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Limbah pangan terutama ampas tahu merupakan salah satu masalah yang perlu mendapat perlakuan serius di Indonesia karena menjadi penyebab berbagai macam masalah lingkungan. Upaya penanganan yang bisa dilakukan salah satunya adalah memanfaatkan limbah ampas tahu menjadi produk tepung. Uji organoleptik digunakan sebagai indikator untuk mengetahui kualitas tepung ampas tahu. Hasil uji organoleptik yang optimal dihasilkan saat dilakukan pengeringan selama 90 menit dengan hasil tidak berbau ampas dan tekstur halus dan tidak menggumpal.

Lombok Island is an active seismic area in Indonesia potentially hit by an earthquake due to located between two earthquake generators from the south and the North. Several large earthquakes rocked Lombok, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 on July 29, 2018, and 7.0 on August 5, 2018. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the local site effect based on the dominant frequency value ( ), soil amplification ( ), sediment layer thickness (d), , dominant period (T 0 ), and seismic vulnerability index ( ) and to comprehend the soil class (site class) based on the thickness of the sediment layer (d), and in the North Lombok region. The data used is secondary data from microtremor signal recordings in North Lombok Regency in 2018. Data processing used Geopsy software, and microtremor data were analyzed using the HVSR method. From processing the HVSR data, the dominant frequency value about (0.8 - 18) Hz, amplification value (1.7 – 9.7), dominant period value (0.05 – 1.2) seconds, seismic vulnerability index value (0.4 – 71) , and the value of in the study area (20.05 – 287.04) m/s. Based on microtremor analysis, the local site effect indicates that alluvium rocks caused stronger earthquake vibrations and more damage. Whereas the Kalibabak and Lekopiko formations caused fewer earthquake vibrations and less wear. Based on the dominant period and , area study classify as Site Class IV class E and Site Class III class D Copyright © 2021 IPR . All rights reserved.

Penelitian pembuatan tepung ampas tahu bertujuan untuk mengurangi limbah pengolahan tahu sehingga menjadi bahan yang lebih berdaya guna Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri 5 (lima) perlakuan 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, dan 90 menit dengan diulang sebanyak 3 (tiga) kali. Pengujian data penelitian meliputi uji organoleptik. Data hasil pengujian dianalisis menggunakan analasis sidik ragam atau ANOVA dan uji lanjut Duncan,s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian uji organoleptik warna menunjukkan berpengaruh nyata dengan P6 sebagai perlakuan ideal menghasilkan warna putih kekuningan. Hasil uji organoleptik bau berpengaruh nyata dan tepung yang dihasilkan tidak berbau dengan lama 90 menit proses pengeringan. Hasil uji organoleptik rasa berpengaruh nyata dan tepung yang dihasilkan memiliki rasa khas ampas tahu. Hasil uji organoleptik tekstur berpengaruh nyata dan tepung yang dihasilkan memiliki tekstur tidak menggumpal dan halus.

A significant increase in the number of volcano-tectonic (VT) and VB earthquakes preceded the 2007 and 2014 eruptions of Kelud volcano, Indonesia. The background seismicity rates at the volcano is generally

Bali Island is one of the main tourist destinations in Indonesia. However, Bali Island is also prone to earthquakes, as evidenced by several historical destructive earthquakes, especially in the eastern part of Bali. A probabilistic seismic hazard modeling is undertaken to analyse the earthquake hazard, as well as studying the contribution of local geological conditions to earthquake ground motion. We use seismic waveforms retrieved from 23 temporary seismic stations across the eastern part of Bali Island from December 2018 to June 2019 and 5 permanent seismic stations around Mount Agung and Batur. The recording data were processed using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. Our preliminary result shows local geological conditions for each station, represented by the value of the average shear-wave velocity on rocks to a depth of 30 meters (Vs30) and the total thickness of sediments above the bedrock (basin depth). These initial results will then be developed as site parameter input for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in the eastern part of Bali.

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.7.3.241-252 To find out the long term data of Sinabung magma discharge rate and how long a series of eruption will be ended, time series of the volume of magma discharge is required. The dominant eruption product is pyroclastic flow that begins with the growth of the lava dome, so it is important to determine the volume of the lava dome over time. The method of determining the volume of magma issued is carried out by using hotspot data to resolve the problem of prevented visual observations and ground measurements. The heat and volume flux data expressed within a long period for a better view of variations in the Sinabung volcanic activity are based on thermal satellite data. Related lava dome volume and seismic data are also displayed to be compared with the heat and volume flux data. The numbers of thermally anomalous pixels and sum of radiance for all detected pixels at Sinabung during an overpass in the period of 2014 to 2018 have a downward trend. The discharge rates in the period of January 2014 to April 2015, Mei 2015 to March 2016, April 2016 to March 2017, and June 2017 to February 2018 are 0.86 m3/sec, 0.59 m3/sec, 0.36 m3/sec, and 0.25 m3/sec, respectively. Assuming no new intrusion or deformation rate changes, the lava discharge will be in the lowest rate in the early 2020s.

The 26 October-23 November 2010, eruption is Merapi's largest event (VEI 4) over the past 140 years. We tracked and identified the 2010 Merapi's PDC deposits in the most impacted catchment (South) using high-resolution optical (from GeoEye and SPOT-5 satellites as well as low altitude photograph) imagery. We show that high-resolution imagery enables mapping with unprecedented detail the effects of the 2010 eruption in the summit area and across the most devastated catchment on Merapi. We investigated the relationships between the morphology of the river channel, and the apparent behavior of the PDCs and lahars, as deduced from over-banking processes. The 2010 pyroclastic deposits cover an area of ∼27 km2 in the Gendol-Opak catchment, i.e. 35% of the total deposit area. We analyze how unconfined PDCs with over-bank and veneer facies, as well as two types of surges have mantled widespread areas on both sides of the Gendol valley which contain the confined PDC deposits. Geometric and geomorphic characteristics that allow over bank and veneer deposits beyond the main valley are: limited cross-sectional areas under 1500 m2 and the decreasing longitudinal rate of channel confinement. Subsequent lahars six months after the eruption have devastated several villages along the Gendol River 20km from the summit on the ring plain. Small areas down-valley was affected by over-bank lahars once pyroclastic deposits were remobilized 3.8km farther than the PDC front. The over-bank and avulsed lahars can be attributed to the limited capacity (200-250 m2) of river channels and meandering river (sinuosity index of 1.25) across the lowest-angle (

Di era modern seperti saat ini, sepeda motor sudah menjadi kebutuhan pokok untuk keperluan transportasi bagi hampir semua kalangan. Selain karena harganya yang terjangkau, penggunaan dan perawatannya yang mudah menjadi alasan mengapa banyak orang yang menggunakannya. Tetapi bersamaan dengan itu, tindak kriminal pencurian sepeda motor pun semakin meningkat. Atas latar belakang itulah maka dirancang sebuah alat pengaman tambahan pada penelitian ini. Alat yang dibuat menggunakan 3 (tiga) buah sistem keamanan, yaitu RFID scanner, RF modul communication, dan GPS function. RFID scanner berfungsi sebagai kunci tambahan, di mana selain kartu (tag) yang didaftarkan tidak ada kartu lain yang bisa digunakan untuk menyalakan relay. RF module communication berfungsi agar apabila pengemudi dan sepeda motor terpisah sejauh n meter, maka mesin sepeda motor akan mati secara otomatis. GPS berfungsi untuk memonitor / melacak di mana lokasi sepeda motor berada. Hasil yang didapatkan pada perancangan alat ini adalah RFID scanner dapat men scan kartu pada jarak 0 – 4 cm dan pada sudut 0 - 60° & 120 - 180°. RF modul dapat berkomunikasi pada jarak 0 – 20 meter tanpa penghalang, dan GPS modul dapat merespon SMS dari pengguna dalam waktu 27 detik dengan tingkat akurasi 10 meter.

Lactobacillus casei WSP-derived an aspartic protease was sequentially purified by using chromatography gel filtration sephadex G-50. It resulted in a 22.81-fold increase of specific activity (51.5 U/mg) with a final yield of 1.9%. The estimated molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 37 kDa and showed gelatinolytic activity in zymogram assay. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 40ºC and pH 6 with casein as the substrate. Enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by pepstatin A (0.5 mM and 1 mM), confirming that this enzyme is a group of aspartic proteases, while other inhibitors such as EDTA, PMSF and iodoacetic acid showed no inhibition effect on the activity of enzyme. The addition of metal ion to the enzyme decreased enzyme activity, indicating the proteolytic enzyme was metal ion- dependent. Denaturant such as DDT tended to increase caseinolytic activity. Furthermore, this enzyme was capable of generating the new peptides from skimmed milk with the size 8 kDa, 10 kDa and 15 kDa. These peptides have potential as antibacterial and antioxidant agents.

This paper presents a method for analyzing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) image time series based on change detection matrices (CDM) containing information on changed and unchanged pixels. These matrices are constructed for each spatial position over the time series by implementing similarity cross tests. The proposed matrix is then exploited for adaptive temporal filtering, analysis of change dynamics and multitemporal change detection. The proposed approach is illustrated on the three following data sets: 25 ascending TerraSAR-X images and 7 descending RADARSAT 2 full polarization images over Chamonix-MontBlanc, France, where the seasonal evolution of glaciers and mountains can be observed, and a time series of 11 ascending ALOS-PALSAR dual polarization images over Merapi volcano, Indonesia during a period including the 2010 eruption. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS).

International audience; L-band ALOS-PALSAR images acquired before, during and after the 2010 Merapi eruption have been used to classify and map the pyroclastic deposits emplaced during this VEI-4 event. We characterize the deposits using direct-polarized and cross-polarized L-band SAR data and by combining the information of amplitude evolution with temporal decorrelation. Changes in amplitude of the radar signal enable us to map the pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and tephra-fall deposits. Radar amplitudes in direct (HH) and cross (HV) polarizations decrease where the valley-confined and overbank block-and-ash flow (BAF) deposits (D1) are emplaced. Rainfall- and runoff-reworked PDC deposits (D2) are characterized by an increase in ground backscattering for HH polarization and a decrease for HV polarization. Ground backscattering transiently increases in both polarizations after pyroclastic surge (D3) and tephra fall (D4) deposition. We use a supervised classification method based on maximum likelihood to map the deposits D1–D4. The temporal decorrelation of the radar signal and the amplitude evolution improve the quality of classification results. Classification derived from ALOS-PALSAR images using the maximum likelihood classification provides a result with 70% classification accuracy for deposits overall. The estimated areas of valley-confined and overbank PDC deposits (either primary or reworked by rainfall and runoff) are consistent with the areas measured by other studies, while the large discrepancy in area estimated for pyroclastic-surge deposits can be partly explained by the strong erosion due to intense rainfall that removed a large part of these thin deposits.

Pengukuran mikrotremor di Kota Banda Aceh telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui periode dominan dan nilai faktoramplifikasi guncangan gempa bumi. Pengukuran dilakukan pada 92 titik ukur memakai seismometer 3 komponenmodel Lennartz LE-3D berperiode natural 5 detik dan perekam digital model SARA SL-06 24 bit. Peta mikrotremorKota Banda Aceh terdiri atas periode dominan dan H/V amplifikasi. Periode dominan Kota Banda Aceh menunjukkanterdapat tiga kelas situs tanah yaitu : kelas situs C (tanah keras) dengan nilai periode dominan 0,2 detik < T ≤ 0,4detik, kelas D (tanah kaku) dengan nilai periode dominan antara 0,4 detik hingga 0,6 detik, dan kelas E (tanah lunak)dengan nilai periode dominan di atas 0,6 detik. Kelas situs D dan E menyebar hampir ke semua kecamatan sementarakelas situs C hanya terdapat di Kutaraja. Nilai H/V amplifikasi Kota Banda Aceh bervariasi antara 1,98 hingga 5,88.Kata kunci : periode dominan, ampilifikasi, kelas situs tanah.ABSTRACTMicrotremor measurement was conducted to obtain dominant period and site amplification factor of Banda AcehCity. The measurements were carried out in 92 sites in the city using 3-component-seismometer Lennartz LE-3D withnatural period 5 s and data logger model SARA SL-06 24 bit. The microtremor map of Banda Aceh City consists ofdominant period and H/V amplification factor maps. The dominant period of Banda Aceh City consisting of three siteclasses are C (hard soil) with dominant period 0.2 s < T ≤ 0.4 s, D (stiff soil) with dominant period between 0.4 sto 0.6 s, and E (soft soil) with dominant period greater than 0.6 s. Site class D and E areas stretch out almost in allsubdistricts, while C class is only in Kutaraja. The H/V amplification value of Banda Aceh city varies between 1.98and 5.88.Keywords : dominant period, amplification, site class.

Dans ce travail nous étudions le flanc sud du volcan Merapi (Indonésie) dévasté par la grande éruption de 2010 (IEV 4). Nous poursuivons trois objectifs : (1) Identifier les dépôts pyroclastiques et de lahars grâce à la classification «orientée-objet» appliquée à trois images GeoEye-1 (1,64 m ; 15/10/2010 et 29/07/2011) et Pléiades (0,5 m ; 29/10/2012). Ces dépôts pyroclastiques comprennent les écoulements denses canalisés, ceux qui ont débordé des vallées et les déferlantes diluées à l'amont du bassin et sur les marges des vallées. (2) Suivre l'évolution temporelle de ces dépôts grâce aux indices spectraux calculés pour chaque image. Nous avons appliqué la classification orientée-objet aux indices spectraux, NDWI, NDVI et NDRSI (Indice Normalisée du Sol Rouge). Les résultats ont permis d'identifier 15 classes de dépôts pyroclastiques, de lahars et les zones affectés dans la vallée de Gendol-Opak ( Ì´80 km²), qui représentent 75% de classes obtenues par photo-interprétation de l'image et appuyées par des observations de terrain. Les indices NDWI et NDVI ont mis en évidence les zones affectées par les déferlantes (NDWI 0,3 et NDWI

International audience; The present work explores the object-oriented classification (OOC) of high-spatial resolution (HSR) satellite panchromatic imagery for mapping the geology of the persistently active Semeru volcano and its ring plain, east Java, Indonesia. A panchromatic SPOT5 image and a digital elevation model (DEM) have been used to identify geologic units, structures, landforms and deposits. The panchromatic image was georeferenced and enhanced using histogram equalization. The enhanced image was segmented into polygons using the EnviFx (©Exelis) Software. The polygons were delineated and classified on the basis of spectral (panchromatic hues and textures), topographic (slope, elevation) information and geologic/geomorphic processes. The validity of classification was evaluated by interpreting Google Earth images, aerial photographs and limited field observations. The classification consists of three hierarchical levels across the volcanic area of about 745 km2. The first operational spatial level includes seven large volcano domains based on the spectral content of the volcanic, tectonic and lithological structures, and principal catchments. The second operational level, based on contextual relationships (topography, drainage network, vegetation cover type, stratigraphy and slope dynamics), encompasses 20 geological units that range between 30 and 80 km2 in area. Among the units, the third operational level distinguishes as many as 47 geomorphological sub-units (0.25–25 km2) according to slope gradient, deposit type, mass-wasting process and weathering. The resulting map provides a detailed pattern of geologic and geomorphic features unlike previous geologic maps that identified only 11 stratigraphic units. We show that the high-spatial resolution panchromatic SPOT5 scene can help to safely map the geology and landforms of persistently active volcanoes such as Semeru. We have applied the OOC technique on one HSR GeoEye panchromatic image to map another active volcano, Merapi in Central Java, after considerable geomorphic changes due to the large eruption in 2010.

The paper illustrates the application of high-spatial resolution satellite images in interpreting volcanic structures and eruption impacts in the Tengger–Semeru massif in east Java, Indonesia. We use high-spatial resolution images (IKONOS and SPOT 5) and aerial photos in order to analyze the structures of Semeru volcano and map the deposits. Geological and tectonic mapping is based on two DEMs and on the interpretation of aerial photos and four SPOT and IKONOS optical satellite images acquired between 1996 and 2002. We also compared two thermal Surface Kinetic Temperature ASTER images before and after the 2002–2003 eruption in order to delineate and evaluate the impacts of the pyroclastic density currents. Semeru's principal structural features are probably due to the tectonic setting of the volcano. A structural map of the Tengger–Semeru massif shows four groups of faults orientated N40, N160, N75, and N105 to N140. Conspicuous structures, such as the SE-trending horseshoe-shaped scar on Semeru's summit cone, coincide with the N160-trending faults. The direction of minor scars on the east flank parallels the first and second groups of faults. The Semeru composite cone hosts the currently active Jonggring-Seloko vent. This is located on, and buttressed against, the Mahameru edifice at the head of a large scar that may reflect a failure plane at shallow depth. Dipping 35° towards the SE, this failure plane may correspond to a weak basal layer of weathered volcaniclastic rocks of Tertiary age. We suggest that the deformation pattern of Semeru and its large scar may be induced by flank spreading over the weak basal layer of the volcano. It is therefore necessary to consider the potential for flank and summit collapse in the future. The last major eruption took place in December 2002–January 2003, and involved emplacement of block-and-ash flows. We have used the 2003 ASTER Surface Kinetic Temperature image to map the 2002–2003 pyroclastic density current deposits. We have also compared two 10 m-pixel images acquired before and after the event to describe the extent and impact of an estimated volume of 5.45 × 106 m3 of block-and-ash flow deposits. An ash-rich pyroclastic surge escaped from one of the valley-confined block-and ash flows at 5 to 8 km distance from the crater and swept across the forest and tilled land on the SW side of the Bang River Valley. Downvalley, the temperature of the pyroclastic surge decreased and a mud-rich deposit coated the banks of the Bang River Valley. Thus, hazard mitigation at Semeru should combine: (1) continuous monitoring of the eruptive activity through an early-warning system, and (2) continuous remote sensing of the morphological changes in the drainage system due to the impact of frequent pyroclastic density currents and lahars.

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v5i4.106Rinjani is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with an elevation of 3726 m above sea level. The steep and highest cone of Rinjani consists mainly of loose pyroclastic ejecta and contains a crater with a few solfataras. The West of this cone is Segara Anak caldera. The western side of the caldera is occupied by a 230 m deep lake, covering an area of 11 km² and its volume was (before the 2009 eruption) estimated 1.02 km3. This is probably the largest hot volcanic lake in the world.The lake water is neutral (pH: 7-8) and its chemistry dominated by chlorides and sulfates with a relatively high TDS (Total Dissolved Solids: 2640 mg/l). This unusual TDS as well as the lake surface temperatures (20 - 22°C) well above ambient temperatures (14 - 15°C) for this altitude, reflect a strong input of hydrothermal fluids. Numerous hot springs are located along the shore at the foot of Barujari volcanic cone. Bathymetric profiles show also several areas with columns of gas bubbles escaping from the lake floor indicating a significant discharge of CO gas into the lake. The mass and energy balance model of Rinjani Crater Lake produce total heat lost value on the average of 1700 MW. Most of the heating periods of the lake occurred when the heat released by the surface of the lake to the atmosphere was lower than the heat supplied from the hydrothermal system. Peaks of heat losses correspond to period of strong winds. Crater lake monitoring can provide a basic information about deep magmatic activity and surface processes that occur in the volcano. The monitoring also contributes to predict the next eruption in order to improve mitigation of volcanic eruption. Precursory signals of the May 2009 eruption can be seen from significant changes in the temperature and chemistry of some of the hot springs, the increase of Fe concentrations in spring #54, chemical plume of low pH and dissolved oxygen, acidification of Segara Anak Lake, and increasing of lake surface temperatures. The new lava flow from May - August 2009 eruption covers an area of 650,000 m2. The shoreline was significantly modified by the entry of lava into Segara Anak Lake. The area of the lake is reduced by 460,000 m2.