.

Background: Gastric per oral endoscopic myotomy (GPOEM) was developed as a therapeutic option for gastroparesis after the pylorus was identified as a key target for gastroparesis management. This study includes a systematic literature review of studies in which GPOEM was utilized as therapy for gastroparesis. Methods: A literature search was conducted in three databases (MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase) of articles that included the keywords “GPOEM”, “Gastric per oral endoscopy myotomy” or “per oral pyloromyotomy” and “Gastroparesis” in the abstract or title. The search covered articles published until 29 February 2020. Results: A total of 139 articles were identified. Only 15 articles met the final inclusion criteria and were retrieved for qualitative data synthesis. Conclusion: GPOEM for gastroparesis is shown to have a high success rate among the studies but data interpretations are limited because of small sample sizes and short follow-up. Subjective and objective data prior to and post-GPOEM will be mandatory to establish credibility. The procedure is technically feasible and safe based on the limited studies available.

Lung disease is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The onset of lung involvement in RA is not well known. The objective is to describe the features and evolution of lung involvement in early RA, its relationship with disease activity parameters, smoking and treatments. Consecutive patients with early RA without respiratory symptoms were included and tracked for 5 years. Lung assessment included clinical, radiological and pulmonary function tests at diagnosis and during follow-up. Peripheral blood parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide autoantibodies) and scales of articular involvement, such as DAS28-CRP, were evaluated. 40 patients were included and 32 completed the 5-year follow up. 13 patients presented lung involvement in the initial 5 years after RA diagnosis, 3 of them interstitial lung disease. Significant decrease of diffusion lung transfer capacity of carbon monoxide over time was observed in six patients, 2 of them developed interstitial lung disease. DLCO decrease was correlated with higher values of CRP and ESR at diagnosis. Methotrexate was not associated with DLCO deterioration or lung disease development. Subclinical progressive lung disease correlates with RA activity parameters. Smoking status and methotrexate were not associated with development or progression of lung disease.

El presente trabajo evaluó la relación entre la eficacia y la farmacocinética de dos formulaciones comerciales inyectablesde ivermectina (IVM) en ovinos merino adultos artificialmente infestados con Psoroptes ovis. Los animales fueron tratados por víasubcutánea con IVM 1 % en dos dosis con un intervalo de aplicación de 7 días, (0.2 mg/kg) o con una única dosis de IVM 3.15%, (1.05mg/kg). Se realizaron conteos semanales de ácaros vivos mediante raspajes de piel entre el día 0 y 28 post-tratamiento paradeterminar la eficacia de los tratamientos, y se tomaron muestras de sangre para medir las concentraciones de IVM en plasma. Seobservó una disminución significativa en los conteos de ácaros a partir del día 14 post-tratamiento, sin embargo, se encontraronácaros vivos en todos los muestreos para ambos grupos. En el Grupo IVM 1%, la máxima eficacia se observó el día 28 post tratamiento(93.3%), mientras que en el Grupo IVM 3,15% este registro se obtuvo el día 21 (95.9%). Mayores concentraciones de IVM fueronobservadas en los animales tratados con la formulación 3.15 %. La falla para obtener una cura parasitológica tras el tratamiento conambas formulaciones de IVM puede ser indicativo de la presencia de ácaros resistentes a este principio activo. The current work evaluated the relationship between efficacy and pharmacokinetics of two commercial injectable formulations of ivermectin (IVM) in adult merino sheep artificially infested with Psoroptes ovis. Animals were treated subcutaneously with IVM 1% formulation (two doses on days 0 and 7) at 0.2 mg / kg or with a single dose of IVM 3.15% preparation at 1.05 mg / kg. Live mites were counted weekly by performing skin scrapings between days 0 and 28 post-treatment to determine the efficacy of each IVM formulation. Blood samples were taken up to 35 days post-treatment to measure IVM plasma concentrations. A significant decrease in mite counts was observed from day 14 post-treatment. However, live mites were found in all samples for both groups throughout the entire trial. After IVM 1% administration, the highest effcacy was observed on day 28 (93.3% whereas in the IVM 3,15% group was obtained on day 21 post treatment (95.9%). Higher IVM plasma concentrations were observed in animals treated with the IVM 3.15% formulation. Failure to obtain a parasitological cure after treatment with both IVM formulations may reflect the presence of resistant mites to this drug. Fil: Larroza, Marcela Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Soler, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Cabrera, Francisco Raúl. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Cantón, Candela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Lifschitz, Adrian Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina

BACKGROUND A recent expert panel issued recommendations about the technical aspects of direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) for pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON). However, significant technical heterogeneity still exists among endoscopists. AIM To report the outcomes of our DEN technique and how it differs from a recent expert consensus statement and previous studies. METHODS Medical records of patients with WON who underwent DEN from September 2016 - May 2019 were queried for the following information: Age, gender, ethnicity, etiology of acute pancreatitis, WON location and size, DEN technical information, adverse events (AEs) and outcomes. Adverse events were graded according to the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Lexicon grading system. Technical success was defined as adequate lumen apposing metal stent (LAMS) deployment plus removal of ≥ 90% of necrosum. Clinical success was defined as complete resolution of WON cavity by imaging and resolution of symptoms at ≤ 3 months (mo) after last DEN. Data analysis was performed using mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, frequency and proportion for categorical variables, and median and range for interval data. RESULTS A total of 21 patients underwent DEN. Most of them were Hispanic and their mean age was 51 ± 17 years. The majority of the collections were located in the body of the pancreas and the mean size was 13 cm ± 5 cm. The most common indication was persistent vomiting. Antibiotics were administered only in cases of infected necrosis. All LAMS were placed without radiological guidance, dilated the same day of deployment and removed after a mean of 27 ± 11 d. Routine cross-sectional imaging immediately after drainage was not performed. The mean interval between DEN sessions was 7 ± 4 d and the mean number of DEN/patient was 3 ± 2. Technical and clinical success rates were both 95%. AEs were seen in 5 patients and included: Sepsis (2), stent migration (1), stent maldeployment (1), perforation (1). The sensitivity and positive predictive value of an occluded LAMS leading to sepsis was 50% and 0.11 respectively. No fatalities were observed. CONCLUSION Our DEN technique differed significantly from the one recommended by a recent expert panel and the one published in previous studies. Despite these differences excellent clinical outcomes were obtained.

Progressive connective tissue disease (CTD)-related lung disease is a challenging condition that requires lung transplantation in some patients. Treatment with rituximab may improve lung function. To evaluate the effect of rituximab in patients with progressive CTD-related lung disease who met criteria for inclusion in waiting list for a lung transplant. Retrospective study of patients with progressive CTD-related lung disease with criteria for lung transplant (FVC < 60% and/or DLCO < 40%) that started treatment with rituximab because of disease progression. Clinical variables, pulmonary function tests and chest computed tomography were used to monitor the effect of rituximab. The cohort included 18 patients; systemic sclerosis (7), rheumatoid arthritis (5), systemic lupus erythematosus (4), Sjogren syndrome (1) and antisynthetase syndrome (1). The radiologic patterns observed were: usual interstitial pneumonia (1), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (9), lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (1), emphysema-usual interstitial pneumonia (1), shrinking lung syndrome (3) and undetermined pattern (3). Over the previous year to rituximab initiation a decline in FVC (- 3.8%, p = 0.095) and DLCO (- 8.4%, p = 0.004) was observed. After 2 years of treatment, DLCO significantly improved (+ 12.4%, p < 0.001 at 1 year and + 15.3%, p = 0.001 at 2 years). Six patients (33.3%) presented adverse events related to rituximab. No patient required lung transplant or died during the study period. Rituximab is an effective treatment for patients with severe and progressive CTD-related lung disease, which allows to delay lung transplantation in some cases.

Similar to the journalism movement called «New Journalism» that was born in the United States, different journalists and writers in Latin America used literary genres tools to write non-fiction texts, maintaining the principles and practices of journalism. This movement was called «New Latin American Journalism». This study aims to identify and describe the narrative-characteristics and reporting-techniques of certain chronicles of New Latin American journalism between 2000 and 2012, based on the work of prominent writers from the Gabo Foundation. It is an applied research with a qualitative approach on a descriptive level. This study is non-experimental. The non-random sample is made up of 10 chronicles that meet four requirements: they have a length of 2500 words or more, describe a person, group of people or place, describe an extraordinary situation of an ordinary person or an ordinary behavior of a famous person, and describe a particular reality that allows us to understand a universal reality. Así como la corriente periodística, denominada Nuevo periodismo, nacida en los Estados Unidos, en América Latina distintos periodistas y escritores utilizaron herramientas de géneros literarios para escribir crónica, manteniendo los principios y prácticas propias del periodismo, lo que se llama Nuevo periodismo latinoamericano. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y describir características narrativas y técnicas de reporteo de determinadas crónicas del Nuevo periodismo latinoamericano, entre los años 2000 y 2012, a partir del trabajo de destacados maestros de la Fundación Gabo2. Es una investigación aplicada con enfoque cualitativo, de nivel descriptivo. El diseño es no experimental. La muestra no aleatoria está conformada por 10 crónicas que cumplen con cuatro requisitos: tienen una extensión de 2500 palabras o más; describen una persona, conjunto de personas o lugar; describen un aspecto extraordinario de un personaje ordinario o un aspecto ordinario de un personaje famoso; y describen una realidad particularque permite comprender una realidad universal.

