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Останнім часом істотно зросла роль техногенного впливу на організм людини, що обумовлює поширення алергопатології серед дитячого населення. Серед 318 немовлят з IgE-залежними захворюваннями шкіри зареєстровано максимальний рівень гіперсенсибілізації до харчових алергенів (переважно до протеїнів курячого ембріона (34,48 %) та коров’ячого молока (25 %)) та інгаляційних алергенів (переважно до епідермальних алергенів домашніх тварин (28,7 %) та побутових алергенів (29 %)). Створення гіпосенсибілізуючого ефекту до вищезазначених облігатних алергенів дозволить запобігти розвитку атопії в дітей раннього віку. До алергенів риби, пшениці, бобових, арахісу, моркви, картоплі сенсибілізацію серед 318 дітей піддослідної групи не виявлено, що робить недоцільним елімінацію їх відповідно до загальноприйнятих рекомендацій із профілактики алергічних захворювань у дітей у Запорізькому регіоні.

Background. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergodermathosis that is widespread in children and adult populations. Sensibilization to food allergens prevails in children of early age, and to airborne allergens in older age. Impairments of skin barrier lead to increase in Staphylococcus aureus colonization and finally aggravate the course of AD and the sensibilization level.Objective. The aim of the study is to estimate the sensibilization spectrum in 3-6 years old children with AD and its correlation with severity.Methods. It was cross sectional study with two independent cohorts of 3-6 years old children with and without (healthy) AD. Estimation of sensibilization spectrum and revealing of correlation with disease severity were performed.Results. The study includes 106 children aged 4.4 ± 1.2 year (58.5% boys and 41.5% girls). Polysensibilization was revealed in 28.3% of children. According to our data: 3-6 years old children with AD most often had sensibilization to the cat epithelium (34.9%), cow's milk proteins (22.6%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mite (16.0%). Sensibilization to enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus was revealed in 7.5% children. We have recorded weak positive correlation between the AD severity and the level of specific IgE to airborne and food allergens. There was no statistically significant correlation between the AD severity and the level of specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins A and B. Conclusion. The most common sensibilization type among 3-6 years old children with AD was one to airborne allergens. Sensibilization to the cat epithelium prevails among airborne allergens, to the cow's milk proteins — among food allergens. The weak positive correlation between the AD severity and the level of specific IgE to airborne and food allergens was revealed. The weak negative correlation with the level of specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins A and B was revealed, thus the data was statistically insignificant.

Purpose Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten proteins and is often characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms. Food allergy (FA) is an adverse immune sensitivity to ingested food proteins leading to inflammation in various organs including the gastrointestinal tract. The relationship between CD and FA remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical relevance of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food sensitization in children with CD. Methods Fifty-nine children diagnosed with CD were reviewed for clinical symptoms and evidence of IgE-sensitization to food and airborne allergens using the PolyCheck method. Results IgE-mediated sensitization has been diagnosed in 20.3% of children with CD (CD/ A). In the CD/A group, 58.3% of children were sensitized to food and 66.7% to airborne allergens. Further, 41.7% of patients with CD and allergy reported gastrointestinal tract symptoms associated with the ingestion of sensitizing foods. Analysis of the clinical status revealed that the incidence of other allergic disorders in the CD/A group was as follows: atopic dermatitis (33.3%), asthma (25.0%), and allergic rhinitis (16.7%). The percentage of eosinophils was significantly higher in the CD/A group than in the CD group (0.33±0.25 vs. 0.11±0.09; p=0.006). Conclusion The diagnosis of CD does not exclude FA. The gastrointestinal symptoms in children with CD may be the result of both CD and FA; therefore, children with CD should be evaluated for the presence of FA regardless of age.

The respiratory epithelium forms the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens and acts as an important source of innate cytokine responses to environmental insults. One critical mediator of these responses is the IL-1 family cytokine IL-33, which is rapidly secreted upon acute epithelial injury as an alarmin and induces type 2 immune responses. Our recent work highlighted the importance of the NADPH oxidase dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) in acute airway epithelial IL-33 secretion by various airborne allergens associated with H2O2 production and reduction-oxidation–dependent activation of Src kinases and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. In this study, we show that IL-33 secretion in response to acute airway challenge with house dust mite (HDM) allergen critically depends on the activation of Src by a DUOX1-dependent oxidative mechanism. Intriguingly, HDM-induced epithelial IL-33 secretion was dramatically attenuated by small interfering RNA– or Ab-based approaches to block IL-33 signaling through its receptor IL1RL1 (ST2), indicating that HDM-induced IL-33 secretion includes a positive feed-forward mechanism involving ST2-dependent IL-33 signaling. Moreover, activation of type 2 cytokine responses by direct airway IL-33 administration was associated with ST2-dependent activation of DUOX1-mediated H2O2 production and reduction-oxidation–based activation of Src and EGFR and was attenuated in Duox1−/− and Src+/− mice, indicating that IL-33–induced epithelial signaling and subsequent airway responses involve DUOX1/Src–dependent pathways. Collectively, our findings suggest an intricate relationship between DUOX1, Src, and IL-33 signaling in the activation of innate type 2 immune responses to allergens, involving DUOX1-dependent epithelial Src/EGFR activation in initial IL-33 secretion and in subsequent IL-33 signaling through ST2 activation.

The house dust mite (HDM) is globally ubiquitous in human habitats. Thirty-two allergens for Dermatophagoides farinae and 21 for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus have been detected so far. The present minireview summarizes information about the role of Der p 1 as a key coordinator of the HDM-induced allergic response and reports on a series of Italian patients who are allergic to HDMs. We studied the specific IgE profiles in a population of patients with allergic asthma and rhinitis screened for specific immunotherapy (SIT) for HDM allergies, with the aim of obtaining insights into the pathogenic role of Der p1. Patients co-sensitized to other airborne allergens showed a higher prevalence of asthma (9/12 (75%) vs. 2/7 (29%); p < 0.05) than did HDM mono-sensitized patients. The latter group showed higher Der p1 concentrations than that of the co-sensitized group (p = 0.0360), and a direct correlation between Der p1 and Der p2 (r = 0.93; p = 0.0003) was observed. In conclusion, our study offers insights into the role of Der p1 in a population of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma who were candidates for SIT. Interestingly, Der p1 positivity was associated with bronchial asthma and co-sensitization.

At present, sensitization to airborne allergens in domestic animals is absolutely rightly considered one of the key risk factors for the development of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, as well as largely determines the development of severe forms of atopic dermatitis and respiratory allergosis. Of particular importance is the fact that, unlike other triggers, the elimination of allergens in domestic animals is often associated with internal resistance from patients. Various aspects of this problem are associated with a large number of baseless statement that lead to inadequate prevention and therapy, as well as negatively affecting the social activity of patients and their families. The article presents the current data on the prevalence of sensitization, the properties and clinical significance of the allergens of domestic animals, outlines approaches to conducting elimination activities.

Introduction Good evidence has been provided over the last three to four decades that the prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing in many developed countries worldwide. Recent data suggest that this increase may now be levelling off. Aim Retrospective analysis of the prevalence of IgE-dependent sensitization and changes in selected environmental allergens in the population of children and adolescents in the north-eastern region of Poland in the years 1998-2012. Material and methods Skin prick testing (SPT) with selected food allergens (trophoallergens) and airborne allergens was used to evaluate the sensitization process of patients recruited to the study in the years 1998-2012. A positive result of sensitization was defined when the patient had at least one positive skin prick test with the allergen studied. The skin prick tests were done after written consent had been obtained from the parents. Results The retrospective study included children and adolescents aged up to 18 years with a suspicion of an allergic disease, referred to the regional tertiary medical centre for further diagnosis. A total of 6577 patients were studied, including 1556 (23.7%) in 1998, 1473 (22.4%) in 2003, 1690 (25.7%) in 2008, and 1858 (28.2%) in 2012. Sensitization to at least one allergen was observed in 39.0% of the examined children (regardless of the allergen type), of which 8.1% were sensitized to food allergens only, 23.9% to airborne allergens only, and 7.0% simultaneously to food and airborne allergens. During the 14-year study period, an increase was noted in the percentage of the sensitized children from 35.3% at baseline to 40.4% when the study was completed. The percentage of those sensitized to food allergens increased from 10.5% (1998) to 20.1% (2012). The percentage of children sensitized to airborne allergens remained unchanged at the level of 28.2% in 1998 and 27.2% in 2012. Conclusions Measurement of skin prick test reactivity to different allergens is a useful and commonly used method in epidemiological studies for the assessment of allergic sensitization and changes in selected populations. The obtained results confirmed the need for systematic epidemiological research into allergic sensitization and allergic diseases among children and adolescents in Poland.

OBJECTIVE: Airway diseases, including allergic rhinitis, are prompted by specific IgE antibodies against airborne allergens and notably those derived from mites. The presented study focused on the specific IgE immediate response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) mite major allergens and the corresponding pertinence of molecular diagnosis in patients bothered with severe persistent rhinitis. METHODS: Individuals exhibiting confirmed sensitization to D. pteronyssinus along with a clinical diagnosis of coexisting severe allergic rhinitis were included in the study. In vivo investigations encompassed intradermal testing with a battery of standardized allergenic extracts, concurrent with in vitro specific IgE to the crude extract of D. pteronyssinus, and associated individual molecular allergens were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-five out of 59 subjects showed serodominant IgE responses to the major allergens Der p 1, Der p 2 and Der p 23. Both Der p 2 and Der p 23 reached a prevalence above 80%, while group 10 allergen tropomyosin was scarcely depicted (

Objectives The processing of seafood (fish and shellfish) for human consumption can lead to health consequences, including occupational asthma (OA). Several non-UK studies have reported both respiratory outcomes and airborne levels of major allergens in seafood processing. However, there is a paucity of such evidence in the UK land-based seafood processing sector, which employs some 20 000 workers. Methods University of Manchester’s Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Disease (SWORD) reporting system has been interrogated over the period 1992–2017 to define the incidence rate of OA cases that can be ascribed to the UK land-based processing sector, and the seafood species implicated. Airborne allergen monitoring data undertaken at Health and Safety Executive’s laboratory from 2003 to 2019 have also been collated. Results The estimated annual OA incidence rate in seafood processors was 70 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 48.9, 91.1] per 100 000 workers compared with 2.9 (95% CIs 2.8, 3.1) in ‘all other industries’. The annual calculated percentage trend in OA (1992–2017) was −8.1% (95% CIs −15.9, 0.4) in seafood processing showing a similar trend to ‘all other industries’ (mean −7.0%; 95% CIs −7.8, −6.1). Prawns and salmon/trout were notably implicated by SWORD as causative species related to OA. There is a general paucity of available UK airborne allergen monitoring data, particularly concerning processing salmon or trout. Available airborne monitoring for salmon parvalbumin in seven processors ranged between the limit of detection and 816 ng m−3 (n = 64). Available air monitoring levels of the major shellfish allergen (tropomyosin) during processing of crabs and prawns ranged between 1 and 101 600 ng m−3 (n = 280), highlighting that high levels of exposure can occur. Conclusions These data show an excess incidence of OA in the UK seafood processing industry during 1992–2017, with limited airborne monitoring data for the processing of prawn, crab, and salmon suggesting that significant exposure to major seafood allergens can occur in this industry. Further investigation of current levels of respiratory ill-health and the sources of allergen exposure are warranted.

Background Ficus carica is an edible fruit, belonging to the Moraceae family, rarely described as cause of food allergy. We describe the first case of fig allergy that occurred as a cross-reactivity between fig and Derp 1. Case presentation We present a case of a 10-years-old-girl, with a history of no-seasonal mild intermittent rhinitis, who experienced an immediate reaction after ingestion of a fresh fig. Skin prick tests (SPT) with commercial extracts of food, airborne allergens, latex and panallergens (profilin, PR-10 and lipid transfer protein) were performed. SPT revealed a sensitization only for dermatophagoides farina and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus which was then confirmed with by specific IgE assay (UniCAP, Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden). We also carried out a positive SPT with a commercial fig allergen (Lofarma, Milan, Italy) and prick-by-prick (PBP) both with skin and pulp of green raw and cooked fig. Fig specific serum IgE levels were 1.08 U/ml and specific IgE for rDer p1 was 16.20 U/ml (total serum IgE = 377 U/ml). In contrast specific IgE levels for latex, LTP, profilin, PR-10 and pollen allergens were negative. Conclusion The ficin, the major fig allergen, belongs to cysteine protease family like Der p 1. The symptoms presented by our patient could be related to a cross reactivity between these two proteins which present a structural homology.

Conjunctivitis affects many people across the globe, significantly disturbing the quality of life of the people who are affected. Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. Viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. Some of the most commonly diagnosed allergic diseases include atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and sinusitis. Other conditions, such as eosinophilic oesophagitis, the prevalence of which is on the rise, are being diagnosed across all continents, except for Africa. Allergic conjunctivitis is an allergic disease characterised by inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by airborne allergens; it presents as itching, excessive lacrimation, discharge and pink eye. Usually it is associated with other allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Allergic conjunctivitis is further divided into acute, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). Bacterial conjunctivitis, caused by bacterial and viral pathogens, may include three major categories: hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis, acute conjuncitivis and chronic conjunctivitis. The diagnosis is primarily clinical. This article provides an overview of these conditions and their current management options.

Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the complex interaction of genetic, immune and environmental factors such as food and airborne allergens. The atopy patch test (APT) is a useful way to determine delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to food and aeroallergens. Many studies have also suggested that food additives are associated with dermatologic adverse reactions and the aggravation of pre-existing atopic dermatitis symptoms. Aim To elucidate the contact sensitivity to food additives in children suffering from AD by using standardized atopy patch testing. Material and methods A total of 45 children with AD and 20 healthy children have been enrolled. All the children have regularly consumed food containing additives, and were subjected to atopy patch tests. Results In total, 28 (62%) children with AD and 4 (20%) healthy children have had positive patch test reactions to ≥ 1 allergens. There has been a significant difference (p = 0.04) between the groups in terms of the positivity rate in the patch test and the most common allergen that elicited positive patch test results in the AD group was azorubine (n = 11, 24.4%, p = 0.014). Conclusions In our study, contact sensitivity was detected more frequently in AD patients. Food additives may play a role in the development and exacerbation of AD. Atopy patch testing with food additives can be useful in the treatment and follow-up of children with AD.

Introduction The patterns of sensitisation to airborne allergens and their association with allergic diseases have been analysed in different geographical regions. Aim To analyse the impact of sensitisation to airborne allergens on allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma in different age groups of the Polish population. Material and methods Completed questionnaires of 18,617 subjects (53.8% females), collected within the ECAP, a cross-sectional multicentre study, were analysed. Three groups of respondents were included: 6-7-year-olds (24.2%), 13-14-year-olds (25.4%), 20-44-year-olds (50.4%). The clinical part (an anamnesis, physical examination, spirometry, skin prick tests and an assay of major airborne allergen-specific IgE) was attended by 25.7% of the respondents. Results The AR was most strongly related to sensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, with the highest odds ratios of 10 in two younger groups and of 16 for persistent AR in children. It was also the most important risk factor for allergic asthma, with odd ratios from 8.34 in children to 6.40 in adolescents. Sensitisation to grass pollen allergens was a major risk factor for both AR, with odds ratios from 9.16 in adults to 7.87 in adolescents, and asthma, with odds ratios from 6.16 in adolescents to 5.67 in adults. Conclusions AR and asthma shared common risk factors, independently of age. Sensitisation to airborne allergens was significantly associated with asthma and, even more strongly, with AR, across all age groups. The AR was the strongest risk factor for allergic asthma in the youngest group. Persistent AR increased asthma risk more than intermittent AR in all age groups.

IL-33, an IL-1 family cytokine, is constitutively expressed in mucosal tissues and other organs in healthy humans and animals, and expression levels increase in inflammatory conditions. Although IL-33–mediated promotion of type 2 immune responses has been well established, a gap in our knowledge regarding the functional diversity of this pleiotropic cytokine remains. To address this gap, we developed a new IL-33 transgenic mouse model in which overexpression of full-length IL-33 is induced in lung epithelial cells under conditional control. In adult mice, an ∼3-fold increase in the steady-state IL-33 levels produced no pathologic effects in the lungs. When exposed to airborne allergens, adult transgenic mice released more IL-33 extracellularly and exhibited robust type 2 immune responses. In neonatal transgenic mice, up to postnatal day 14, a similar increase in steady-state IL-33 levels resulted in increased mortality, enlarged alveolar spaces resembling bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and altered expression of genes associated with tissue morphogenesis. Processed 25-kDa IL-33 protein was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids without any exogenous stimuli, and pathologic changes were abolished in mice deficient in the IL-33 receptor ST2. These findings suggest that adult lungs are relatively resistant to IL-33 overexpression unless they encounter environmental insults, whereas developing lungs are highly susceptible, with IL-33 overexpression resulting in detrimental and pathologic outcomes.

Background Members of the Pleosporaceae family are known as important sources of airborne allergens which are responsible for asthma and allergic diseases. Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the gene profiling and expression pattern of Alt a 1 in Alternaria alternata and other members of the Pleosporaceae family including Stemphylium botryosum, Ulocladium chartarum, Curvularia lunata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Epicoccum nigrum. Methods Alternaria alternata and related genera were cultured on Czapek–Dox broth medium at 25 °C for 21 days. The presence of Alt a 1 was assessed in fungal culture filtrates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and then confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Real-time PCR was carried out for quantitation of the Alt a 1 gene encoding corresponding protein at the transcriptional level using cDNA prepared from fungal RNA. Results SDS–PAGE showed protein bands ranging from 14 to 100 kDa. A 14 kDa band corresponding to Alt a 1 was present in A. alternata, S. botryosum and U. chartarum. The gene expression of Alt a 1 was reported in A. alternata and some other related genera. The Ct mean value recorded for A. alternata strains ranged from 24.70 to 27.84 while it was in the range 23.62–32.09 for other related taxa. No apparent transcription or expression was revealed in C. cladosporioides. Conclusions The presence and efficient expression of Alt a 1 gene in A. alternata and other related taxa indicate that Alt a 1 protein is a major component of the secretory machinery of Pleosporaceae family members, and it may play a crucial role in its allergenicity.

Asthma is a chronic ,inflammatory ,respiratory tract disease accompanied by hypersensitivity of airways, recurring wheezing episodes, respiratory distress and coughing. The aim of this study was to estimate vitamin D level and specific IgE level in asthmatic children who were on controller medication and correlated their serum level with asthma control . Our results clarified that The serum vitamin[D] levels were closely related to asthma attacks. As,There were statistically significant positive correlations between serum vitamin D level and asthma control in asthmatic children. There were no significant difference in mean serum vitamin [D] between male and female and according to parent consanguinity while shows significant difference regarding order of sibling. there were no significant difference in mean serum vitamin [D] according to family history of atopy and passive smoking, while shows significant difference regarding family history of asthma, associated allergic condition, day time symptoms, night time awakness, degree of asthma control, recurrent hospital admission , interference with activity and frequency of exacerbation and influenza &pneumococcal vaccination. significant difference in mean serum vitamin [D] according to food born allergen: apple ,banana ,casein ,cow milk ,egg white, peanut while regarding airborne allergen shows nonsignificant difference with ,Der.pteronyssinus, Der.farinae ,Cockroach and Honey bee venom and Aspergillus fumigatus . Common wasp venom , Altearia alternate, Honey bee venum,Birch ,Candida albican ,Dog epith. and cat epithelium demonstrated significant difference. From our results, it would be concluded that there was a significant correlation between vitamin [D] level and asthma control in asthmatic children .

Summary Asthma affects three hundred million people worldwide. The effectiveness of house dust mite allergen control for asthma treatment is debatable. One aspect that has been little discussed in existing meta‐analyses is the possible role of environmental strategies. Here, we reintroduce the previously defined strategies for mite allergen control and discuss their importance to the debate on clinical effectiveness. The strategy of concurrent bedroom interventions is related to the combined use of a priori defined interventions, while the strategy of exposure‐based control relates to the treatment of relevant textiles after assessing exposure. The air purification strategy aims to purify the human breathing zone of airborne allergens. In Western European patient practice, the use of these strategies differs. A post hoc study of the dominant Cochrane review by Gøtzsche and Johansen (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, Art. No: CD001187) appears to indicate that a majority of the underlying trials reported on the strategy of concurrent bedroom interventions, which were mainly executed in a minimal manner. Some trials have reported on the air purification strategy and may potentially alter the debate on effectiveness. No trial has reported on the strategy of exposure‐based control. We therefore hypothesize that the absence of evidence for the effectiveness of mite allergen control for asthma treatment applies to the strategy of concurrent bedroom interventions. The evidence‐based effectiveness of the exposure‐based control strategy appears to be undetermined. The results of our post hoc reanalysis urge that future meta‐analyses of mite allergen control should a priori define the environmental strategy under study. Future trials of mite allergen control are warranted to test the exposure‐based strategy as well as the sparsely tested strategy of air purification.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) affects 23-30% of the European population with equal prevalence reported in Belgium. Despite guidelines on the correct use of effective treatment, up to 40% of AR patients remain uncontrolled. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been shown to improve the level of control up to 84% of patients being controlled by AIT. Recently, new guidelines for AIT have been published, supporting the clinical evidence for effectiveness of various subcutaneous and sublingual products for AIT in patients who are allergic to airborne allergens. AIT in AR patients not only reduces nasal and/or ocular symptoms but also induces tolerance and has preventive potential. Adoption of AIT into daily clinical practice in Belgium and other European countries is hampered primarily by reimbursement issues of each of the single products but also by several patient- and physician-related factors. Patients need to be better informed about the effectiveness of AIT and the different routes of administration of AIT. Physicians dealing with AR patients should inform patients on tolerance-inducing effects of AIT and are in the need of a harmonized and practical guide that supports them in selecting eligible patients for AIT, in choosing evidence-based AIT products and in following treatment protocols with proven efficacy. Therefore, a stepwise and holistic approach is needed for better adoption of AIT in the real-life setting in Belgium. ispartof: CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ALLERGY vol:9 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published

Summary Objective. To estimate the prevalence of self-reported adverse reactions (AdR) to subcutaneous airborne allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) and to describe factors associated with its occurrence. Methods. Real-life, observational, descriptive study of all patients treated with SCIT at a Portuguese allergy unit between 03/2017 and 06/2019, and who answered ≥1 time to a pre-SCIT evaluation questionnaire assessing the occurrence of local and/or systemic AdR in the previous administration. Results. 939 questionnaires from 231 patients (42% female, 35% with asthma) were included. Most (60%) SCIT preparations had multiple allergens with concentration adjusted to prevent dilution (MA-NoDil), 26% were single allergen with standard concentration (SA-SC), 10% single allergen with higher than standard concentration (SA-HC), and 4% mixtures without concentration adjustment (MA-Dil). SCIT-related AdR were self-reported in 313 (33%) administrations, 97% at the injection site and 11% grade 1 systemic symptoms. In a multivariable model, being a female and having asthma were associated with higher risk of AdR. MA-NoDil SCIT presented a lower risk of AdR compared to SA-SC SCIT. Conclusions. SCIT-related AdR were self-reported in 1/3 of the administrations, most at the injection site. The risk of AdR was higher in females and in patients with asthma. The lower risk of adverse reactions observed in SCIT preparations with multiple allergens with no dilutional effect should be further explored in future, targeted studies.

Asthma is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by chronic lung inflammation and reversible airways obstruction. Pathophysiological features of asthma include episodic and reversible airway narrowing due to increased bronchial smooth muscle shortening in response to external and host-derived mediators, excessive mucus secretion into the airway lumen, and airway remodeling. The aberrant airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype observed in asthma manifests as increased sensitivity to contractile mediators (EC50) and an increase in the magnitude of contraction (Emax); collectively these attributes have been termed “airways hyper-responsiveness” (AHR). This defining feature of asthma can be promoted by environmental factors including airborne allergens, viruses, and air pollution and other irritants. AHR reduces airway caliber and obstructs airflow, evoking clinical symptoms such as cough, wheezing and shortness of breath. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a central function in asthma through their impact on ASM and airway inflammation. Many but not all treatments for asthma target GPCRs mediating ASM contraction or relaxation. Here we discuss the roles of specific GPCRs, G proteins, and their associated signaling pathways, in asthma, with an emphasis on endogenous mechanisms of GPCR regulation of ASM tone and lung inflammation including regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestin.

Background Studies have demonstrated an adverse role of outdoor allergens on respiratory symptoms. It is unknown whether this effect is independent or synergistic of outdoor air pollutants. Methods We systematically reviewed all epidemiological studies that examined interaction effects between counts of outdoor airborne allergens (pollen, fungal spores) and air pollutants, on any respiratory health outcome in children and adults. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases. Each study was summarized qualitatively and assessed for quality and risk of bias (International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews, registration number CRD42020162571). Results Thirty-five studies were identified (15 timeseries, eight case-crossovers, 11 panels and one cohort study), of which 12 reported a significant statistical interaction between an allergen and air pollutant. Eight interactions were related to asthma outcomes, including one on lung function measures and wheeze, three to medical consultations for pollinosis and one to allergic symptoms (nasal, ocular or bronchial). There was no consensus as to which allergen or air pollutant is more likely to interact. No study investigated whether interactions are stronger in atopic individuals. Conclusion Despite strong evidence from small experimental studies in humans, only a third of studies identified significant allergen-pollutant interactions using common epidemiological study designs. Exposure misclassification, failure to examine subgroups at risk, inadequate statistical power or absence of population-level effects are possible explanations., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image, Highlights • Whether allergen and pollutants interact to affect respiratory health is unknown. • A systematic review of epidemiological studies was conducted. • Studies in English were searched from the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases. • There was no consensus as to which allergen or pollutant is likely to interact. • Evidence of allergen-pollutant interactions on respiratory health is weak.

Early life respiratory insults, such as viral infections or hyperoxia, often increase asthma susceptibility later in life. The mechanisms underlying this increased susceptibility are not fully understood. IL-33 has been shown to be critically involved in allergic airway diseases. IL-33 expression in the neonatal lung can be increased by various respiratory insults associated with asthma development. Therefore, we investigated whether and how early life increases in IL-33 impact allergic airway responses later in life. Using a novel IL-33 transgenic mouse model, in which full-length IL-33 was inducible overexpressed in lung epithelial cells, we transiently upregulated lung IL-33 expression in neonatal mice for one week. After resting for 4–6 weeks, mice were intranasally exposed to a single-dose of recombinant IL-33 or the airborne allergen Alternaria. Alternatively, mice were exposed to Alternaria and ovalbumin multiple times for one month. We found that a transient increase in IL-33 expression during the neonatal period promoted IL-5 and IL-13 production when mice were later exposed to a single-dose of IL-33 or Alternaria in adulthood. However, increased IL-33 expression during the neonatal period did not affect airway inflammation, type 2 cytokine production, lung mucus production, or antigen-specific antibody responses when adult mice were exposed to Alternaria and ovalbumin multiple times. These results suggest that transient increased IL-33 expression early in life may have differential effects on allergic airway responses in later life, preferentially affecting allergen-induced acute type 2 cytokine production.

Background: One third of all toddlers are in need of medical care because of acute wheeze and many of these children continue to have asthma at school age. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of asthma among the children in GEWAC at age 7 years. And investigate why some children continue to have recurrent wheeze and asthma at school age. Methods: The study included 156 cases with acute wheeze, recruited from the paediatric emergency ward, Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden and 102 age-matched controls. Cases attended a follow-up visit after 3 months, after one year and at age 7 years. The protocol included questionnaires, ACT, FENO, nasopharyngeal virus samples, blood sampling for cell count, Vitamin D and IgE to food and airborne allergens. Results: A total of 70.8 % of the cases and 1.9 % of the controls had asthma at age 7 (p

Since the spread of SARS-CoV-2 became a pandemic, the number of cases has been continuously growing worldwide. Numerous recommendations and suggestions have been published to prevent the acquisition and spread of the SARS-CoV-2, especially to protect health workers and front-line caregivers. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by aerosol, rendering air defense with suitable ventilation and adequate mask use pivotal. Recently, locally applied antiseptic, antiviral, or structure competitive receptor blockers were suggested to attack the virus at its main point of invasion, the nasal mucosa and nasopharynx. We discuss the most plausible and safe ideas to reduce viral load at the point of entry, and subsequently the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to the lower respiratory tract, lungs, and other organs. In addition, we analyze the value and recommend clinical trials employing topical trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a substance well known from dermatologic and cosmetic procedures. It has been proven to successfully block the nasal entry for airborne allergens, preventing the development of allergic rhinitis and asthma, and to be curative for early stages of viral infections entering through the oral mucosa. For SARS-CoV-2, TCA in a single, short-time application is expected to remodel the nasal and nasopharyngeal epithelia, eliminating both the receptors and cells responsible for viral entry and subsequent viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. Moreover, this may have therapeutic benefits for those recently infected by reducing local viral replication. Such procedures are cheap, safe, and can be conducted in almost every setting, especially in regions with inadequate financial and logistic resources.

Pollen released by urban flora is the mayor contributor to airborne allergen content, with adverse impact on human health, representing one of the main ecosystems disservices. The Vesuvius National Park (Southern Italy) develops on an area of 8017 ha, falling within thirteen municipalities, in which 345,000 people live. Pollination events in the park may pose a threat to the health of people damaging their well-being. The objective of this work is to establish the potential allergenic value of the plant species occurring in the Vesuvius National Park, so that the allergenicity of the park can be estimated through version novel approach for Index of Urban Green Zones Allergenicity (modIUGZA). It allows the determination of allergenicity of extended areas, by using sampling area and subsequent estimation of plant covers with Braun-Blanquet scale. Sampling areas have been defined and phytosociological surveys have been conducted to register plant species, relative covers and allergenicity potential. As a weighting factor, the surfaces of the park total area, and municipalities’ areas were used. First, we obtained the results by the traditional deterministic approach. The results indicated that an allergic risk cannot be excluded for Ottaviano municipality and the whole park. Subsequently, we developed a quantitative risk assessment model for allergenic risk based on probabilistic model resulting in a more exhaustive risk assessment. There is a 5% probability that in the Vesuvius National Park, the vegetation may rise to an allergenic risk. The municipality-level probabilistic risk outcomes also reveal a certain probability of risk even for eleven municipalities. Sensitivity analysis indicate that plant height and vegetation cover mainly affect expected risk. This tool may be useful to forecast and prevent pollinosis related events on a large scale, allowing risk mitigation measure in health protection perspective.

Exposure to airborne allergens from mice and rats can lead to laboratory animal asthma or allergy. Several biological methods can measure allergens contained in aerosols; however, they are time and cost intensive. An innovative methodology is proposed to warn laboratory animal facility workers of a possible rise in mouse and rat allergens by measuring the relationships between airborne allergens, particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). By using a low-cost sensor (average difference respect to reference methods of 3 and 9% for PM2.5 and VOC, respectively), Spearman’s rank correlation between allergens and time-averaged PM and VOCs was found to be 0.3 and − 0.07, respectively. These numbers indicate a poor correlation between allergens and PM2.5 and VOC; however, by considering only the spikes in PM minute-by-minute data, the relation between time-average PM and allergens increases up to 0.71. This high value indicates the applicability of PM low-cost sensors in laboratory animal centers as a warning sign of raising values of allergens. Mouse and rat allergens are present in the animals’ urine, which can become aerosolized during animal activity, or task activities carried out in the laboratory facility. While previous references established a correlation between activities and mouse and rat allergens, the results are outdated and refer to a limited number of activities. For example, washing lab coats, changing uniforms, sitting in an office space, having lunch, or walking in any corridor are shown in this study to contain on average 1.77, 0.96, 0.65, 0.88, and 1.62 ng/m3 of rat allergens, respectively. Thus, locations that do not contain any direct source of allergens are positive to the presence of mouse and rat allergens.

Efficacy of Oral Tolerance Induction to raw apple using an Ultra-Rush protocol in 28 patients allergic to rosaceae fruits: RAAP StudyTo the Editor,The diagnosis of pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) or oral allergy syndrome (OAS) relies on clinical history together with demonstration of allergen-specific IgE. PFAS is mainly observed in central and northern Europe. These symptoms follow the consumption of raw fruits1 and last 30 minutes, then stop ; but they tend to worsen over time, leading patients to avoid eating raw rosaceae fruit and many other raw fruits. This clinical presentation evolves concurrently with birch pollen allergy2. Over 70% of patients with birch allergy suffer from PFAS to rosaceae, particularly to raw apple3 . Therapeutic management is limited 4 , based on avoidance of trigger foods5.The results of betulaceae pollen immunotherapy remain limited6 . Raw Golden apple (RGA) desensitization has already been described by NUCERA et al. in 20107 in 2 patients. Likewise, RGA tolerance induction was described in 2012 by KOPAC et al8 and in 2014 by BOUVIER et al9 according to slow protocols where the maintenance dose was reached over several months.We realized a retrospective observational impact study to present an accelerated protocol or ultra-rush (UR) for resumption of RGA intake performed in two private hospitals of the Lyon region (France), the Charcot clinic and the Beaujolais clinic, on 28 patients hospitalized between June 2016 until October 2017. The study was appropriately registered (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04116580).Eligible patients were 10 years of age and older with allergic rhinitis related to PFAS for raw rosacea with avoidance of this family of fruits for at least 6 months. Subjects were excluded from the study in case of severe allergic reaction to rosacea or uncontrolled asthma with FEV1 < 70%. The medical procedure consisted of 4 phases. During the first consultation, each patient’s medical history was collected. Prick tests with airborne allergen and raw golden apple (RGA) were performed according to the prick-prick technic 10; specific IgE for apple, rBet v 1, rBet v 2\sout, rPru p 3 were prescribed. In total the inclusion of patients was based on their clinical history.For the UR, patients were not on antihistamines. At time 0 (T0), prick test were performed with RGA9. At T0 +20 minutes, patients took 1 g of unpeeled RGA , then by doubling regularly the doses from 2g to 128g, to reach a 255 g cumulative dose within in 3 hours.Then, half of an unpeeled RGA was consumed daily at home for one month, and one whole RGA daily the following month. For the patients who underwent the UR procedure between mid-April and mid-July, intake of other raw rosaceae was permitted at the end of week 5 post UR. A two-month evaluation consultation was conducted. Afterwards, patients had to maintain their tolerance by consuming half a raw apple of any type three times a week. A telephone interview was performed at 1 year of the UR to evidence tolerance and compliance.FIGURE 1 Shematic overview of the Ultra-Rush protocolTABLE 1 Population profile - Allergologic and Biological results

Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a widespread chronic skin disease associated with different atopic disorders and allergies. These associations, similar to overall AD pathophysiology, are entangled, multifactorial and they are yet to be clarified. IgE and non IgE mediated pathomechanisms appear to be implicated in AD. Allergens constitute key aspects in AD pathogenesis, as they may serve as trigger factors. This review emphasizes mainly house dust mites (HDM), as they are likely the most relevant airborne allergen for AD. Here we review in a concise form the mite allergens, the role of molecular diagnosis and the treatment strategies for HDM. Strategies of avoiding allergens, with a few exceptions, are not enough to control children's AD; recent studies show HDM avoidance procedures in diagnosed AD are insufficient. Regardless, some guidelines acknowledge the benefit of mattress and pillow covers in patients with dust mite sensitization that are unresponsive to optimal AD management. Most clinical trials investigating allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) as a potential treatment for AD were done with adult patients; a scarce number of studies looked into the efficacy of AIT as a treatment option in children suffering from AD, with conflicting data among them. One of the most feasible of these studies showed significant improvement of AD outcomes only in the mild/moderate group, but not in the severe group. Uncontrolled studies are hard to interpret, considering the natural history of remitting and relapsing of AD, in many of the patients, without clinical interventions. More AIT studies, especially pediatric studies, are required in order to either prove the reproducibility of positive results or to deny its effectiveness.

The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased dramatically in recent years in China, affecting the quality of life in 40% of the population. The identification of allergens is the key to the diagnosis of allergic diseases. Presently, several methods of allergy diagnostics are available in China, but they have not been standardized. Additionally, cross-sensitization and co-sensitization make allergy diagnostics even more complicated. Based on 4 aspects of allergic disease (mechanism, diagnosis procedures, allergen detection in vivo and in vitro as well as the distribution map of the most important airborne allergens in China) and by referring to the consensus of the European Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, the World Allergy Organization, and the important literature on allergy diagnostics in China in recent years, we drafted this consensus of allergy diagnostics with Chinese characteristics. It aims to standardize the diagnostic methods of allergens and provides a reference for health care givers. The current document was prepared by a panel of experts from the main stream of professional allergy associations in China.

Cupressaceae pollen is one of the major airborne allergens of the Mediterranean region and in other regions around the world. Pollen production of these species causes considerable allergic problems during winter, being this type of pollen the most abundant in this period of the year. This work aims to relate phenology, meteorology and airborne pollen records in these species. Aerobiological sampling was carried out in Badajoz (SW Spain) from 2016 to 2018 using Hirst-type volumetric sampler. Pollination phenology was studied in 50 specimens, ten of Cupressus macrocarpa, ten of Cupressus arizonica, 15 of Cupressus sempervirens and 15 of Platycladus orientalis with a frequency of 3–4 days on average during the months of January to March. In all cases, five specimens were in the surrounding of pollen station and at least five of them 4 km apart. For phenology, BBCH methodology was used. Daily data for the whole period and hourly data for the last 2 years were analyzed, including pollen records and meteorology. Comparison between pollen records and sources distribution was assessed. Main pollen season lasted on average 91 (89–94) days. In all the years, the peaks of phenology of the different species can be matched with peaks of airborne pollen records, considering that rain can prevent a more precise correspondence.

Background Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) has the potential to modify allergic diseases, and it is also considered a potential therapy for allergic asthma. House dust mite (HDM) allergens, a common source of airborne allergen in human diseases, have been developed as an immunotherapy for patients with allergic asthma via the subcutaneous and sublingual routes. Oral immunotherapy with repeated allergen ingestion is emerging as another potential modality of ASIT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the oral ingestion of HDM extracts in a murine model of allergic asthma. Methods BABL/c mice were sensitized twice by intraperitoneal injection of HDM extracts and Al(OH)3 on day 1 and day 8. Then, the mice received challenge to induce airway inflammation by intratracheal instillation of HDM extracts on days 29–31. The treatment group received immunotherapy with oral HDM extracts ingestion before the challenge. All the mice were sacrificed on day 32 for bronchoalveolar inflammatory cytokines, mediastinal lymph node T cells, lung histology, and serum HDM-specific immunoglobulins analyses. Results Upon HDM sensitization and following challenge, a robust Th2 cell response and eosinophilic airway inflammation were observed in mice of the positive control group. The mice treated with HDM extracts ingestion had decreased eosinophilic airway inflammation, suppressed HDM-specific Th2 cell responses in the mediastinal lymph nodes, and attenuated serum HDM-specific IgE levels. Conclusions Oral immunotherapy with HDM extracts ingestion was demonstrated to have a partial therapeutic effect in the murine model of allergic asthma. This study may serve as the basis for the further development of oral immunotherapy with HDM extracts in allergic asthma.

Over a period of eight years, were assessed the main types of airborne pollen in Mexico City (a tropical region). We established the airborne pollen calendar and we evaluated the associations between aeroallergens and allergic diseases in children treated at hospitals. A Hirst-type volumetric spore trap was placed in an open area within the Chapultepec Forest, and pollen records were obtained during the flowering period of the plants. A total of 502 patients between 1 and 17 years old were evaluated. The patients were diagnosed by skin testing with extracts of tree pollen, grass and weeds. During the monitoring period, the airborne pollen grains were dominated by trees (Fraxinus, Cupressaceae, Alnus, Quercus) followed by Poaceae, with the highest average values detected between January and February. Children with positive reactions to pollen aeroallergens were diagnosed with allergic diseases. The predominant airborne allergens were determined. An airborne pollen calendar was established. A close association was found between the most frequent and abundant pollen types and the responses of children produced by exposure to pollen grains. Children with positive reactions to pollen were diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and keratoconjunctivitis.

At present, sensitization to airborne allergens in domestic animals is absolutely rightly considered one of the key risk factors for the development of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, as well as largely determines the development of severe forms of atopic dermatitis and respiratory allergosis. Of particularimportance isthe fact that, unlike othertriggers, the elimination of allergensin domestic animals is often associated with internal resistance from patients. The article presents the current data on the prevalence of sensitization, the properties and clinical significance of the main allergens of cats and dogs, outlines approaches to conducting elimination activities.

PM2.5 pollution is a widespread environmental and health problem, particularly in China. Besides leading to well-known diseases in the respiratory system, PM2.5 can also alter immune function to induce or aggravate allergic diseases. To determine whether there are temporal and spatial differences in the allergic responses to PM2.5, monthly samples were collected from four regions (urban, industrial, suburban, and rural areas) through a whole year in Nanjing city, China. Inorganic chemical components (metals and water-soluble ions) of PM2.5 were analyzed, and the rat basophil cells (RBL-2H3) exposed to PM2.5 were assessed through quantitative measures of degranulation (β-hex and histamine) and pro-inflammation cytokine (IL-4 and TNF-α) expression. The highest levels of β-hex were measured in winter and spring PM2.5 from urban and industrial areas, or autumn PM2.5 from suburban and rural areas. With respect to histamine, autumn PM2.5 samples were most potent irrespective of the location. Autumn and winter PM2.5 induced higher levels of IL-4 than spring and summer samples. However, spring and autumn PM2.5 caused higher levels of TNF-α. The concentrations of water-soluble ions (NH4+, K+ and Cl-), as well as heavy metals (Pb and Cr), were directly and statistically correlated to the inflammation observed in vitro. In general, the differences between regional and seasonal PM2.5 in stimulating cell degranulation may depend on endotoxin and airborne allergen content of PM2.5. The heavy metals and water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were mostly anthropogenic, which increased the particles' mass-based cellular inflammatory potential, therefore, their health risks, e.g. from vehicular exhaust, coal, and biomass combustion, cannot be ignored.

The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous chemicals, airborne allergens, etc. by means of its physical and microbiological-immune barrier functions. For this reason, oral mucosa is considered as a mirror to the health of the individual as well as a guard or early warning system. It is organized in two main components: a physical barrier, which consists of stratified epithelial cells and cell–cell junctions, and a microbiological-immune barrier that keeps the internal environment in a condition of homeostasis. Different factors, including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components, have been considered to play a critical role in disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Altered mucosal structure and barrier functions results in oral pathologies as well as systemic diseases. About 700 kinds of microorganisms exist in the human mouth, constituting the oral microbiota, which plays a significant role on the induction, training and function of the host immune system. The immune system maintains the symbiotic relationship of the host with this microbiota. Crosstalk between the oral microbiota and immune system includes various interactions in homeostasis and disease. In this review, after reviewing briefly the physical barriers of oral mucosa, the fundamentals of oral microbiome and oral mucosal immunity in regard to their barrier properties will be addressed. Furthermore, their importance in development of new diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for certain diseases as well as in the application for personalized medicine will be discussed.

