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Among young adults, subjective feelings of alcohol's effects often guide risky decision making. The majority of studies measuring subjective effects have used singular indices ("How drunk do you feel?") which limits our understanding of young adults' full range of subjective states and their individual differences in subjective effects language. Toward a more in-depth understanding of the heterogeneity among alcohol users based on their subjective experiences of alcohol's effects, we identified latent classes of individuals based on their self-generated language describing feelings after drinking and compared these classes across demographic and drinking characteristics. Participants (N = 323, 54% women, 68% White, Ages 18-25 years) were recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants listed words they would use to describe how they feel after drinking low, moderate, and heavy amounts of alcohol. Four latent classes of young adults emerged: "happy drinkers" (31%) primarily reported feeling "happy" when drinking; "relaxed drinkers" (24%) reported feeling happy, relaxed, and buzzed; "buzzed drinkers" (18%) reported feeling buzzed and dizzy; and "multiexperience drinkers" (27%) reported feeling buzzed, tipsy, drunk, and wasted. Relaxed drinkers indicated heavier alcohol use and buzzed drinkers reported lower drinking frequency. Classes did not differ by demographic characteristics. Young adult alcohol users can be distinguished based on the language they use to describe their feelings of intoxication. To continue to advance our understanding of subjective effects, it is necessary to take into account the full range of language used and how this language differs by young adult drinking behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: To analyze the toxicological effects of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in adults in national and international literature in the period from 2015 to 2020. Methodology: It is a qualitative descriptive research, of the type Integrative Literature Review (ILR). In the VHL databases PubMed / Medline, Arca, Web of Science, Microsoft Academic and Cochrane Library. Data analysis was performed with the aid of the IRaMuTeQ software. Results: 36 articles were found in which the following categories were created: 1) Association of hepatotoxicity and appearance of liver damage; 2) The incidence of adverse events related to antituberculin therapy; 3) Risk factors of regular consumption of antituberculins; 4) Intensive renal treatment for patients with nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: in our review we identified that the elderly, HIV positive and alcohol users are more likely to have toxicological effects during treatment, which can lead to a possible abandonment of treatment.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify regional differences in the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users in Korea and to identify relevant regional factors for each quintile using quantile regression. Methods: Data from 227 counties surveyed by the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) were analyzed. The analysis dataset included secondary data extracted from the Korean Statistical Information Service and data from the KCHS. To identify regional factors related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users, quantile regression was conducted by dividing the data into 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% quantiles, and multiple linear regression was also performed. Results: The current smoking rate, perceived stress rate, crude divorce rate, and financial independence rate, as well as one’s social network, were related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users. The quantile regression revealed that the perceived stress rate was related to all quantiles except for the 90% quantile, and the financial independence rate was related to the 50% to 90% quantiles. The crude divorce rate was related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users in all quantiles. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that local health programs for high-risk drinking are needed in areas with high local stress and high crude divorce rates.

Background: Aspects of the canonical stress response differ in stimulant, opioid, and alcohol users relative to controls, and dysregulated responses to stress may contribute to continued use of these drugs. Little prior research has focused on stress responses in regular cannabis smokers. We assessed responses to a standardized laboratory social stress assay (the Trier Social Stress Task; TSST) in regular cannabis smokers (CANs) compared with controls (CONs). Methods: Healthy, non-treatment-seeking adult CANs (⩾4×/week; smoking cannabis as usual) and demographically matched CONs completed the TSST. Outcome measures were subjective mood, heart rate, and salivary cortisol. Results: Nineteen CANs (1 female) and 20 CONs (2 female) participated; groups were matched on trauma exposure, sex, race, and age. CANs smoked cannabis 6.4 ± 1.1 days/week. Eight CANs and one CON smoked tobacco cigarettes daily. Overall, the TSST produced expected increases in anxiety, negative mood states, cortisol, and heart rate. CANs had blunted subjective response to stress relative to CONs, but they did not differ in physiological (cortisol and cardiovascular) stress responding. Conclusion: These results indicate that CANs have blunted mood responses to social stress, but normative physiological stress responding. Observed differences could be due to residual effects of cannabis, reluctance to endorse negative mood states, or to issues related to identifying (i.e., emotional identification) or feeling (i.e., interoception) stress-related affective states. Further research is warranted to characterize the mechanisms of these differences and assess implications for daily functioning and treatment outcomes.

Introduction: The influence of marketing on addictive behaviours has been studied among tobacco and alcohol users. Although the fashion industry is highly influenced by marketing, research has poorly studied vulnerability to fashion marketing as a factor related to buying-shopping disorder (BSD) while considering psychological characteristics (buying motives, impulsivity, and self-esteem). Objective: The objective of the present work is to investigate the relationship between vulnerability to marketing and BSD. Methods: Women (n = 242) were exclusively recruited through social networking. They completed an online survey exploring the severity of BSD using the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the psychological factors associated with BSD (impulsivity, self-esteem, and buying motives) and an experimental task designed to investigate the intention to purchase in several situations, where marketing modalities such as price, brand, and packaging fluctuate. Results: Among the 242 participants in the study, 34 were identified as compulsive buyers (14%). Income level was considered, and compulsive buyers displayed a higher level of vulnerability to marketing, except for the packaging modality. High levels of positive urgency, lack of premeditation, and coping motivation were found to be significant predictors of the CBS score, but vulnerability to marketing was not. Discussion and Conclusions: Compulsive buyers seem to be more sensitive to marketing strategies, although vulnerability to marketing was not identified as a predictor of the severity of BSD. Given the enormous literature on the role of marketing in other addictive behaviours, further studies are needed to better understand the role of marketing in BSD to develop appropriate public health policies.

Rates of harmful alcohol use are high among justice-involved individuals and may contribute to violent recidivism. Robust treatments for alcohol-related violence in criminal justice systems are thus a public health priority. In this analysis of existing randomized controlled trial data ( N = 105), we examined the impact of a brief motivational intervention (BMI) for harmful substance use on violent recidivism among individuals in a pretrial jail diversion program. Results indicated that, after controlling for violence history, the intervention’s impact on violent recidivism was moderated by baseline harmful alcohol use. Specifically, among people with severe alcohol problems at baseline, the BMI + standard care group had less violent recidivism at a 1-year follow-up than participants randomized to standard care alone. This finding was unchanged when we accounted for psychopathic traits. Our study provides preliminary evidence that a BMI may be useful for decreasing violent recidivism among heavy drinkers in criminal justice systems.

Objetivo: descrever as causas de internação e comorbidades de pacientes com diagnóstico de abuso/dependência de substâncias psicoativas internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudo retrospectivo, descritivoexploratório, transversal e quantitativo. Resultados: pesquisaram-se 865 prontuários entre 2012 e 2015, e a prevalência de uso de substâncias foi de 51,9%. Destes, 22% são usuários de álcool e 48,7%, de tabaco. Entre os usuários com dependência diagnosticada, as principais causas de internação encontradas foram doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (100%) e hemorragia digestiva (84%), e a maioria dos pacientes apresentou mais do que uma comorbidade simultaneamente. Conclusão: os resultados apontaram inúmeras causas de internação e comorbidades que demonstraram o comprometimento físico e psíquicoque pode estar relacionado ao consumo excessivo de substâncias psicoativas.