It is well known that several of the swainsonine-containing plant species found widespread around the world have a negative economic impact in each country. In Argentina, most of the information on the poisonous plant species that produce α-mannosidosis is published in Spanish and thus not available to most English speaking researchers interested in toxic plants. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the information about swainsonine-containing plants in Argentina, which are extensively distributed throughout different ecoregions of the country. To date, five species from three genera have been shown to induce α-mannosidosis in livestock in Argentina: Ipomoea carnea subsp. fi stulosa, Ipomoea hieronymi subsp. calchaquina (Convolvulaceae), Astragalus garbancillo, Astragalus pehuenches (Fabaceae), and Sida rodrigoi (Malvaceae). These species contain the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, which inhibits the lysosomal enzyme α-mannosidase and consequently affects glycoprotein metabolism, resulting in partially metabolized sugars. The prolonged consumption of these poisonous plants produces progressive weight loss and clinical signs related to a nervous disorder, characterized by tremors of head and neck, abnormalities of gait, difficulty in standing, ataxia and wide-based stance. Histological lesions are mainly characterized by vacuolation of different cells, especially neurons of the central nervous system. The main animal model used to study α-mannosidosis is the guinea pig because, when experimentally poisoned, it exhibits many of the characteristics of naturally intoxicated livestock. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Cholich, Luciana Andrea. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Cholich, Luciana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Pistán, Maria Elena. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Garcia, Enrique Nicolas. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Gimeno, Eduardo Juan. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Gimeno, Eduardo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Derivado de la importancia que las medianas y pequeñas empresas (mypes) representan para los municipios de Acatlán y Santiago Tulantepec, se realiza un estudio para identificar qué tanto influyen las decisiones sobre innovación y mercadotecnia en los resultados de ventas anuales, percibidos por los directores de estas organizaciones. Se aplica la encuesta diseñada por la Red de Estudios Latinoamericanos en Administración y Negocios (RELAyN) sobre innovación y mype 4.0 a 404 directores de mypes. Se correlaciona la evaluación de ventas anuales de los últimos 3 años con las decisiones sobre los procesos de innovación y mercadotecnia que informan los directivos. Destaca la baja asociación de la innovación (0.066-0.210) y mercadotecnia (0.070-0.209) con los resultados de ventas. Esto evidencia que estas dos áreas no están siendo consideradas como medio de desarrollo. Abstract Derived from the importance that micro and small enterprises (MSEs) represent for the municipality of Acatlán and Santiago Tulantepec, a study was carried to identify the amount of influence decisions in innovation and marketing has on annual sales, perceived by the directors of these organizations. A survey was applied by The Latin American Network of Administration and Business Studies (la Red de Estudios Latinoamericanos en Administración y Negocios - RELAyN) on innovation and MSE 4.0 to 404 MSE directors. A correlation was performed between the evaluation of annual sales in the last 3 years with the decisions made in process innovation and marketing reported by directors. The low association in innovation (0.066-0.210) and marketing (0.070-0.209) stands out within sales results. This makes clear that the two areas are not being considered as a means of development.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estudiar la sensibilidad antibiótica de aislamientos de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis procedentes de pequeños rumiantes e investigar la presencia de integrones que contienen genes de resistencia. Se estudiaron 15 aislamientos de diferentes fuentes por los métodos de difusión y dilución. Por el método de difusión, amoxicilina-clavulánico, ampicilina, cefotaxima, cefoxitina, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, eritromicina, estreptomicina, gentamicina, imipenem, kanamicina, norfloxacina, penicilina, rifampicina, tetraciclina, trimetroprima-sulfametoxazol y vancomicina fueron activos frente al 100% de los aislamientos, mientras que amicacina presentó resultados variables. En los aislamientos que desarrollaron frente a amicacina se investigó la presencia de integrones de clase 1. El resultado fue negativo, sugiriendo la ausencia del integrón. Utilizando el método de dilución, los antibióticos más activos correspondieron a los grupos de cefalosporinas, glucopéptidos, macrólidos, quinolonas y tetraciclinas. Se demostró menor actividad de B-lactámicos y aminoglucósidos. No se registró variabilidad en los perfiles antibióticos en los aislamientos procedentes de diferentes fuentes. The aims of this work were to study the antibiotic susceptibility in Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from small ruminants and to determine the presence of integrons that contain resistance genes. Fifteen isolates of different sources were analysed using the diffusion and the dilution methods. When the diffusion method was performed, amoxicillin-clavulanic, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, imipenem, kanamycin, norfloxacin, penicillin, rifampicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin were effective against the 100% of isolates, while amikacin showed variable results. The isolates that were able to grow with amikacin, were studied in relation to the presence of integron class 1. The result was negative, suggesting the absence of integron. Using dilution method, the antibiotics belonging to the cephalosporin, glycopeptide, macrolide, quinolone, and tetracycline groups were the most active ones for the C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis isolates. Less activity of β-lactam and aminoglycosides were observed. There was no observation of variability in the antibiotic patterns in the strains coming from different sources. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Gallardo, Adriana Alicia. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico-Tecnológico; Argentina Fil: Toledo, Rocío Andrea. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico-Tecnológico; Argentina Fil: Gonzalez Pasayo, Ramón Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad Integrada Balcarce. Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: de Carvalho Azevedo, Vasco Ariston. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas. Departamento de Biología General; Brasil Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Produccion Animal. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Paolicchi, Fernando.Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad Integrada Balcarce. Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Estevao Belchior, Silvia Graciela. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico-Tecnológico; Argentina