Background: The link between asthma and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between FENO and asthma, taking genetics, sensitization, and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) into account. Methods: A total of 681 twins (53% monozygotic [MZ] and 47% dizygotic [DZ]) from the population-based STOPPA study (mean age 12.6 years) were recruited and information on FENO (parts per billion), parental report of current asthma, sensitization to airborne allergens (Phadiatop; IgE ≥0.35 kUA/l), and ICS-treatment was collected. We estimated the association between FENO and asthma, sensitization, and ICS in all twins and within pairs (DZ and MZ) to address shared genetic and environmental factors. Linear regression of log-transformed FENO was used and results presented as exponentiated regression coefficients (exp[β]), with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: We found an association between asthma and FENO in all twins, exp(β) 1.31 [1.11, 1.54]. In within-pairs analysis, the association was stronger within DZ pairs discordant for FENO, exp(β) 1.50 [1.19, 1.89], compared to MZ pairs, exp(β) 1.07 [0.84, 1.37], p = .049. There was no difference in FENO in non-sensitized children with asthma, compared to children with neither asthma nor sensitization, exp(β) 0.89 [0.77, 1.03]. However, increased FENO was associated with sensitization, exp(β) 1.48 [1.30, 1.69], and with sensitization together with asthma, exp(β) 1.98 [1.57, 2.51], in all twins and within DZ pairs discordant for FENO, but not in MZ pairs. The FENO asthma association remained in DZ pairs without regular ICS-treatment. Conclusions: The association between FENO and asthma is explained by genetics and sensitization.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus with an immunoallergic etiology. Few studies have been published on EoE in children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to analyze the demographic, clinical, serologic, endoscopic-histologic, and atopic characteristics of pediatric patients with EoE and to identify atopic and digestive comorbidities. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study in children and adolescents (

Platanus acerifolia pollen is considered an important source of airborne allergens in numerous cities. Pla a 1 is a major allergen from P. acerifolia pollen. The present study aimed to express and purify Pla a 1, and to prepare its monoclonal antibody. In the present study, the Pla a 1 gene was subcloned into a pET‑28a vector and transformed into the ArcticExpress™ (DE3) RP Escherichia coli host strain. The purified Pla a 1 was then used to immunize BALB/c mice. When serum detection was positive, spleen cells were isolated from the mice and fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells at a ratio of 10:1. Hybridoma cells were screened by indirect ELISA and limiting dilution. Positive cells were used to induce the formation of antibody‑containing ascites fluid, and the antibodies were purified using protein A‑agarose. The results of the present study demonstrated that recombinant Pla a 1 was successfully expressed and purified, and exhibited positive immunoglobulin E‑binding to serum from patients allergic to P. acerifolia. A total of 11 hybridomas that steadily secreted anti‑Pla a 1 antibody were obtained and an immunoblotting analysis indicated that all of these monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized the Pla a 1 protein. These results suggested that specific anti‑Pla a 1 antibodies may be obtained, which can be used for the rapid detection of Pla a 1 allergens and in the preparation of vaccines against P. acerifolia pollen.

Antecedentes: La prevalencia de sensibilización a alimentos en adultos presenta diferencias debido a las condiciones geográficas, regionales y culturales.Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la sensibilización a alimentos en adultos con alguna enfermedad alérgica.Métodos: Estudio transversal en el que se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de adultos con alguna enfermedad alérgica que presentaron al menos una prueba cutánea positiva a aeroalérgenos. Se registró edad, sexo, enfermedad alérgica de base y resultado de la prueba cutánea. El análisis estadístico incluyó prevalencia de sensibilización a alimentos e intervalos de confianza (IC) de 95 %, así como análisis multivariado para determinar los factores asociados.Resultados: Se incluyeron 258 pacientes con edad media de 36 años; 75 % fue del sexo femenino. La enfermedad de base más frecuente fue la rinitis alérgica (59 %). La prevalencia de sensibilización a alimentos fue de 37 % (IC 95 %, 31.5-43.3) y no varió significativamente según sexo o enfermedad alérgica. El alimento más sensibilizante fue la soya (44.8 %) y los factores asociados, la sensibilización al epitelio de gato (OR = 1.8; IC 95 %, 1.03-3.2) y 5 o más pruebas cutáneas positivas (OR = 4.3; IC95 %, 2.3-8.1).Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sensibilización a alimentos en personas con enfermedad alérgica fue de 40 %; para determinarla en la población general se requieren estudios adicionales.

Musca domestica L. were collected from cattle diagnosed with bovine ringworm to evaluate the potential of the house fly to disseminate Trichophyton verrucosum E. Bodin, a fungal dermatophyte that is the causative agent for ringworm in cattle. Fungal isolates were cultured from 45 individual flies on supplemented Sabouraud dextrose agar, and isolates were identified using morphological and microscopic approaches. Each isolate was identified further by PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA locus with fungal-specific primers and subsequent amplicon sequencing. Trichophyton verrucosum was not identified using these approaches. However, 35 different fungal species representing 17 genera were cultured from collected flies, including several species that are allergenic and pathogenic to humans and animals. Several species within the fungal orders Hypocreales, Microascales, Onygenales, Saccharomycetales, Xylaniales, and Agaricales were observed for the first time on house flies. The most frequent fungus recovered was Cladosporium cladosporoides Fresen, which is known to be a ubiquitous, airborne allergen to humans.

In allergic asthma, inhalation of airborne allergens such as the house dust mite (HDM) effectively activates both innate and adaptive immunity in the lung mucosa. To determine the role of the eicosanoid PGI2 and its receptor IP during allergic airway sensitization, HDM responses in mice lacking a functional IP receptor (i.e., PGI2 IP receptor–deficient [IP−/−]) were compared with wild type (WT) mice. Surprisingly, IP−/− mice had increased numbers of pulmonary CD3−NK1.1+Ly49b+ NK cells producing IFN-γ that was inversely associated with the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) expressing IL-33Rα and IL-13 compared with WT animals. This phenomenon was associated with elevated CX3CL1 levels in the airways of IP−/− mice and treatment with a neutralizing Ab to CX3CL1 reduced IFN-γ production by the lung NK cells. Remarkably, IP−/− mice were less responsive to HDM challenge than WT counterparts because intranasal instillation of the allergen induced markedly reduced levels of airway eosinophils, CD4+ lymphocyte infiltration, and mucus production, as well as depressed levels of CCL2 chemokine and Th2 cytokines. NK cells were responsible for such attenuated responses because depletion of NK1.1+ cells in IP−/− mice restored both the HDM-induced lung inflammation and ILC2 numbers, whereas transfer of CD3−NK1.1+ NK cells into the airways of WT hosts suppressed the inflammatory response. Collectively, these data demonstrate a hitherto unknown role for PGI2 in regulating the number and properties of NK cells resident in lung tissue and reveal a role for NK cells in limiting lung tissue ILC2s and preventing allergic inflammatory responses to inhaled HDM allergen.