BackgroundExcessive consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) in adolescents has become a global issue. As its link to obesity and non-communicable diseases is clear, it is imperative to understand SSB consumption behaviours in the future healthcare professionals.ObjectiveTo document the prevalence, patterns and clinic-social and behavioural factors predicting high intake of SSBs among medical students.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-reported, web-based, questionnaire. All the students and interns who were part of a publicly funded premiere teaching hospital during October and November 2019 were included. The semi-structured questionnaire enquired regarding socio-demographic, clinical details, amount, behavioural patterns and money spent in connection with SSB consumption. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 24.ResultsThe mean (SD) age of participants was 19.3 (1.6) years, 71.7% being males. The current prevalence of SSB consumption was 90.5 %. Also, 49.9% and 29.1% participants preferred soft drinks and sweetened fruit juice respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that male gender (aOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.03-3.25), current alcohol consumption (aOR 4.09, 95% CI 1.25-13.42), and recent (last week) consumption of a SSB predicted high intake of SSBs (aOR 7.36, 95% CI 3.41-15.87) whereas, preference of energy/sports category of drinks predicted low intake of SSBs (aOR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.47).ConclusionThe consumption of SSBs among medical students was high. Targeted health education and behaviour change interventions should be provided to males, alcohol users and frequent consumers.

Introducción. Los adultos emergentes universitarios son particularmente vulnerables a presentar consumo abusivo de sustancias y conductas sexuales de riesgo (CSR), incrementando el riesgo de contraer infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) o embarazo no deseado. Objetivo. Examinar, en universitarios, si el tipo de consumo de sustancias (alcohol versus co-uso de alcohol y marihuana) y el nivel de impulsividad rasgo se asocian con la frecuencia de CSR con parejas ocasionales. Método. Una muestra de 467 estudiantes completó una encuesta online que medía frecuencia de CSR, ocurrencia de consumo de alcohol y de marihuana en el último año, y nivel de impulsividad. Resultados. Consumidores de alcohol y marihuana, comparados con consumidores de alcohol, reportaron mayor promedio de parejas sexuales al año y mayor arrepentimiento por no cuidarse contra ITS/embarazo. Los participantes con co-uso de sustancias, y niveles medios y altos en las facetas de impulsividad falta de perseverancia y de premeditación, mostraron mayor frecuencia de encuentros sexuales que los consumidores de alcohol y/o con baja impulsividad. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos sugieren que el co-uso de sustancias y ciertas facetas de impulsividad se asocian con una mayor frecuencia de determinadas CSR. Esta información podría ser útil para intervenir preventivamente en CSR en universitarios argentinos. Introduction: College students, a subpopulation of emerging adults, are particularly vulnerable to exhibit substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors. These behaviors put people at risk for sexually transmitted infections and/or unwanted pregnancy. Aim: To examine, in college students, whether the pattern of substance use (i.e., alcohol versus co-use of alcohol and marijuana) and the level of impulsivity are associated with the frequency of risky sexual behaviors with occasional partners. Method: A sample of 467 college students completed an online survey that assessed the frequency of risky sexual behaviors, past-year alcohol and marijuana use and trait-like impulsivity. Results: Alcohol/marijuana co-users, compared with alcohol users, reported a higher average of sexual partners per year and greater feelings of regret following careless sexual encounters. Co-users with medium or high levels in lack of perseverance and lack of premeditation (i.e., two facets of impulsivity) reported higher frequency of sexual encounters than alcohol users and/or students with low impulsivity. Conclusions: Findings suggest substance co-use, alongside different facets of impulsivity, are associated with greater frequency of specific risky sexual behaviors. These findings could better inform interventions aimed at prevent risky sexual behaviors in Argentinean college students. Fil: Michelini, Yanina Noelia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Rivarola Montejano, Gabriela Belen. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Pilatti, Angelina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina

Objective To determine whether smoking or alcohol use impacts the age of onset and disease duration in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods All patients diagnosed with MSA at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between 1998 and 2012 completed standardized questionnaires surveying smoking and alcohol use at the time of presentation. Results Of 551 patients with smoking and alcohol use data, 281 were past or present smokers with age of onset of 60.76 years compared to 62.97 years in controls (p = 0.0144). Age of onset in the 87 heavy alcohol users was 56.87 years compared to 62.97 years in controls (p = 0.0133). There was no difference in disease duration for smokers (p = 0.2758) or heavy alcohol users (p = 0.4820) compared to controls. Conclusion Our findings show that smoking history and/or heavy alcohol use is associated with younger age of onset in MSA but do not influence survival.

Introduction: alcohol abuse and dependence are highly disabling disorders because they tend to chronicity and recurrence. Often they coexist with other medical conditions that contribute to overshadowing the prognosis of patients as they worsen the clinical course, making it difficult to treat and recover. Objective: identify the comorbid alterations of medical nature that occur more frequently in people with alcohol abuse and dependence. Method: a documentary review was made from the PubMed, LILACS and Gale Virtual Reference Library databases between June and November of 2017. Results: from the search strategy, 24 articles were selected for review. The findings suggest that users who consume alcoholic beverages in excess are more likely to have comorbid medical conditions that affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, liver and cardiovascular system. Discussion and conclusions: the frequency with which these conditions are present in alcohol users reveals a need for unmet attention and the occurrence of complications that in most cases are underestimated and insufficiently treated. ---- Introducción: el abuso y dependencia de alcohol son trastornos altamente discapacitantes debido a que tienden a la cronicidad y a la recurrencia. Con frecuencia coexisten con otras condiciones médicas que contribuyen a ensombrecer el pronóstico de los pacientes, ya que empeoran el curso clínico y dificultan su tratamiento y recuperación. Objetivo: identificar las alteraciones comórbidas de carácter médico que se presentan con mayor frecuencia en personas con abuso y dependencia del alcohol. Método: se realizó una revisión documental a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS y Gale Virtual Reference Library, entre junio y noviembre del 2017. Resultados: a partir de la estrategia de búsqueda, se seleccionaron 24 artículos para su revisión. Los hallazgos sugieren que los usuarios que consumen bebidas alcohólicas en exceso tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar condiciones médicas comórbidas que afectan al sistema nervioso central, tracto gastrointestinal, hígado y sistema cardiovascular. Discusión y conclusiones: la frecuencia con la que estos padecimientos se hacen presentes en usuarios de alcohol devela una necesidad de atención no satisfecha y la coexistencia de complicaciones que en la mayoría de los casos son subestimadas e insuficientemente tratadas.