Heart rate (HR) is a biomarker used to measure physiological function, health status and cardiovascular autonomic function. The purpose of this study was to determine sex- and age-specific reference values for cardiac autonomic function at rest, during maximal exercise and the recovery phase in prepubertal children. Five hundred and twelve healthy children 7–11 years of age performed a Leger test. A heart RR-interval monitor recorded the heart data and a specific software analysed the cardiac autonomic response through HR and HR variability (HRV). It analysed HR before the test (resting HR, RHR), during the test (HRpeak) and HR recovery (HRR) in the first minute (HRR1) and the fifth minute (HRR5). The values are mean ± SD. Collectively, 91.2% of girls and 92.3% of boys were within the recommended ranges regarding RHR. The average HRpeak was 199 ± 10.83 b.p.m. and 96.8% of girls and 95.3% of boys were within the minimum threshold value recommended (180 b.p.m.). Boys showed lower values of RHR than girls (p

Background and objective The relationship between IPF development and environmental factors has not been completely elucidated. Analysing geographic regions of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) cases could help identify those areas with higher aggregation and investigate potential triggers. We hypothesize that cross-analysing location of IPF cases and areas of consistently high air pollution concentration could lead to recognition of environmental risk factors for IPF development. Methods This retrospective study analysed epidemiological and clinical data from 503 patients registered in the Observatory IPF.cat from January 2017 to June 2019. Incident and prevalent IPF cases from the Catalan region of Spain were graphed based on their postal address. We generated maps of the most relevant air pollutant PM2.5 from the last 10 years using data from the CALIOPE air quality forecast system and observational data. Results In 2018, the prevalence of IPF differed across provinces; from 8.1 cases per 100 000 habitants in Barcelona to 2.0 cases per 100 000 in Girona. The ratio of IPF was higher in some areas. Mapping PM2.5 levels illustrated that certain areas with more industry, traffic and shipping maintained markedly higher PM2.5 concentrations. Most of these locations correlated with higher aggregation of IPF cases. Compared with other risk factors, PM2.5 exposure was the most frequent. Conclusion In this retrospective study, prevalence of IPF is higher in areas of elevated PM2.5 concentration. Prospective studies with targeted pollution mapping need to be done in specific geographies to compile a broader profile of environmental factors involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease whose main extra-articular organ affected is the lung, sometimes in the form of diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD) and conditions the prognosis. Methods: A multicenter, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of consecutive patients diagnosed with RA-ILD between 2013 and 2018. Demographic, analytical, respiratory functional and evolution characteristics were analyzed to evaluate the predictors of progression and mortality. Results: 106 patients were included. The mean age was 70.2±19.8 years and 51.9% of the patients presented UIP pattern. In the multivariate Cox analysis the age (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.62, p=0.0045), the DLCO (%) (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.98, p=0.0246), and the final SatO2 (%) in the 6MWT (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99, p=0.0465) were independent predictor variables of mortality, as well as the GAP index (HR 4.65, 95% CI 1.59 - 13.54, p=0.0051) and the CPI index (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.22, p=0.0092). Also highlight that the diagnostic delay was an independent predictor of mortality (HR 1.11, CI 1.01-1.23, p = 0.035). Conclusions: This is the first study where it is objectified that the diagnostic delay in RA-ILD is associated with an increased mortality just like happens in IPF.

