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This work explores an efficient integration of IoT devices based on context awareness in the agricultural sector. A four-layered framework is proposed in which automation techniques are embedded to get real-time context aware insights from the ecosystem of IoT. The framework is evaluated using a strategic tool called threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strengths (TOWS) matrix to measure the performance of automation techniques. This analysis points out various opportunities to innovate the livelihood of agrarian society around the globe.

This dissertation examines the social and material life of uncertainty in rural India. Specifically, I examine how cultivators apprehend, manage, and capitalize on the endemic and emerging risks of agriculture in villages of central India. While farmers have always been exposed to the vagaries of climate and market, the emerging uncertainties of anthropogenic climate change and liberalized agri-commodity trade have transformed agriculture into a gamble on the monsoon and the market. Theorizing agriculture as an increasingly speculative enterprise, this dissertation outlines the material and imaginative work this entails, its differentiation across key axes of social inequality, and entanglements with kinship and ritual, patronage and policy, and hierarchy and obligation. Rather than view agriculture through an undifferentiated lens of crisis, decline and nostalgia, this dissertation foregrounds the ways that cultivators forge uneven futures within a changing rural landscape.��This question of how agrarian risk is shaped by broader political-economic, cultural and environmental processes is grounded in an ethnographic study of everyday agricultural decisions and practices in Malwa, a predominantly agricultural region in western Madhya Pradesh, which has witnessed rapid agrarian transformations over the last two decades. The region’s agricultural growth has been significant, particularly through the cultivation of high-risk, high-value horticultural crops. At the same time, the state government has also been at the forefront of adopting and implementing policies of risk-management, from yield-index insurance to price-support schemes. Against this backdrop, I trace the emergence of moral and political economies of risk and responsibility across five key sites: the monsoon rain, insurance claims, market speculation, groundwater extraction, and caste distinction. I argue that ideologies of risk have become deeply entrenched in the countryside, tied to legacies of the Green Revolution technology, neoliberal agricultural and an emerging ethic of entrepreneurialism. Across these sites, I show how farmers deploy both religious and secular vocabularies of risk, fate, and destiny to apprehend uncertainty, grapple with the past, and act on the future. Ultimately, I demonstrate how state policies that aim to manage risk actually exacerbate uncertainties and heighten existing inequalities in the countryside, even as they offer novel spaces for capital accumulation, social mobility and political claim-making in the countryside.�

In spite of the insight commonality may have concerning agrarian practice, fact is that nowadays agricultural science diligence is accurate, precise, data-driven, and vigorous than ever. The emanation of the technologies based on Internet of Things (IoT) has reformed nearly each industry like smart city, smart health, smart grid, smart home, including “smart agriculture or precision agriculture”. Applying machine learning using the IoT data analytics in agricultural sector will rise new benefits to increase the quantity and quality of production from the crop fields to meet the increasing food demand. Such world-shattering advancements are rocking the current agrarian approaches and generating novel and best chances besides a number of limitations. This paper climaxes the power and capability of computing techniques including internet of things, wireless sensor networks, data analytics and machine learning in agriculture. The paper proposed the prediction model of Apple disease in the apple orchards of Kashmir valley using data analytics and Machine learning in IoT system. Furthermore, a local survey was conducted to know from the farmers about the trending technologies and their effect in precision agriculture. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges faced when incorporating these technologies in the traditional farming approaches.