Introduction and objective With respect to the increasing numbers of deaths due to colorectal cancer in Poland, the aim of the study was to investigate socio-demographic characteristics which influence colorectal cancer screening acceptance and to assess spatial variation of colorectal cancer mortality. Material and methods An age-period-cohort model was estimated to assess mortality trends in colorectal cancer in Poland. A geographical analysis was performed by spatial regression. Factors influencing participation in colorectal cancer screening were identified using structural equation modelling. Results In 2014 in Poland, 6.4 thousand men and 5.0 thousand women died due to colorectal cancer. In total, by 2030 this number is expected to rise to nearly 14.4 thousand. Observed spatial clustering of age-adjusted colorectal cancer mortality is associated with spatial variation in tobacco use, employment in industry, and consumption of red meat. Patient-physician communication, advanced age, and healthy diet are the most important predictors of colorectal cancer screening acceptance. Tobacco and alcohol users are not more likely to participate in colorectal cancer screening, adjusting for other variables. Conclusions Self-selection of patients who follow healthy diet means that individuals at higher risk of colorectal cancer are less likely to participate in colorectal cancer screening. Therefore, screening should be more targeted. According to the structural equation modelling results, the phenomenon of 'no-show' for screening can be mitigated by patient-physician communication. The inhabitants of the Greater Poland region are at the highest risk of dying due to colorectal cancer, which may have public health policy implications.

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the national prevalence of hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control in Laos. Methods A national cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013. Using stratified cluster random sampling, 2,543 individuals aged 18-64 years were included from Laos. According to WHO STEPS methodology, questionnaire interview, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and biochemistry tests were conducted. Logistic regressions were used to estimate the determinants of hypertension (SBP [and/or DBP] ≥140 [90] mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications). Results Overall, 20.0% of the population had hypertension, 18.5% among men and 21.1% among women. Among hypertensives, 29.4% were aware, 18.2% were currently using antihypertensive medication, and 16.7% had controlled their blood pressure (

Background To date, there is no country-representative study on tobacco and alcohol use in Zambia and Zimbabwe despite the fact that these two countries rank among the top producers of tobacco worldwide. To fill this research gap, we conducted this study to measure the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption among adolescent and adult men in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Special attention was given to the age differential in the prevalence of smoking and drinking. Methods Country-representative data on alcohol and tobacco use along with relevant sociodemographic parameters were collected from Demographic and Health Surveys. Sample population were 23,169 men (14,773 from Zambia and 8,396 from Zimbabwe) aged 15-54 years. Data were analysed using multivariate regression techniques. Results Prevalence of tobacco use was 19.9% (19.0-20.9) in Zambia and 18.4% (17.4-19.5) in Zimbabwe, and that of alcohol was 37.6% (36.4-38.9) in Zambia and 50.5 (48.9-52.1) in Zimbabwe. In both of the countries, the majority of the tobacco and alcohol users were aged between 24-39 years. Results of multivariate regression analysis showed a significant positive association between tobacco and alcohol use with age, place of residence, religious affiliation, marital status, education and wealth quintile. Conclusion Nearly one-fifth of all men in the age group of 15-54 years smoke tobacco in Zambia and Zimbabwe, with the prevalence being most pronounced among those aged between 25-39 years. The predominantly young age structure of alcohol and tobacco users warrant demographically tailored anti-tobacco and alcohol controlling programmes.

Background: The association of genetic polymorphisms with cancer development has been shown to be race- and tumor site-specific. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether polymorphisms in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are associated with breast cancer among selected Filipinos. Methods: A total of 136 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases were age- and sex-matched with 136 clinically healthy controls. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of participants were screened for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms by multiplex PCR. Results: The frequency of null genotypes among the cases (GSTM1: n=78; 57.4%; GSTT1: n=61; 44.9%) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the controls (GSTM1: n=93; 68.4%; GSTT1: n=59; 43.4%). It was also demonstrated that risk for breast cancer was increased in passive smokers carrying the GSTM1 null (OR=2.56; 95% CI=1.38-4.75) or GSTT1 positive (OR=2.00; 95% CI=1.05-3.83) genotypes. Moreover, risk was decreased in alcohol users carrying the GSTT1 null (OR=0.39; 95% CI=0.16-0.97) genotype . Conclusion: This study suggests that variants of GSTM1 and GSTT1 may not be risk factors for breast cancer development among Filipinos. However, the risk may be increased when these genotypes were combined with lifestyle or environmental factors.

Objetivo: identificar o perfil dos usuarios de alcool atendidos em um CAPS- ad, bem como caracterizar segundo variaveis sociodemograficas e economicas, o consumo de alcool e o grau de dependencia dos usuarios. Metodos: Pesquisa descritiva qualitativa. Utilizou-se o instrumento para caracterizacao do perfil do usuario e o Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD). Resultados: Predominio do sexo masculino, ensino medio completo e renda entre um a dois salarios minimos. A adesao dos pacientes foi considerada baixa. 41,66% iniciaram o consumo de bebidas com 10 ao 15 anos, e 58,33 consomem alcool diariamente. Conclusao: Ha uma baixa efetividade na assistencia aos usuarios do CAPS ad embora haja o acolhimento aos pacientes. Contudo para que o tratamento seja de fato concretizado ha a necessidade de que equipe disponha de estrategias para melhorar o vinculo com os pacientes e assegurar a continuidade do tratamento. Palavras-chave : Alcoolismo. Equipe de assistencia ao paciente. Servicos de Saude Mental. ABSTRACT : Objective: To characterize the alcohol users CAPS-second ad sociodemographic and economic variables and identify treatment compliance. Methods: Form of the user profile characterization and a questionnaire called SADD (Short Alcohol Dependence Data). Results: Prevalence of males with high school diplomas and income between one and two minimum salaries. Adherence of patients was considered low. 41.66% said they have started the consumption of beverages in the age group of 10-15 years and that their daily frequency of alcohol consumption (58.33%). Conclusion: There is a low effectiveness in assisting users of CAPS ad although there is the receptiveness of the patients. Yet for the treatment to be actually realized there is a need for staff available strategies to improve the relationship with patients and ensure continuity of care. Keywords: Alcoholism. Patient Care Team. Mental Health Services.

Background: There is a paucity of information on sewage worker's quality of life (QoL). Hence, we aimed to assess the QoL and its associated factors among sewage workers in Puducherry, coastal south India. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 sewage workers were included in the study. QoL was assessed using a validated Tamil version of WHO QoL-BREF. The association of QoL with age, educational status, residence area, self-reported chronic illness, use of protective measures, tobacco and alcohol use was assessed by univariate analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the independent factors associated with QoL. Results: Overall mean (standard deviation) score of QoL was 56.9 (9); mean score of social relationship domain was comparatively lower than physical, psychological and environmental domains. Current tobacco and alcohol uses were 17% and 67%, respectively, while alcohol use during work (entering sump) was 5%. At least one morbidity was present among 94 (45%) subjects. About half (47%) used at least one protective measure while entering the drainage sump. Age group above 50 years, below primary level education, presence of chronic illness, smokers and alcohol users had significantly lower QoL score. Conclusions: Social relationships' domain of QoL was very low among sewage workers. The majority of them do not use any personal protective devices and almost half had chronic illnesses.