This is the first report of a spontaneous outbreak of Astragalus pehuenches poisoning on a farm in Argentine Patagonia, where 63 out of 70 cattle died. The main clinical signs of affected animals were ataxia, balance loss and progressive emaciation. Purkinje cells presented vacuolation and marginalization of the nucleus. Astragalus pehuenches was detected in the paddock as well as in the ruminal content and fecal matter samples of the affected animals. Swainsonine concentrations in Astragalus specimens were found to be as high as 0.096%. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Martínez Agustín. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal.Grupo Salud Animal; Argentina Fil: Lauroua, Catalina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Borrelli, Laura Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Laboratorio de Microhistología; Argentina Fil: Gardner, Dale R. Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory Logan; Estados Unidos Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área de Producción Animal. Grupo Salud Animal; Argentina

espanolAntecedentes: la incidencia de cancer colorrectal (CCR) en los EE. UU. Ha disminuido. La tendencia decreciente se observa en los blancos, negros e hispanos no hispanos. Sin embargo, un analisis detallado de las tendencias demuestra que la disminucion entre los hispanos es menor que en otras razas / etnias. Investigamos la carga de CCR en los hispanos que viven cerca de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mexico, una subpoblacion de hispanos compuesta principalmente por individuos de origen mexicano. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar y comparar las tasas de incidencia de CCR en blancos no hispanos e hispanos que viven en condados a lo largo de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mexico. Metodos: Se analizaron los datos del Instituto Nacional del Cancer de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y los Perfiles Estatales del Cancer para obtener tasas de incidencia de CCR (por 100,000 habitantes) para personas ≥ 50 anos de edad que residen en condados a lo largo de la frontera de EE. UU. Y Mexico por raza (no hispano Blancos e hispanos) y genero de 2011 a 2015. Resultados: Las tasas de incidencia de CCR en hombres hispanos ≥ 50 anos de edad, que viven en condados a lo largo de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mexico, fueron mas altos que el promedio nacional para hombres hispanos de edad similar. En contraste, la incidencia de CCR disminuyo o permanecio estable en blancos y mujeres no hispanos. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio revela una disparidad significativa en la incidencia de CCR entre los hispanos que viven cerca de la frontera entre EE. UU. Y Mexico, que afecta desproporcionadamente a hombres ≥ 50 anos de edad. Los factores socioeconomicos y culturales / de estilo de vida probablemente contribuyen a estas disparidades. EnglishBackground: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the US has declined. The decreasing trend is observed in non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. However, close analysis of the trends demonstrates that the decline among Hispanics is less than other races/ethnicities. We investigate the burden of CRC in Hispanics living near the U.S.–Mexico border, a subpopulation of Hispanics composed primarily of individuals of Mexican origin. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate and compare incidence rates of CRC in non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics living in counties along the U.S.–Mexico border. Methods: Data from the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute and State Cancer Profiles were analyzed to obtain CRC incidence rates (per 100,000 population) for persons ≥ 50 years of age residing in counties along the U.S.–Mexico border by race (non-Hispanic White and Hispanic) and gender from 2011 to 2015. Results: Incidence rates of CRC in Hispanic men ≥ 50 years of age, living in counties along the U.S.–Mexico border, were higher than the national average for Hispanic men of similar age. In contrast, the incidence of CRC declined or remained stable in non-Hispanic Whites and women. Conclusions: Our study unveils a significant disparity in CRC incidence among Hispanics living near the U.S.–Mexico border, disproportionally affecting men ≥ 50 years of age. Socioeconomic and cultural/lifestyle factors are likely contributing to these disparities. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2019;71:306-10)