This article combines a brief overview of the theoretical approach of the Vienna School of Social Ecology with a report on the results of a long-term study on the coincidence of countries’ first access to fossil fuels with social revolutions. The theoretical approach views societies in a system-theoretical perspective as hybrids of materiality and meaning, with "social metabolism" and "colonization of nature" as key links. Historical changes in the energy metabolism of societies are viewed as key drivers of change in social organization, distinguishing broadly between foraging and agrarian societies, both solar based energetically, but distinct by the latter applying elaborate colonization technologies that allow for higher energy returns at the price of a higher labor burden, the emergence of cities, and land-based steep social hierarchies. Finally, we report on a series of studies on the coincidence of countries’ access to fossil fuels as allowing a transition to industrial societies, again on a much higher energy level. The very early transition phase ("critical energy transition period"), as we show empirically for a large number of countries worldwide across the past 500 years, was typically marked by what we characterize as social revolutions. Finally, we ask what societal changes a next energy transition, required to avoid catastrophic climate change, will bring about., Historical Social Research Vol. 48, No. 1 (2023)

This article analyses processes of exploitation, accumulation and social reproduction in rural Java. Using fieldwork in a primarily agrarian and a predominantly non-agrarian village, it underlines the ways in which pluri-active labouring class households contribute to processes of accumulation through a variety of forms of petty self-employment and wage-labour–above all sharecropping and female homework, which is interwoven seamlessly with reproductive labour. Agrarian accumulation is dominated by traders and absentee capitalist landowners. Forms of exploitation are linked to petty capitalism's relationship to capital-in-general. The article briefly discusses the potential for labouring class collective action given the villages' relatively flat social structures.

The article considers directions of the agrarian modernization as presented in the four editions of the Soviet agricultural encyclopedia from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. On the basis of some historical examples and theoretical concepts, the author explains the scientific, ideological and political significance of encyclopedias in the formation of social knowledge and ideology; shows how during the Stalinist period, the Soviet agricultural encyclopedias passed through several successive great leaps in the representation of agrarian knowledge under the accelerated Soviet modernization; stresses the manipulative way of managing agrarian knowledge and human capital in agriculture - on behalf of the leader and ruling party. The article describes the transition from the first Soviet encyclopedia of the 1920s, which focused on the modernization of peasant Russia, to the encyclopedia of the early 1930s, which denied the importance of the peasantry and praised the projects of large-scale industrial-agricultural production; many authors of the first peasant encyclopedia were repressed. The encyclopedia of the late 1930s reflects the fight against the authors of the previous encyclopedia of the great leap and the purges in the name of the ideology of the planning-management approach in the further modernization of Soviet agriculture. The encyclopedia of the late 1940s - early 1950s reflects the victory of the technocratic-bureaucratic worldview and personnel approach to the agrarian sphere, which prevailed in the agriculture of the USSR until the very end of the Soviet era. The author focuses on the influence of the subjective factor (political leaders, editors-in-chief and anonymous authors) on the ideology, topics and style of encyclopedic articles. In conclusion, the author notes that the strong ideological control and volatile political situation distorted knowledge in the Soviet agrarian encyclopedias, which negatively affected the quality of rural human capital and largely predetermined the stagnation of rural development in the late USSR.

The article covers the main directions of joint work of scientific-research institutions (SRI) of agricultural profile in the Siberian region and Siberian Scientific Agricultural Library (SibSAL) functioning within the structure of the Siberian Branch of VASKHNIL (Russian Agricultural Academy) since its establishment in 1969 up to the reorganization period of science reform (2013-2021). The specificity of library and information activity of departmental library and multilevel model of interaction with institutes to satisfy information needs of scientists and specialists of agrarian research institutes in pre-reform period is presented. The results of monitoring the state of library and information activities in the institutes that have influenced the development of the new concept of interaction with SRI are presented. Based on the analysis of reorganization processes, a new structure of scientific organizations of the agricultural profile of Siberia is presented, which is the basis for the development of a new paradigm of interaction between research teams and the Siberian Scientific Agricultural Library, which received the status of a branch of the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences as a result of the reorganization. The analysis carried out in the conditions of reform and reorganization changes on the basis of a questionnaire shows new trends in expanding the range of interests of scientists to the possibilities of the information potential of the SibSAL as the largest branch library in the region. In the context of the change of management and the destruction of organizational and functional ties of agricultural research institutes that have become part of the regional centers of the SB RAS, the orientation to the development and strengthening of communications with the central academic libraries of the regions and the restoration of interaction with libraries of agricultural education on a new basis is noted. The definition of the system structure of agricultural research institutes and educational institutions of the region within the new boundaries of departmental relations of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education will allow establishing the vector of interaction of the SibSAL as a system-forming link. This will enable the development of the main functional areas of library and information activities in the Siberian region.

A survey was carried out on ethnoveterinary practices used by Fulani agropastoralists for maintaining the health and treating of livestock diseases in Ido agrarian community of Oyo State, Nigeria. Information was collected from fifty cattle herders using interview method with the help of Hausa interpreter and with the aid of questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (cross tabulations) to generate frequencies and percentages. Plants used for various ethnoveterinary and ethnomedicinal purposes were revealed. Information on the type of animals kept and management practices used by the respondents show that 48% kept cattle, goat and sheep. 14% kept cattle and goat, 36% kept cattle and sheep, while 2% kept cattle only. All the respondents agreed to stomach and intestinal worms as the prevalent ruminant diseases in the area. However, 86% of respondents reported seasonal appearance of worm infestations during wet season, while 14% both seasons. Higher percentage of respondents (80%) adopted the use of traditional medicine and conventional drugs in treating animals. 88% showcased the effectiveness of such combination of traditional and conventional drugs as being very effective. 20% of the respondents used the whole plant in formulating herbal preparations. Urbanization, seasonal variations and unquantifiable dosage have been highlighted as challenges encountered in the use of ethnoveterinary medicine in Ido agrarian community. 12% used decoction method of preparation, 50% used infusion, while 30% mixed plant with non-plant to formulate herbal preparations in solving the problem of helminthiasis and other diseases. The respondents who used local remedies claimed the knowledge of ethnoveterinary was passed from the parents to the children, and this keeps going from generation to generation. The results obtained from this study show that the awareness and the availability of ethnoveterinary plants among Fulani agropastoralists in Ido agrarian community of Oyo state is high, and this is responsible for the high patronage and usage of ethnoveterinary plants in this community. Intestinal worm infestations are the prevalent livestock disease encountered by the Fulani agropastoralists in the study area.

Jogos tornam o ensino-aprendizado mais dinâmico e poucos trabalhos sobre o ensino de bioquímica na educação superior com auxílio de jogos são publicados. Neste trabalho objetivou-se conhecer a perspectiva docente sobre jogos no ensino-aprendizagem em bioquímica. A metodologia seguiu viés qualitativo com entrevista a oito professores de bioquímica nos cursos Ciências da Saúde, Ciências Biológicas e Ciências Agrárias de Instituições de Ensino Superior reconhecidas pelo Ministério da Educação. Quatro professores entrevistados não conheciam jogos como ferramenta didática. Contudo, os que utilizaram os jogos relataram melhora na compreensão dos estudantes e maior participação tornando o processo prazeroso. Portanto, são necessários investimentos em produtos e métodos facilitem o ensino-aprendizagem. Jogos são importantes para viabilizar experiências prazerosas e enriquecedoras no ensino de bioquímica.

La estacionalidad y residencia urbana de los asalariados agrícolas promueven su inserción en trabajos no-agrícolas, así como de otros miembros de sus hogares. Este artículo analiza la combinación de inserciones laborales para la provincia de Tucumán, tanto a nivel de los individuos como de los hogares. La construcción de una tipología de hogares permite mostrar un cambio significativo en las formas tradicionales de reproducción de los hogares de asalariados agrarios. Se utiliza información proveniente de una encuesta realizada a hogares con asalariados agrícolas y de entrevistas a trabajadores.

RESUMO: Na geografia agrária, o território constitui-se como um elemento central para a investigação de problemáticas ligadas ao campo e estudar esse conceito é necessário para o entendimento das perspectivas teóricas presentes nos estudos geográficos. O objetivo principal dessa pesquisa foi analisar a aplicação do conceito de território nos estudos da geografia agrária brasileira a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica dos Anais do Simpósio Internacional de Geografia Agrária (2003 -2019). A escolha desse evento científico decorreu da relevância desse espaço no âmbito das publicações da área de Geografia Agrária. No conjunto da revisão realizada, ficou evidente a relevância de autores como Claude Raffestin, R. Haesbaert, Marcos A. Saquet, Milton Santos, Marcelo L. de Souza, Bernardo M. Fernandes e Ariovaldo Umbelino de Oliveira. Ademais, o conceito de território foi tratado sob diferentes perspectivas, sendo prevalente uma abordagem multidimensional. Palavras-Chaves: Território; Geografia Agrária; Epistemologia

The three new farm laws promulgated by the Government of India in 2020 (now repealed) as agricultural marketing reforms, with the claim that they were aimed at expanding farmers’ marketing choices and increasing their incomes, have triggered massive protests by farmers. These protests have crystallized around two key demands: first, repeal the laws and second, make the minimum support price (MSP) for procuring farmers’ produce a legal right. Given that discussions between the government and farmers’ organizations continue to be at an impasse, it is critical to understand the arguments over the laws and the MSP, and the implications of these arguments for the agrarian future of India.

The need for rural land agrarian reforms has reached heightened levels in South Africa in recent years. Resultantly, the communal land use effectiveness is questioned due to persistent poor performance and declining agricultural output that fails to address rural poverty and food insecurity. This is one of the major causes of why South Africa's rural economies are generally characterized by stagnant economic growth. This points to deep-rooted and unique challenges that need urgent attention if meaningful support and resilience systems are to be built for rural agrarian land reforms to be realized. The present study investigated challenges and characterized factors that lead to the prosperity of rural agricultural projects in communal land ownership. An exploratory study design was followed, and the data was collected using interviews and focus group discussions from communal farmers and key informants. Data were analyzed thematically with the aid of Atlas. Ti version 8.1.4. “Information challenges” and “water scarcity” describe some of the common challenges faced by rural farmers. Six critical success factors were identified and found to be related. “Effective project management and control” and “improved support from and partnership with local community stakeholders” are success factors that, if targeted first, could address most challenges faced in rural agrarian reforms. The results suggest that partnership with the private sector can help farmers commercialize and move swiftly towards agro-processing. Identified threats and successes must be prioritized in designing and formulating region-specific rural agrarian support programs for communal farmers.

Современная трансформация сельскохозяйственного производства, обусловленная переходом к цифровым технологиям и масштабным обновлением материальнотехнической базы, влечет за собой необходимость разработки научно обоснованной методики планирования потребности аграрного производства в рабочей силе и ее адаптации к новым вызовам. Статья посвящена разработке методики планирования кадрового потенциала аграрного сектора экономики в условиях цифровых технологий. Разработан алгоритм планирования кадровой потребности отрасли на среднесрочную перспективу. Ключевыми показателями плановой работы по определению потребности в кадровом обеспечении согласно методике должны выступить контрольные цифры приема в образовательные учреждения и создание условий по обеспечению трудоустройства выпускников. С целью обоснования прогноза ежегодной дополнительной потребности аграрного сектора экономики в кадрах предложен расчетно-аналитический инструментарий с применением технологий стратегического форсайтинга, который позволяет в условиях формирования аграрной экономики инновационного типа сформировать новую парадигму прогнозирования кадровой потребности для сельскохозяйственного производства, демонстрирующую переход от сценарного (вариативного) подхода к подходу «тройная спираль». Подход «тройная спираль» не только позволит прогнозировать качественную динамику кадрового потенциала сельского хозяйства, учитывающую изменение условий труда, тенденции масштабной модернизации производственных фондов, применение современных технологий, достигнув максимального соответствия между ресурсным потенциалом отрасли и ее ежегодными кадровыми потребностями, но и будет способствовать созданию системы объективного государственного регулирования общего профессионального и дополнительного аграрного образования на региональном уровне. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в разработке организационно-экономического механизма государственного регулирования вопроса кадрового обеспечения на основе проектных методов управления в сельском хозяйстве, позволяющего сбалансировать ситуацию на аграрном рынке труда. The modern transformation of agricultural production, due to the transition to digital technologies and large-scale modernization of the material and technical base, entails the need to develop a scientifically based methodology for planning the needs of agricultural production in the labor force and its adaptation to new challenges. The article is devoted to the development of a methodology for planning the personnel potential of the agricultural sector of the economy in the context of digital technologies. An algorithm for planning the personnel needs of the industry for the medium-term perspective has been developed. The key indicators of the planned work to determine the need for personnel support according to the methodology should be the control figures for admission to educational institutions and the creation of conditions for ensuring the employment of graduates. In order to justify the forecast of the annual additional demand for personnel in the agricultural sector of the economy, a calculation and analytical tool is proposed with the use of strategic foresight technologies, which allows, in the conditions of the formation of an innovative agricultural economy, to form a new paradigm for predicting the personnel need for agricultural production, demonstrating the transition from a scenario (variable) approach to the «triple helix» approach. The «Triple Helix» approach will not only predict the qualitative dynamics of the human resource potential of agriculture, taking into account changes in working conditions, trends in large-scale modernization of production assets, the use of modern technologies, achieving maximum compliance between the resource potential of the industry and its annual human resource needs, but will also contribute to the creation of a system of objective state regulation of general professional and additional agricultural education at the regional level. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of an organizational and economic mechanism for state regulation of the issue of labor security on the basis of project management methods in agriculture, which allows to balance the situation in the agricultural labor market.

The author notes that modern agricultural production has the character of specific entrepreneurial activity in special conditions, with a unique membership, whose activities are regulated by special legislation, which is structurally an institution of agrarian legislation. The author believes that the new agribusiness relations will be followed by the formation of a new specific legal institution of agrarian law - the institution of legal regulation of agrarian entrepreneurship with its own subject, principles, methods and content of statutory acts aimed to ensure the efficiency of commercial agricultural production under new and constantly changing conditions, as well as food and environmental security of the State.

The article discusses the influence of human capital on the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The purpose of the study is to analyze the use and management of human capital from the standpoint of practice, the development of systems that are used to manage and develop employees of an organization. Results. The article reveals the results of the analysis of the development level of the agro-industrial complex and the state of the social infrastructure of the region as the most important conditions for the formation of human capital, functioning within a particular region. On the basis of theoretical generalizations, the analysis of statistical data, the desired dependencies and the rating of countries according to the human development index were obtained. The state and development of human capital is based on the initial data of Russian agricultural organizations for 2017–2019. As a result of the analysis, two types of models were proposed – linear and nonlinear models; correlation and regression analysis of statistical data was carried out. The main importance is the setting of the prospects for the development of human capital and, on this basis, the possibility of creating and strengthening food self-sufficiency. In the formation of human capital, the topical issue is the qualifications of specialists and its constant growth. The article presents in the most detail the results of processing the theory of statistical information on the example of correlation-regression analysis. Scientific novelty. The results obtained in the process of work have theoretical novelty and practical value, because, first of all, in the context of a pandemic, the formation of the importance of an emphasis on the progressiveness of the regulatory and legal framework and the improvement of stimulating the demand for highly qualified specialists in rural areas has been accomplished. Achieving competitive advantages is possible on the basis of sustainable development as a factor in ensuring economic stability. The structure of the process of using human capital includes progressive elements based on a balance between the increase and depletion of available resources. The results of the study confirmed the significance of the proposed indicators of human capital, however, they refuted the hypothesis of a direct relationship between the number of employees with higher education and the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex.

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, impulsada por el gobierno ilustrado de Carlos III, se puso en marcha en el sur de la Península Ibérica una experiencia de colonización agraria en la que se empleó, fundamentalmente, a familias procedentes de Centroeuropa. Estos individuos, en los momentos iniciales, solo hablaban sus lenguas maternas (alemán, francés e italiano, sobre todo) por lo que la figura del intérprete de lenguas fue imprescindible para facilitar la comunicación. Sin embargo, esta función, al igual que aquellos que la desempeñaron, no ha sido estudiada hasta ahora; de ahí que nuestro objetivo en este trabajo consista en aproximarnos a la figura del intérprete en esas nuevas poblaciones durante sus primeros años de existencia.

Indonesia as an agrarian country faces several obstacles to achieving food sovereignty, due to the limited number of the younger generation involved in the agricultural sector. Most of the farmers are elderly with limited capacity. Therefore, as early as possible, it is necessary to make efforts to increase interest in farming among elementary school students through School Garden activities. The introduction of the School Garden becomes an interesting lesson because students can carry out farming activities independently. This community service program was carried out at SD Model located in Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This program aims to introduce the School Garden through urban farming so that it can foster interest in agriculture. The methods used include presentations with video tutorials and giving farming modules. The results of the implementation of the community service program showed that 97.7% of students liked the introduction of the School Garden activity and 81.4% of students felt that these activities foster their interest in agriculture.

Amidst growing concern about the displacement of rural populations exposed to climate change, new financial instruments are increasingly being presented as key tools for the management of climate risks. Index-based agricultural insurance (IBAI) is a particularly key example. Recent critical work has pointed to the deeply neoliberal character of IBAI and like interventions. However, the promotion of new financial instruments in response to crises of agrarian production has a much longer history in Africa and elsewhere. This article draws on Marx’s concept of ‘latent’ surplus populations to trace out and explain parallels between IBAI and colonial interventions in Senegal’s groundnut basin. Approaching the question in this way, the article highlights the long-run historical co-production and interdependence of the Senegalese state and a political ecology of groundnut production in which relations of indebtedness and the exposure to variable rainfall of a fragile relative surplus population has often been crucial to the mobilization of cheap labour for groundnut production. IBAI is thus positioned as part of a recurrent trajectory of emergency financial interventions aimed at smoothing out the contradictions implicit in this socio-ecological configuration.

Efficiency in farming productivity and optimum utilization of resources in the agriculture sector in developing countries is a challenge that can be addressed with technological advancement. There is also a strong need to work on the farming community’s engagement to make better farming decisions. This study aims to create an expert knowledge-based system (KBS) in a mobile application to help Indian farmers improve their agricultural practices and increase crop productivity. A prototype mobile application, ‘Farm-n-Pedia,’ is designed and used to fulfill the farmers’ informational and engagement needs. It provides a tool for agriculture management using a single platform. The expert KBS incorporates a crowdsourcing system as part of the knowledge base and interface design. The mobile application enables the users to access the worldwide information they want, get personalized expert guidance, interact with the local agrarian community, know about the latest farming techniques and technology, crowdsource data collection and increase agricultural productivity.

How did the telegraph improve market integration in late imperial China? We exploit differences in the exogenous timing of telegraph construction in different prefectures from 1870 to 1911. The empirical results show that the arrival of the telegraph within a prefecture pair reduced the ratio of the two prefectures’ monthly high-grade rice prices by 6.6 percentage points in 9 southern Chinese provinces, or 17.2% of the mean of the dependent variable. The main results are robust to controlling for institutional or transportation changes occurring during the same period, to using an alternative measure of market integration, to using prices of mid-grade and low-grade rice, and to excluding outliers with low data quality. In addition, the effect of the telegraph was stronger for prefecture pairs in which information transmission was more costly, and traditional long-distance traders played an important role in the telegraph’s promotion of market integration. In conclusion, our findings help us understand how a new information technology enhanced market integration in a premodern agrarian society with an established commercial network.