Objective: Only a minority of drug and alcohol users develops a substance use disorder. Previous studies suggest that this differential vulnerability commonly reflects a developmental trajectory characterized by diverse externalizing behaviors. In this study, we examined the relation between child and adolescent externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use in a prospectively followed Canadian birth cohort, accounting for the temporal sequence of a wide variety of contributing factors. Methods: Two hundred and forty-two adolescents followed since birth (date range: 1996 to 2012) were assessed on externalizing behavior (age 17 months to 16 years), alcohol and cannabis use at age 16, age of alcohol use onset, family history of substance use problems, family functioning (age 11 to 15), sensation seeking (age 16), prenatal substance exposure, socioeconomic status (age 1 to 9), and sex. Results: Age of alcohol use onset was predicted by a family history of substance use problems, externalizing traits from ages 6 to 10 and 11 to 16, sensation seeking at age 16, prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure and family functioning at ages 11 to 15. High frequencies of alcohol and cannabis use at age 16 were both predicted by externalizing traits from ages 11 to 16, a family history of substance use problems and sensation seeking after controlling for other individual, environmental and familial variables. The association between familial substance use problems and substance use during adolescence was partially mediated by externalizing traits from age 11 to 16. Conclusions: The present findings provide prospective evidence for a developmental risk pathway for adolescent substance use, potentially identifying those who could benefit from early interventions.

Rates of alcohol consumption are substantially higher among persons with pain, and recent research has focused on elucidating bidirectional pain-alcohol effects. Expectancies for alcohol analgesia could influence the degree to which alcohol confers acute pain-relieving effects, and may amplify the propensity to respond to pain with drinking behavior. However, no validated measures of expectancies for alcohol analgesia are available. Therefore, we developed a five-item measure of Expectancies for Alcohol Analgesia (EAA), which assesses the perceived likelihood that alcohol will reduce pain. The goal of this project was to examine psychometric properties of the EAA among a sample of 273 current alcohol users with chronic pain (M(age) = 32.9; 34% female) who completed an online survey of pain and substance use. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated that the hypothesized single-factor structure of the EAA provided good model fit (Bollen-Stine bootstrap p = .13). The EAA also showed excellent internal consistency (α = .97), and scores were positively associated with quantity/frequency of alcohol use, alcohol outcome expectancies, coping-related drinking motives, and pain severity (ps < .01). These findings provide initial support regarding the single-factor structure, reliability, and validity of the EAA. Examination of predictive utility and further validation are important next steps.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in visual functions under the effects of moderate‒high breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs), and the influence of biological sex on visual deterioration, considering different factors. A total of 37 healthy habitual alcohol users were enrolled in the experiment. The participants underwent a baseline session and a second session after an intake of 450 mL of red wine, so that all of them reached a BrAC above 0.25 mg/L. Visual performance was assessed by measuring the contrast sensitivity function, the halo perception, the stereopsis, and finally the retinal image quality. A Visual Deterioration Score (VDS) was calculated using the deterioration of these visual variables. All visual functions analyzed were significantly impaired following alcohol consumption (p &lt, 0.05). The VDS was associated with the BrAC (ρ = −0.476). The VDS was also significantly higher in females, with the BrAC having a significant effect on the variability of the VDS in males and females (p &lt, 0.05). However, the body mass index showed no significant effect (p &gt, 0.05). Visual functions were significantly impaired under the influence of alcohol, and this deterioration was greater in females. The deterioration depends on the BrAC reached, being the primary thing responsible for the differences observed between males and females.

Objective To analyse published literatures on prevalence, awareness, risk factors and control of hypertension in Nepal. Methods We used electronic databases to search relevant articles from January 2000 till October 2020. All relevant data from selected studies were extracted into a standardized form designed in Excel. Statistical analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) version 3. Proportions or Odds Ratio (OR) was used to estimate the outcome with 95% confidence interval (CI). The I-squared (I2) test was used for the assessment of heterogeneity. Results We identified a total of 3726 studies after comprehensive database searching. We performed qualitative and quantitative analysis of 40 studies. Pooling data showed 28.52% of patients with hypertension (CI: 26.40–30.75); 45.28% (CI: 38.89–51.83) aware of their high blood pressure; 31.66% (CI: 23.18–41.56) under treatment; 44.4% (CI: 36.17–53.04) had their blood pressure under optimum range. 27.4% (CI: 21.57–34.11) had pre-hypertensive range elevated blood pressure. 25.99% (CI: 21.81–30.65) of females and 34.25% (CI: 30.49–38.21) of male were hypertensive (p ​= ​0.007). The pooling of data showed smokers have 1.43 times (CI: 1.1429–1.7889); and alcohol users have 2.073 times (CI: 1.7154–2.5050) higher risk of having hypertension. Individuals with normal BMI have 53.15% (OR: 0.4685 CI: 0.3543–0.6195); with formal educated have 37.27% (OR: 0.6273, CI: 0.5485–0.7175); and with adequate exercise have 31.6% (OR: 0.6839, CI: 0.5203–0.8991) lower chance of having hypertension. Conclusion Our study shows the prevalence of hypertension in Nepal is high. However, awareness, treatment and subsequently control of high blood pressure are found to be alarmingly low. Hypertension was associated with male gender, smoking, alcohol use, high BMI, no education and inadequate exercise. It calls for more attention to address the burden of hypertension and associated risk factors in Nepal.

Background and objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing globally. In Taiwan, HPV-positive OPSCC is obscured by tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid use. We investigated the role of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) in a large retrospective Taiwan OPSCC cohort. Methods and results The cohort of 541 OPSCCs treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 1998–2016 consisted of 507 men (94%) and 34 women (6%). Most used tobacco (81%), alcohol (51%), and betel quid (65%). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was used for p16 staining (a surrogate marker for HPV) and testing for HPV DNA presence and type by Multiplex HPV PCR-MassArray. HPV DNA and/or p16 staining (HPV-positive) was found in 28.4% (150/528) tumors. p16 and HPV DNA were strongly correlated (F < 0.0001). HPV16 was present in 82.8%, and HPV58 in 7.5% of HPV-positive tumors. HPV was associated with higher age (55.5 vs. 52.7 years, p = 0.004), lower T-stage (p = 0.008) better overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58 [95% CI 0.42–0.81], p = 0.001), and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 0.54 [95% CI 0.40–0.73], p < 0.0001). Alcohol was strongly associated with recurrence and death (OS: HR 2.06 [95% CI 1.54–2.74], p < 0.0001; DFS: HR 1.72 [95% CI 1.33–2.24], p < 0.0001). OS and DFS in HPV-positive cases decreased for alcohol users (p < 0.0001). Obscured by the strong alcohol effect, predictive associations were not found for tobacco or betel quid. Conclusions As with HPV-positive OPSCC globally, HPV is an increasingly important etiological factor in Taiwanese OPSCC. HPV-positive OPSCC has considerable survival benefit, but this is reduced by alcohol, tobacco, and betel quid use. hrHPV is a cancer risk factor in males and females. Vaccinating both sexes with a multivalent vaccine including HPV58, combined with alcohol and tobacco cessation policies will be effective cancer-prevention public health strategies in Taiwan.

BackgroundThis study examined whether perceived discrimination was associated with health behaviours over time and whether associations of discrimination with behaviours varied by attribution of discrimination.MethodsMultinomial logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and CIs for the associations of discrimination (everyday, lifetime, stress from lifetime discrimination) with health behaviours (cigarette smoking, alcohol use) over time among 3050 African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study from visit 1 (2000–2004) to visit 3 (2009–2013). Smoking status was classified as persistent current, persistent former, persistent never, current to former and former/never to current smokers. Alcohol use status was classified as persistent heavy, persistent moderate/none, heavy to moderate/none and moderate/none to heavy alcohol users.ResultsHigher everyday discrimination was associated with persistent current smoking (OR per SD higher discrimination 1.26, 95% CI 1.11,1.43) and with persistent former smoking (high vs low OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02,1.70) relative to persistent never smoking. Similar findings were observed for lifetime discrimination and persistent current smoking (high vs low OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.15,2.95) and with persistent former smoking (high vs low OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06,1.98). Participants reporting lifetime discrimination as very stressful compared with not stressful were more likely to be persistent former smokers (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.04,1.99). Associations did not vary by discrimination attribution.ConclusionDiscrimination did not predict changes in smoking status or alcohol use. Discrimination was associated with persistent current smoking status, which may provide a plausible mechanism through which discrimination impacts the health of African Americans.

Background Poor medication adherence limits the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and leads to increased morbidity, mortality, and costs. Identifying groups of patients at risk of poor adherence behavior could enable an intervention to be developed and target patients appropriately. Objective The first aim of this study was to identify homogeneous subgroups of cardiovascular outpatients based on their cardiovascular risk factors. Subsequently, differences in medication adherence between these groups were examined. Methods In this retrospective, observational study, patients with an established CVD were included. Well-known cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diet, exercise, blood lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index were collected. To identify patient subgroups, a 2-step cluster analytic procedure was performed. Differences between the groups on medication adherence were determined on the outcome of the Modified Morisky Scale. Data collection took place between October 2011 and January 2013. Results Cardiovascular risk factors of 530 patients were included in the cluster analysis. Three groups were identified. Compared with other clusters (clusters 1 and 2), cluster 3 contained significantly fewer patients who could be classified as highly adherent and more patients classified as medium adherent (23% and 57%, respectively; P = .024). This group was characterized by a younger age (53% were

Objetivo: identificar e comparar a presença de comportamento suicida entre usuários de crack e álcool. Método: abordagem quantitativa, transversal, descritiva e analítica. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista com 105 pacientes alocados em dois grupos de acordo com o diagnóstico clínico psiquiátrico, no grupo Álcool e grupo Crack. Resultados: As características sociodemográficas diferiram significativamente entre os grupos em relação a idade (p < 0.05). Um número maior de pacientes do grupo Crack apresentou ideação suicida 14 (26,9%) e tentativa pregressa de suicídio 18 (34,6%), quando comparado com o grupo Álcool na ideação suicida 8 (15,1%) e tentativa de suicídio 15 (28,3%). Análise de regressão logística não encontrou significância no tipo de droga como previsora da ideação suicida (p = 0.14) e da tentativa de suicídio (p = 0.48). Conclusão: ao identificar e comparar a presença de comportamento suicida entre usuários de crack e álcool percebeu-se a predominância do comportamento suicida mais presente em usuários de crack.

Introduction: - there is a close relationship between alcohol dependence and psychiatric disorders. A large number of people who use alcohol are suffering from psychiatric disorders, so identifying and treating of psychiatric disorder is vitally important in alcohol users. The aim of this study was evaluate the prevalence of axis I psychiatric disorders in Iranian alcohol users in 2017. Subjects & Methods: - in this cross-sectional study, 105 patients who were attendance to the Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) were interviewed. Alcohol consumption questionnaire and demographic questionnaire were completed for all patients and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders with SCID-1 was evaluated. The information collected was analyzed with SPSS software version 22. Results: - about 45% of participants except alcohol use had no other psychiatric illness and 55% had psychiatric disorders. 5.34% had bipolar disorders and 4.22% had severe depression, respectively, and the incidence of OCD was in 2.5%. History of referral to the psychiatrist was in 23.8% and history of admission to the psychiatric ward was 16.2%. Also, the use of other non-alcoholic substances in the patients was examined; the most consumed was opium in 26.7%, followed by cannabis with 16.2%. Conclusion: - regarding the high prevalence of axis I psychiatric disorders among alcohol use disorders, a complete interview and history of psychiatry disorders is essential., Uvod: postoji uska povezanost između alkoholne ovisnosti i psihijatrijskih poremećaja. Veliki broj ljudi koji konzumiraju alkohol pate od psihijatrijskih poremećaja, stoga identificiranje i liječenje psihijatrijskog poremećaja je od vitalne važnosti kod korisnika alkohola. Cilj ove studija je istražiti prevalenciju psihijatrijskih poremećaja kod iranskih korisnika alkohola u 2017g. Predmeti i metode: - u ovom presječnom istraživanju anketirano je 105 pacijenata koji su bili na iranskom Nacionalnom centru za studije ovisnosti (INCAS). Svi bolesnici ispunjavali su upitnik za konzumaciju alkohola i demografski upitnik, a prevalencija psihijatrijskih poremećaja procijenjena je s SCID-1. Prikupljeni podaci analizirani su s softverom SPSS verzija 22. Rezultati: - oko 45% sudionika, osim konzumiranja alkohola, nije imalo drugu psihijatrijsku bolest, a 55% je imalo psihijatrijski poremećaj. 5,34% imalo je bipolarni poremećaj, a 4,22% imalo je tešku depresiju, dok je učestalost OCD-a bila 2,5%. Povijest upućivanja psihijatru bila je 23,8%, a povijest primanja na psihijatrijski odjel bila je 16,2%. Također, kod bolesnika je ispitana upotreba drugih ne-alkoholnih supstanci; najviše se konzumirao opijum sa 26,7%, a slijedio je kanabis sa 16,2%. Zaključak: - s obzirom na veliku učestalost psihijatrijskih poremećaja među poremećajima upotrebe alkohola, neophodan je cjelovit intervju i dobivanje povijesti psihijatrijskih poremećaja.

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar y comparar los hábitos de vida (consumo de tabaco, alcohol y práctica de actividad física) y sus efectos en la salud respiratoria en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. La percepción de síntomas respiratorios y los hábitos de vida de los estudiantes se realizaron a través de un cuestionario específico de salud respiratoria validado para la población general en las preguntas de calidad de vida, el Sant George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). La muestra estuvo compuesta por estudiantes universitarios sedentarios (n = 497) y estudiantes universitarios del Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (n = 315). Los estudiantes universitarios sedentarios, los que consumían alcohol y los fumadores, exfumadores y fumadores pasivos obtuvieron puntuaciones de síntomas respiratorios más altas en el SGRQ (p

BACKGROUND: The overall prevalence of United States young adult alcohol use has decreased, but less is known about historical change in related behaviors such as simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use that may increase alcohol-related risks and societal costs. The purpose of this paper is to examine historical change in SAM use prevalence among U.S. young adult alcohol users from 1977–2016, and consider the extent to which observed historical change in SAM use among alcohol users reflects co-occurring change in marijuana use during these years. METHODS: Data on past 12-month alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use at up to six modal ages (19/20, 21/22, 23/24, 25/26, 27/28, 29/30) were collected from 11,789 individuals (45.0% men) participating in the Monitoring the Future panel study. Annual prevalence estimates within modal age group were obtained; historical SAM use trends among alcohol and marijuana users were estimated. RESULTS: From 2014 to 2016, SAM use was reported by approximately 30% of alcohol users aged 19/20 and 21/22, and 20% to 25% of alcohol users aged 23/24 through 29/30. Since the mid-1990s, age-specific historical trends in SAM use prevalence among alcohol users followed one of four patterns: significant increase followed by oscillating increases/decreases (at modal age 19/20); consistent and significant increases (at modal ages 21/22, 23/24, and 25/26); stability followed by increase (at modal ages 27/28); or stability (at modal ages 29/30). In contrast, SAM use trends among marijuana users primarily reflected stability, with some evidence of a decrease across time at modal ages 19/20 and 23/24. Historical change in SAM prevalence among alcohol users was strongly and positively correlated with changes in overall marijuana use prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: A growing proportion of early- and mid-young adult alcohol users reported SAM use, with the highest risk among those in the early years of young adulthood. Young adult SAM use may continue to increase in proportion to the degree that young adult marijuana use continues to increase.

BACKGROUND: Emerging adults with lower educational attainment are at higher long-term risk for problematic drinking and alcohol use disorders. Efforts to gain a more in-depth understanding of the drinking habits of nonstudent emerging adults are critical to reduce disparities and to shed light on targets of intervention for this vulnerable group. OBJECTIVES: The current investigation aimed to: (1) provide a description of the daily drinking habits of nonstudent emerging adult drinkers using a 14-day diary method, and (2) examine non-drinking days by assessing their reasons for not drinking as well as strategies used to avoid drinking. METHODS: Participants were 27 (55.5% women) emerging adult drinkers recruited from the community. Results: On drinking days, multilevel results indicated that heavier alcohol use was positively associated with level of subjective intoxication and alcohol-related problems. Men reported higher alcohol use outcomes than women across all alcohol use indicators. Regarding non-consumptive days, the most frequently endorsed reasons for not drinking largely reflected an internal motivation, while the least endorsed reasons were related to external constraints. Pertaining to strategies used to avoid drinking, the most frequently endorsed response related to choosing alternative enjoyable activities. Diary compliance with the 14-day protocol was 90.9% for at least one daily survey. CONCLUSION/IMPORTANCE: The present investigation represents one of the first to examine drinking behaviors using a daily diary approach with nonstudent emerging adult drinkers. Study findings filled an important gap regarding our understanding of the context of drinking of an at-risk and understudied group of drinkers.

Background Episodic thinking, whether past or future, uses similar neural machinery, and individuals with alcohol dependence have clear challenges with both. Moreover, alcohol-dependent individuals' narrowed temporal window likely gives rise to greater valuation of immediate rewards. We aimed to strengthen working memory (WM) in alcohol-dependent individuals and measure performance on near-transfer (novel WM) and far-transfer delay discounting (DD) tasks, including episodic future thinking (EFT) performance. Importantly, heterogeneous intervention responses could obscure a treatment effect due to individuals' baseline differences. Therefore, we considered WM, DD, and EFT DD scores using rate-dependent analyses. Methods A total of 50 alcohol-dependent individuals received either 20 active (Trained) or sham (Control) WM training sessions using the Cogmed adaptive WM training program. Participants completed a near-transfer novel WM task and far-transfer DD and EFT DD tasks before and after training. Results Active WM training improved performance on the near-transfer task. As determined by Oldham's correlation [ r mean(x,y), y − x ], initially low near-transfer task scores improved more than initially high scores (i.e., rate dependence) in the Trained group only. Moreover, Trained group individuals with the highest rates of EFT DD at baseline rate-dependently decreased following training, whereas WM training had no effect on DD alone. Conclusions These data support the notion that WM training improves near-transfer task performance and may enhance the effects of EFT DD in a subset of alcohol-dependent individuals trapped within the narrowest temporal window. Rate-dependent changes highlight that we should attend to baseline performance to better identify individuals who would most benefit from an intervention.

OBJECTIVE To examine trends in past-year cannabis use (CU) and cannabis use disorders (CUD) among youth in the United States, when related changes began, and factors associated with these changes. METHODS This study used data from 288,300 persons aged 12-17 years who participated in the 2002-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Descriptive analyses and bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were applied (using the year 2002 as the reference group for most analyses). RESULTS The prevalence of past-year CU among youth decreased from 15.8% in 2002 to 13.1% in 2014 (this downward trend occurred during 2002-2007 only [β = -0.0540, P < .0001]). Among youth cannabis users, the prevalence of past-year CUD decreased from 27.0% in 2002 to 20.4% in 2014, with a downward trend starting in 2011 (β = -0.0970, P = .0001). During 2002-2014, the prevalence of past-year tobacco use and alcohol use decreased and prevalences of past-year CU increased among tobacco users and among alcohol users. Our multivariable results suggest that declines in past-year tobacco use (but not alcohol use) among youth were associated with declines in past-year CU during 2010-2014. Past-year CU and CUD were higher among racial/ethnic minorities (except for non-Hispanic Asians and Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders for CU) than non-Hispanic whites and were similar between male and female youth during 2002-2014. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, compared to 2002, even after adjusting for covariates, CU decreased among youth during 2005-2014, and CUD declined among youth cannabis users during 2013-2014. Associations between declines in tobacco use and decreased CU suggest the importance of tobacco use control and prevention among youth.

El consumo de alcohol se asocia con numerosas consecuencias perjudiciales para la salud, así como secuelas amplias para la sociedad. Según la OCDE, Portugal era, en 2014, el 15º mayor consumidor de la Unión Europea. Para el consumo de alcohol concurren creencias, mitos y preconceptos acerca de sus efectos. Este estudio es de naturaleza mixta, observacional, transversal y analítica de investigación-acción. Se tuvo como objetivo identificar un conjunto de mitos sobre el consumo de alcohol entre la población estudiantil de la educación básica y secundaria. Fue realizado en escuelas de la sub-región Bajo Alentejo (Portugal), donde los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2005-2006 apuntan a un crecimiento de la prevalencia de los consumidores de alcohol. Se aplicó un cuestionario, obteniéndose 501 respuestas válidas del alumnado del final de la enseñanza básica y de la enseñanza secundaria. Los resultados revelan que muchos mitos acerca del consumo de alcohol continúan presentes entre el alumando, habiendo necesidad de definir y aplicar un plan de intervención en prevención del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, que posibilite la aclaración de los alumnos acerca de los mitos, ya que son inductores del consumo por concepciones erróneas.