La brucelosis en los carneros es causada por Brucella ovis o Brucella melitensis y se considera una de las enfermedades infecciosas más importantes de los machos en los países donde se crían ovejas. Caracterización molecular de Brucella spp. logrado por el análisis de número variable de múltiples locus de repeticiones en tándem (MLVA) es una herramienta poderosa para genotipar Brucella spp. Sin embargo, los datos sobre el genotipado de B. ovis son escasos. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la diversidad molecular de cepas de campo de B. ovis en Argentina. Un total de 115 aislamientos de B. ovis de Argentina y Uruguay fueron genotipados usando MLVA-16 y analizados en conjunto con 14 B. ovis disponibles públicamente .genotipos de Brasil. El Poder Discriminatorio (D) fue 0,996 para MLVA-16 y 0,0998 para MLVA-8 y MLVA-11. El análisis de MLVA-16 reveló 100 genotipos diferentes, todos ellos novedosos, incluidos 90 únicos. No hubo correlación entre la distribución geográfica y el genotipo y los resultados mostraron una mayor diversidad dentro de las provincias que entre las provincias. El análisis de agrupamiento de las cepas de Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil reveló que los 129 aislamientos se agruparon en dos clados. El análisis de secuenciación del genoma completo de los 19 genomas de B. ovis disponibles en las bases de datos públicas, e incluyendo algunas de las cepas argentinas utilizadas en este estudio, reveló la agrupación de los aislados argentinos y una relación más estrecha con B. ovisde Nueva Zelanda y Australia. Este trabajo agrega nuevos datos al mal entendido mapa de distribución de genotipos a nivel regional y mundial para B. ovis y constituye el estudio más grande de genotipado molecular de B. ovis hasta ahora. Brucellosis in rams is caused by Brucella ovis or Brucella melitensis and it is considered one of the most important infectious diseases of males in sheep-raising countries. Molecular characterization of Brucella spp. achieved by multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) is a powerful tool to genotype Brucella spp. However, data regarding B. ovis genotyping is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the molecular diversity of B. ovis field-strains in Argentina. A total of 115 isolates of B. ovis from Argentina and Uruguay were genotyped using MLVA-16 and analyzed altogether with 14 publicly available B. ovis genotypes from Brazil. The Discriminatory Power (D) was 0.996 for MLVA-16 and 0.0998 for MLVA-8 and MLVA-11. Analysis of MLVA-16 revealed 100 different genotypes, all of them novel, including 90 unique ones. There was no correlation between geographical distribution and genotype and results showed a higher diversity within provinces than between provinces. Clustering analysis of the strains from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil revealed that the 129 isolates were grouped into two clades. Whole Genome Sequencing analysis of the 19 B. ovis genomes available in public databases, and including some of the Argentinian strains used in this study, revealed clustering of the Argentinian isolates and closer relationship with B. ovis from New Zealand and Australia. This work adds new data to the poorly understood distribution map of genotypes regionally and worldwide for B. ovis and it constitutes the largest study of B. ovis molecular genotyping until now. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria

Lyme disease (LD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes, belonging to the genospecies complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B.b.s.l.). Around the world, distinct species of Ixodes tick vectors transmit different species of Borrelia. Despite the rising recognition and occurrence of tick-borne disease in Latin America, serology has proven to be inconclusive in detecting suspected LD cases. Recently, new B.b.s.l. strains or new related species have been described in Brazil, Uruguay, and Chile. This could explain the lack of confirmatory tests, such as indeterminate Western blots (WBs) and polymerase chain reactions, in detecting suspected LD cases in this region of the world. Future studies will need to determine the extension of novel B.b.s.l. species infections in ticks, reservoirs, and humans in Latin America. The existence of these new Borrelia genomic species should prompt the development of innovative diagnostic and clinical approaches.

Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of Contagious Ecthyma (CE) disease that mainly affects sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and humans with a worldwide distribution. To date, only two strains from Argentinian sheep have been characterized at the molecular level and there is little information on ORFV strains circulating in Argentina. Here we describe and analyze five outbreaks of CE in goats in three geographic regions of the country: Northwest, Center, and Southwest. The phylogenetic analysis based on four molecular markers of ORFV (orf011 partial sequence and orf020, orf109, and orf127 complete sequence genes) revealed that there are different strains circulating in Argentina and pointed out the importance of knowing the health status of animals traded between farms. Instituto de Biotecnología Fil: Peralta, Andrea Veronica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo Salud Animal; Argentina Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta. Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica. Área de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Rossanigo, Carlos Esteban. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; Argentina Fil: Martínez, Agustín. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo Salud Animal; Argentina Fil: Carosio, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; Argentina Fil: Konig, Guido Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina