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3. Neuro-Symbolic Spatio-Temporal Reasoning

Author

Lee, J.H., Sioutis, M., Ahrens, K., Alirezaie, Marjan, Kerzel, M., Wermter, S., Lee, J.H., Sioutis, M., Ahrens, K., Alirezaie, Marjan, Kerzel, M., and Wermter, S.

Abstract

Knowledge about space and time is necessary to solve problems in the physical world. Spatio-Temporal knowledge, however, is required beyond interacting with the physical world, and is also often transferred to the abstract world of concepts through analogies and metaphors. As spatial and temporal reasoning is ubiquitous, different attempts have been made to integrate this into AI systems. In the area of knowledge representation, spatial and temporal reasoning has been largely limited to modeling objects and relations and developing reasoning methods to verify statements about objects and relations. On the other hand, neural network researchers have tried to teach models to learn spatial relations from data with limited reasoning capabilities. Bridging the gap between these two approaches in a mutually beneficial way could allow us to tackle many complex real-world problems. In this chapter, we view this integration problem from the perspective of Neuro-Symbolic AI. Specifically, we propose a synergy between logical reasoning and machine learning that will be grounded on spatial and temporal knowledge. A (symbolic) spatio-Temporal knowledge base and a base of possibly grounded examples could provide a dependable causal seed upon which machine learning models could generalize. Describing some successful applications, remaining challenges, and evaluation datasets pertaining to this direction is the main topic of this contribution.

Published
2023
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8. Evaluating the influence of metaphor in news on foreign-policy support

Author

Ahrens, K., Burgers, C., Zhong, Y., and Corporate Communication (ASCoR, FMG)

Abstract

Metaphors are often used for presenting government policy to the general public in news, but the degree to which metaphors affect evaluation of such policies is not well understood. We conducted three between-subjects experiments (Nexperiment-1 = 331; Nexperiment-2 = 301; Nexperiment-3 = 608), in which participants read news items about foreign policies. News items contained either (a) novel metaphors, (b) conventional metaphors, or (c) literal controls. Results demonstrated that novel metaphors increased cognitive text perceptions, which led participants to evaluate proposed policies more favorably in a longer passage (Experiment 1) but not in a shorter passage with a larger percentage of metaphors (Experiments 2 and 3). By contrast, Experiments 2 and 3 showed a sequential indirect effect of novel metaphors (vs. controls) through perceived novelty and affective text perceptions on policy support. These results demonstrate that novel metaphors are helpful to readers processing texts about new topics as they draw attention to the language with their novelty, but remain familiar enough to generate positive affect.

Published
2022

14. Einfluss von HPV-Typ und Therapie auf das outcome bei juveniler und adulter Larynxpapillomatose

Author

Ahrens, K, Kroll, T, Klußmann, JP, and Wittekindt, C

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Einleitung: Einheitliche Therapieempfehlungen für die rezidivierende Papillomatose des Larynx (RRP) existieren weder für im Kindesalter erkrankte Patienten (juvenile onset-type/JORRP) noch für Erwachsene (adult onset-type/AORRP). Material und Methoden: Wir analysierten eine[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 87. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie

Published
2016
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16. Applikation von Avastin® bei der adulten Rezidivierenden Larynxpapillomatose; ein Fallbericht

Author

Ahrens, K, Kroll, T, Wittekindt, C, and Klußmann, JP

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Einleitung: Die adulte Form der laryngealen Rezidivierenden Respiratorische Papillomatose (RRP) zeigt einen variablen Krankheitsverlauf. In der Literatur sind verschiedene Therapiestrategien der RRP mit und ohne adjuvanter Therapie beschrieben. Aufgrund geringer Fallzahlen, fehlenden Langzeitdaten und multizentrischen Studien sind diese sehr uneinheitlich. Das Mittel der Wahl ist nach wie vor die chirurgische Abtragung der Papillome. Möglicherweise kann die adjuvante, intraoperative Applikation von Avastin® die interoperativen Intervalle verlängern. Methodik/Falldarstellung: Ein Patient mit einer adulten RRP wurde wiederholt mit kalt schneidenden Instrumenten und Saugkauterisation operiert. In der letzten Operation erfolgte nach der Resektion der Papillome die Applikation von Avastin® intraläsional. Verglichen wurde die durchschnittliche Zeit der interoperativen Intervalle vor der Appliaktion von Avastin® mit dem rezidivfreien Zeitraum seit der Gabe von Avastin®. Ergebnisse: Der Patient hat einen beidseitigen supraglottischen Papillombefall, welcher bis in die Glottisebene reicht. Er wurde in den letzten 10 Jahren 28 mal operiert. Das interoperative Intervall variiert zwischen 2 und 6 Monaten (durchschnittlich 3,8 Monate). Seit der Applikation von Avastin® vor 11 Monaten besteht keine Indikation zur erneuten Abtragung. Schlussfolgerung: In dem von uns beschriebenen Fall hat sich nach intraläsionaler Gabe von Avastin® das interoperative Intervall verlängert. Ob Avastin® tatsächlich zu längfristigen rezidivfreien Intervallen führen könnte, muss an einer höheren Patientenzahl und längerer Beobachtungszeit bestätigt werden. Der Erstautor gibt keinen Interessenkonflikt an., GMS Current Posters in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; 11:Doc382; ISSN 1865-1038

Published
2015

18. DVT-Sialographie – eine additive Untersuchungstechnik zur Darstellung der Ausführungsgänge großer Kopfspeicheldrüsen

Author

Kroll, T, Wittekindt, C, Streckbein, P, Ahrens, K, and Klußmann, JP

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Einleitung: Rezidivierende Schwellungen der großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen ohne klinischen und sonographischen Nachweis von Pathologien der Ausführungsgänge oder des Drüsenparenchyms stellen für den HNO-Arzt eine Herausforderung dar. Die DVT-Sialographie mit intraduktaler Kontrastmittelapplikation[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 86. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie

Published
2015
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19. Altersamyloidose des Larynx – ein Fallbeispiel

Author

Ahrens, K, Dreyer, T, Kroll, T, Wittekindt, C, and Klußmann, JP

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Einleitung: Amyloidosen entstehen durch extrazelluläre Ablagerung von dem Protein Amyloid. Laryngeale Amyloidosen sind eine seltene Manifestation. Sie machen etwa 0,2 bis 1,2% aller gutartigen Tumore des Larynx aus. Betroffen sind bei laryngealen Amyloidosen zumeist die Stimmbänder und[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 85. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie

Published
2014
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21. Clinical and Immunologic Effects of Allergen-Specific Sublingual Immunotherapy in a Canine Model of Atopic Dermatitis: A Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study

Author

Marsella R and Ahrens K

Subjects
Ragweed, Timothy-grass, Allergy, biology, business.industry, Atopic dermatitis, Immunoglobulin E, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Slit, law.invention, Allergen, Randomized controlled trial, law, Immunology, biology.protein, medicine, business
Abstract

Sublingual Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (SLIT) has been advocated for the treatment for allergies. Controlled studies are difficult to perform in humans due to the variety of allergies, diet, and allergenic exposure. This prospective, randomized, controlled study evaluated clinical and immunological effects of one year of SLIT using an experimental model of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Eighteen Beagles, sensitized to dust mites, timothy grass and ragweed were divided into control (n=6, vehicle) and active (n=12, 3 allergens) groups. Allergen challenge and scoring of clinical signs was done before and at the end of one year of SLIT. Blood was drawn at baseline, 4,8, and 12 months of SLIT and 2 months after stopping SLIT to measure allergen-specific IgE, IL-10, and TGF-beta. After 12 months of SLIT, ANOVA showed significant decrease of clinical scores for both groups (p

Published
2013
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22. Das gut differenzierte neuroendokrine Karzinom der Nasennebenhöhle – ein Fallbericht

Author

Ahrens, K, Kroll, T, Dreyer, T, Klußmann, JP, Wittekindt, C, and Stein, M

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Einleitung: Das gut differenzierte neuroendokrine Karzinom gehört zur Gruppe der neuroendokrinen Tumore (NET). Diese sind in der Lage vasoaktive Hormone wie Histamin und Serotonin zu sezernieren, diese können Symptome wie Flush-Reaktionen und Tachykardien auslösen. NET treten bevorzugt[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 84. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie

Published
2013
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27. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 expression is decreased in human hypertensive nephrosclerosis

Author

Bramlage, Carsten, Tampe, B, Koziolek, M, Maatouk, I, Bevanda, J, Bramlage, P, Ahrens, K, Lange, K, Schmid, H, Cohen, C D, Kretzler, M, Müller, G A, Bramlage, Carsten, Tampe, B, Koziolek, M, Maatouk, I, Bevanda, J, Bramlage, P, Ahrens, K, Lange, K, Schmid, H, Cohen, C D, Kretzler, M, and Müller, G A

Abstract

Background: Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-7 is protective in different animal models of acute and chronic kidney disease. Its role in human kidneys, and in particular hypertensive nephrosclerosis, has thus far not been described. Methods: BMP-7 mRNA was quantified using real-time PCR and localised by immunostaining in tissue samples from normal and nephrosclerotic human kidneys. The impact of angiotensin (AT)-II and the AT-II receptor antagonist telmisartan on BMP-7 mRNA levels and phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8 (pSmad 1/5/8) expression was quantified in proximal tubular cells (HK-2). Functional characteristics of BMP-7 were evaluated by testing its influence on TGF-b induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), expression of TGF-b receptor type I (TGF-bRI) and phosphorylated Smad 2 (pSmad 2) as well as on TNF-a induced apoptosis of proximal tubular cells. Results: BMP-7 was predominantly found in the epithelia of the distal tubule and the collecting duct and was less abundant in proximal tubular cells. In sclerotic kidneys, BMP-7 was significantly decreased as demonstrated by real-time PCR and immunostaining. AT-II stimulation in HK-2 cells led to a significant decrease of BMP-7 and pSmad 1/5/8, which was partially ameliorated upon co-incubation with telmisartan. Only high concentrations of BMP-7 (100 ng/ml) were able to reverse TNF-a-induced apoptosis and TGF-b-induced EMT in human proximal tubule cells possibly due to a decreased expression of TGF-bRI. In addition, BMP-7 was able to reverse TGF-b-induced phosphorylation of Smad 2. Conclusions: The findings suggest a protective role for BMP-7 by counteracting the TGF-b and TNF-a-induced negative effects. The reduced expression of BMP-7 in patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis may imply loss of protection and regenerative potential necessary to counter the disease.

Published
2011

31. Effects of over-the-counter analgesic use on reproductive hormones and ovulation in healthy, premenopausal women.

Author

Matyas, R. A., Mumford, S. L., Schliep, K. C., Ahrens, K. A., Sjaarda, L. A., Perkins, N. J., Filiberto, A. C., Mattison, D., Zarek, S. M., Wactawski-Wende, J., and Schisterman, E. F.

Subjects
ANALGESIA, HORMONES, HORMONE antagonists, HORMONE therapy, ENDOCRINOLOGY
Abstract

STUDY QUESTION: Does use of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication affect reproductive hormones and ovulatory function in premenopausal women? SUMMARY ANSWER: Few associations were found between analgesic medication use and reproductive hormones, but use during the follicular phase was associated with decreased odds of sporadic anovulation after adjusting for potential confounders. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Analgesic medications are the most commonly used OTC drugs among women, but their potential effects on reproductive function are unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: The BioCycle Study was a prospective, observational cohort study (2005-2007) which followed 259 women for one (n = 9) or two (n = 250) menstrual cycles. participants, setting, methods: Two hundred and fifty-nine healthy, premenopausal women not using hormonal contraception and living in western New York state. Study visits took place at the University at Buffalo. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: During study participation, 68% (n = 175) of women indicated OTC analgesic use. Among users, 45% used ibuprofen, 33% acetaminophen, 10% aspirin and 10% naproxen. Analgesic use during the follicular phase was associated with decreased odds of sporadic anovulation after adjusting for age, race, body mass index, perceived stress level and alcohol consumption (OR 0.36 [0.17, 0.75]). Results remained unchanged after controlling for potential confounding by indication by adjusting for 'healthy' cycle indicators such as amount of blood loss and menstrual pain during the preceding menstruation. Moreover, luteal progesterone was higher (% difference = 14.0, 2 1.6-32.1, P = 0.08 adjusted) in cycles with follicular phase analgesic use, but no associations were observed with estradiol, LH or FSH. limitations, reasons for caution: Self-report daily diaries are not validated measures of medication usage, which could lead to some classification error of medication use. We were also limited in our evaluation of aspirin and naproxen which were used by few women. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The observed associations between follicular phase analgesic use and higher progesterone and a lower probability of sporadic anovulation indicate that OTC pain medication use is likely not harmful to reproduction function, and certain medications possibly improve ovulatory function. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (contract # HHSN275200403394C). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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43. Elasticity modulus of round-link chains in mining.

Author

Ahrens K., Muller W., Rieckhof J., Ahrens K., Muller W., and Rieckhof J.

Abstract

A derivation is given of a method for calculating the modulus of elasticity and the relevant resilience constant of round link chains., A derivation is given of a method for calculating the modulus of elasticity and the relevant resilience constant of round link chains.

45. Optimisation and comparison of overload protection systems for plough installations.

Author

Ahrens K., Kaci V., Ahrens K., and Kaci V.

Abstract

A straightforward disc friction coupling system was found to be effective. With wet lubrication and adequate scaling, wear on the discs could be controlled., A straightforward disc friction coupling system was found to be effective. With wet lubrication and adequate scaling, wear on the discs could be controlled.

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