Heavy drinkers who consume more than 30 grams of alcohol per day will increase the risk of increasing triglyceride levels. Chronic ethanol metabolism causes disrupted fatty acid oxidation and the transfer of carbon to fat causes an increase in the production of triglycerides in the liver. The excess triglycerides in the liver are then removed from the blood vessels and there is a buildup of triglycerides in the blood vessels and can progress to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). This study aims to describe the triglyceride levels in alcohol users on Jalan Mendawai, Palangka Raya City. This study uses a descriptive method to describe triglyceride levels in people who use or consume alcohol on Jalan Mendawai, Palangka Raya City. The number of samples obtained were 20 samples and taken using purposive sampling technique, with criteria that are male sex, more than 20 years old, had consumed alcohol more than 5 years, at least 1 time in 1-week consuming alcohol and willing to be sampled. The results showed that only 1 person (5%) had normal triglyceride levels and 19 people (95%) had normal triglyceride levels. Based on the criteria for the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) that is 1 person (5%) had triglyceride levels with ideal criteria, 4 people (20%) included in the criteria for high risk of CHD risk, 7 people (35%) which included high-risk criteria and 8 people (40%) which included very high-risk criteria for CHD.

Objectives Khat is an herbal cultivated plant growing mainly in Eastern Africa and Arabians. Chronic khat chewing leads to the development of liver toxicity, cardiovascular disease, sleeping disorder, psychosis, memory impairment, poor academic performance and variety of social and economic problems affecting the consumers and their families. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of khat chewing and associated factors among Jimma university staff. An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed on 354 university staff. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The analysis was done using Stata 14. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors of khat chewing among university staff. p ≤ 0.05 was employed to declare statistically significant factors. Results The lifetime prevalence of khat chewing among university staff was 41.0% (95% CI 35.9–46.1%). The odds of khat chewing was higher among males (AOR = 2.66 95%, CI 1.52–4.68), participants who had khat chewer friends (AOR = 2.15 95% CI 1.18–3.93), alcohol users (AOR = 9.02, 95% CI 4.96–16.42) and participants who had khat chewer family member (AOR = 4.03, 95% CI 1.16–13.99). Since a significant proportion of staff chew khat, appropriate measures need to be taken to reduce its prevalence and adverse social and health consequences.

Objetivo: identificar as atitudes dos enfermeiros colombianos frente ao álcool, ao alcoolismo e aoalcoolista, verificando sua relação com variáveis de interesse no estudo.Método: estudo do tipo transversal, cujos dados foram coletados durante os anos 2014 e 2015,utilizando-se a Escala de atitudes frente ao álcool, ao alcoolismo e à pessoa com transtornosrelacionados ao uso de álcool, versão em espanhol. A amostra constituiu-se de 303 enfermeiros deinstituições de saúde de Bogotá, na Colômbia.Resultados: observaram-se atitudes negativas em 56,8% dos participantes, frente às relaçõesinterpessoais com o usuário no trabalho e frente à etiologia do alcoolismo. Os fatores associadosforam: idade, tempo de graduação e frequência no atendimento às pessoas com transtornosrelacionados ao uso do álcool.Conclusões: os profissionais de enfermagem apresentaram atitudes ambivalentes frente aofenômeno. Sugere-se a replicação desse estudo em países da América Latina, na busca de mapeara atual situação desse fenômeno no hemisfério sul americano. Objetivo: identificar las actitudes de los enfermeros colombianos frente al alcohol, alalcoholismo y a la persona con trastornos relacionados al uso de alcohol, verificando surelación con variables de interés en el estudio.Método: estudio de tipo transversal, cuyos datos fueron recolectados durante los años 2014y 2015, utilizando la Escala de actitudes frente al alcohol, al alcoholismo y a la persona contrastornos relacionados al uso de alcohol, versión en español. La muestra fue constituida por303 enfermeros de instituciones de salud de Bogotá, en Colombia.Resultados: Fueron observadas actitudes negativas en 56,8% de los participantes, frente a lasrelaciones interpersonales con el usuario en el trabajo y frente a la etiología del alcoholismo.Los factores asociados fueron: edad, tiempo de graduación, frecuencia en la atención de laspersonas con trastornos relacionados al uso de alcohol.Conclusiones: Los profesionales de enfermería presentaron actitudes ambivalentes frenteal fenómeno. Se sugiere la replicación de este estudio en países de América Latina, en labúsqueda de mapear la actual situación de este fenómeno en el hemisferio suramericano. Objective: To identify the attitudes of Colombian nurses towards alcohol, alcoholism andalcoholics, verifying their relationship with variables of interest in the study.Method: Cross-sectional study whose data was collected in 2014 and 2015, through the useof the Scale of Attitudes towards Alcohol, Alcoholism and Alcoholics, Spanish version. Thesample consisted of 303 nurses from health institutions of Bogotá, Colombia.Results: Negative attitudes regarding interpersonal relationships with alcohol users in healthcare units and the etiology of alcoholism were observed in 56.8% of the participants. Theassociated factors were age, time elapsed since completion of the undergraduate nursingcourse, and frequency of care provided to individuals with alcohol use disorders.Conclusions: The nursing professionals had ambivalent attitudes towards the phenomenon.Replication of this study in Latin American countries is suggested, in order to map the currentstatus of this phenomenon in the South American hemisphere.

Background: Visual-spatial processing deficits have been previously linked to heavy alcohol use, but the underlying neurological mechanisms are poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies have shown alcohol-related aberrations in occipital cortices that appear to be associated with these neuropsychological deficits in visual-spatial processing, however the neural dynamics underlying this altered processing remains unknown. Methods: Twenty-three adults with high scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption (male: ⩾5, female: ⩾4) were compared to 30 demographically-matched controls with low Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption scores (⩽2). All participants completed a visual-spatial processing task while undergoing high-density magnetoencephalography. Time-frequency windows of interest were determined using a data-driven method, and spectrally-specific neural activity was imaged using a beamforming approach. Permutation testing of peak voxel time series was then used to statistically compare across groups. Results: Participants with heavy alcohol use responded slower on the task and their performance was more variable. The magnetoencephalography data indicated strong theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (10–16 Hz), and gamma (62–72 Hz) responses in posterior brain regions across both groups. Following voxel time-series extraction, significant group differences were found in the left and right visual association cortices from about 375–550 ms post-stimulus, such that adults with heavy alcohol use had blunted alpha responses compared to controls. Conclusion: Individuals with heavy alcohol use exhibited aberrant occipital alpha activity during visual-spatial processing. These data are the first to show spectrally-specific differences during visual-spatial processing related to heavy alcohol use, and highlight alcohol’s effect on systems-level neural activity.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of depression and sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related risk factors therefor in a southern Brazilian city. Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional study of adults from Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Individuals (n=1,295) were selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to screen for major depressive episodes (MDEs). We used a conceptual causal framework to organize and assess risk factors for MDE and calculated prevalence ratios (PR) using regression models. Results: The prevalence of MDE was 8.4% (95%CI 6.0-10.7) for men and 13.4% (95%CI 11.0-15.8) for women. For men, physical inactivity (PR 2.34, 95%CI 1.09-5.00) and perceived stress (PR 20.35, 95%CI 5.92-69.96) were associated with MDE. In women, MDE prevalence was higher among those in the first tertile of economic index (PR 2.61, 95%CI 1.53-4.45), with 0-8 years of schooling (PR 2.25, 95%CI 1.24-4.11), alcohol users (PR 1.91, 95%CI 1.21-3.02), those physically inactive (PR 2.49, 95%CI 1.22-5.09), with the highest perceived stress (PR 9.17, 95%CI 3.47-24.23), with another mental disorder (PR 1.85, 95%CI 1.32-2.59), and with more noncommunicable diseases (PR 1.85, 95%CI 1.06-3.22). Conclusion: Women had a higher prevalence of depression, and socioeconomic disadvantages were important for the occurrence of MDE; however, for men, only physical inactivity and stress were important predictors, suggesting possible different causal pathways for each sex.

BACKGROUND: The alcohol industry recognizes children and pregnant women as population sub-groups vulnerable to the effects of alcohol marketing. Research indicates that heavy alcohol users are also potentially vulnerable to alcohol marketing. The purpose of the current study is to determine if sub-groups defined by psychological characteristics should be classified as potentially vulnerable as well. METHODS: College students (n=326) from two northeast schools were recruited to complete a survey containing questions on demographics, alcohol use, and psychological characteristics (alcohol expectancies, alcohol dependence, sensation seeking traits, past delinquent behaviors). Additionally, after viewing each of five alcohol ads (4 television, 1 magazine), participants answered questions about their perceptions of alcohol consumption, responsible drinking, excessive drinking, and appeal of the ads. Main effects were assessed using hierarchical linear modeling, with adjustment for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and AUDIT score. RESULTS: Alcohol expectancies (p

Background: Alcohol is an important risk factor for road transport injuries. Road traffic crashes attributable to alcohol, are primarily associated with this high risk hazardous drinking behavior. In this study, ways to deal with alcohol-related injuries in driving have been investigated. Methods: In this overview, 60 articles with keyword prevention, alcohol consumption, injuries, and driving were investigated in the data bases of the PubMed, Elsevier and Google Scholar. Results: Linda J Cobiac study showed Raising alcohol excise tax in this high-income country would be highly cost-effective and could lead to substantial cost-savings for society. James Damsere-Derry study showed because alcohol consumption is increasing currently with motorization, it is necessary to educate alcohol users about the number of drinks required to stay below the legal limit if they are motorists as well as other road users or to prevent long-term illnesses associated with excessive alcohol use. Cheryl J. Cherpitel study showed countries with high detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) are at higher risk of injury from most causes at a given level of consumption, while countries with low restrictiveness of alcohol policy are at higher risk of injury at lower levels of consumption and at higher risk of traffic injuries at high levels of consumption. Conclusions: To reduce alcohol-related injuries in driving, it is important to increase alcohol taxes, driver training, and alcohol-restricting policies. Keywords: Alcohol, Injuries, Traffic

Namibia is known to have a high prevalence of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Individuals who smoke are more likely to drink, and vice versa. It was reported that the individual rewarding effect of drinking and smoking were reported to be higher than when they are used at the same time. In this study our objective was to examine the individual and combined prevalence of drinking and smoking and investigate their sociodemographic correlates among adolescent and adult men and women in Namibia. This study was based on data from Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2013). Sample population were 14,185 men and women aged between 15 and 64 years. Self-reported tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption patterns were the outcome variables. Data were analysed using complex sampling techniques to account for survey design. Bivariate and multivariate techniques were used to measure the association between drinking and smoking with the sociodemographic factors. The prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use was, respectively, 53.1% (51.5&ndash, 54.6) and 8.8% (8.1&ndash, 9.5), and that of both drinking and smoking was 6.9% (6.3&ndash, 7.6). In the regression analysis, several sociodemographic factors were found to be significantly associated with alcohol and tobacco use including age, area of residence, religion and educational status. Overall, women had higher rates of drinking alcohol, however, men had higher rates of engaging in high risk drinking. Men and women who reported drinking alcohol had, respectively, 2.57 and 4.60 times higher odds of smoking. Findings suggest that the prevalence of drinking was higher than that of smoking, with men having higher prevalence of high risk drinking. Men and women who drink alcohol were more likely to be smokers. The prevalence of both alcohol and tobacco use showed important sociodemographic patterns which need to be taken into consideration in designing prevention and intervention programs. Strategic tobacco control and smoking cessation approaches should pay particular attention to alcohol users.

ObjectivesTo examine if, and to what extent, a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) combines with adult alcohol consumption to predict recent violence perpetration and victimisation.DesignRepresentative face-to-face survey (n=12 669) delivered using computer-assisted personal interviewing and self-interviewing.SettingDomiciles of individuals living in England and Wales.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 18–69 years resident within randomly selected locations. 12 669 surveys were completed with participants within our defined age range.Main outcome measuresAlcohol consumption was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and childhood adversity using the short ACEs tool. Violence was measured using questions on perpetration and victimisation in the last 12 months.ResultsCompliance was 55.7%. There were strong positive relationships between numbers of ACEs and recent violence perpetration and victimisation in both sexes. Recent violence was also strongly related to positive AUDIT-C (≥5) scores. In males, heavier drinking and ≥4ACEs had a strong multiplicative relationship with adjusted prevalence of recent violent perpetration rising from 1.3% (95% CIs 0.9% to 1.9%; 0 ACEs, negative AUDIT-C) to 3.6% (95% CIs 2.7% to 4.9%; 0 ACEs, positive AUDIT-C) and 8.5% (95% CI 5.6% to 12.7%; ≥4ACEs, negative AUDIT-C) to 28.3% (95% CI 22.5% to 34.8%; ≥4ACEs, positive AUDIT-C). In both sexes, violence perpetration and victimisation reduced with age independently of ACE count and AUDIT-C status. The combination of young age (18–29 years), ≥4ACEs and positive AUDIT-C resulted in the highest adjusted prevalence for both perpetration and victimisation in males (61.9%, 64.9%) and females (24.1%, 27.2%).ConclusionsThose suffering multiple adverse experiences in childhood are also more likely to be heavier alcohol users. Especially for males, this combination results in substantially increased risks of violence. Addressing ACEs and heavy drinking together is rarely a feature of public health policy, but a combined approach may help reduce the vast costs associated with both.