Studies of projected agro-climatic variability on the productivity of small-holding farming livelihoods have been evaluated by indirect methods using simulation models on country or regional basis but few have been done at the community level. This study explores direct observation of the impact of soil and climate factors on crop and livestock livelihood systems in the three major agro-ecological zones of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It also analyzed their influence on small farmers’ choices of agrarian livelihood activities and the lessons learned for the suitability of agro-ecologically integrated agriculture as part of agrarian and food security reforms needed among small farming households in rural communities of South Africa. The impact of soil and rainfall on the crop and livestock livelihood choices of small-holders in the three major agro-ecological zones were explored. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 223 small-holding farming households during the harvesting period of rain-fed farming season. Data on household livelihood activities were processed in monetary terms and subjected to gross margin and cost/benefit analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping and statistical analysis were used to determine the association of small-holder maize revenue with agro-climatic variation. The results indicated that crop-based activities performed better in the Grassland zone, while livestock activities performed better in the Savanna zone. Small farms in the Karoo can only productively engage in livestock production. The results also showed that farming activities that combined more vegetable crops yielded greater profits than other field crops. Furthermore, the results indicate that the mixed cropping method remains one of the strategies for breaking-even and risk-bearing effort used by the small-holder farmers considering its cost-sharing benefits. Geographical information system (GIS) mapping further indicates that small-holders’ farming activity was not only affected by soil-climatic factors but by their management skills as well. We recommend agro-ecologically adapted policies and incentives for agriculture-based livelihood activities and intensified mixing of cropping systems among the small-holder farming households in the study area.

The article analyses the farm laws struggle in India which, at the time of writing (September 2021), has lasted more than a year. It aims to explain its unusually broad support base and to discuss the potential wider impact of the new social coalition that is emerging. It argues that the unity of the movement is forced upon the concerned social groups by the threat that the farm laws and, ultimately, the oppressive Hindu fundamentalist government poses to all of them. The involvement of the different social groups is analysed with a focus on exploitation and oppression along inextricably linked lines of class, caste, ethnicity and gender. This also includes a focus on the ongoing structural change in Indian agriculture and – at least as importantly – in the Indian economy at large. It is shown that this has exacerbated their predicament but also enabled the broad alliance. The article concludes that there are a number of different reasons why the farm laws struggle is important for exploited and oppressed groups as well as for capitalist farmers and that an important progressive aspect is its potential to disrupt the present government’s political oppression well beyond the agricultural sector. However, there is little evidence that the broad-based unity will persist beyond the farm laws struggle, as the alliance is crosscut by exploitation and oppression between its constituent parts, based on class, caste, ethnicity and gender.

In Nigeria, agriculture plays a critical role in the economy and remains the key to the country’s economic diversification plan. However, the agricultural sector is facing numerous challenges such as climate change, widespread insecurity, price volatility, poor government policies and the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the already existing problems. This paper reviews the state of the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria and its effects on the agricultural sector and outlines the role of commissioners of agriculture in mitigating the effects of the pandemic on farmers with a view to catalyzing sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. When the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February, 2020, the Federal government of Nigeria took some measures to help curb the spread of the virus. Although, these measures were critical to saving lives, they also significantly caused a disruption in agricultural activities and food systems in several ways such as decline in availability of farm labour and mechanization, limited availability of agricultural inputs, decline in food imports and exports, reduction in food supply, decline in household income and food consumption, increased food insecurity, panic buying and sharp price spikes. This paper suggests that commissioners of agriculture have important roles to play to help mitigate these negative impacts on agricultural livelihoods and food systems. These include a push for a bill to integrate social protection mechanisms into the Nigerian legal framework, lobby for increased budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector, formulation of good agricultural policies and provision of adequate infrastructures, organization of these farmers into farming clusters to help stimulate agglomeration economies by integrating agricultural value chains and development strategies, and frameworks and initiatives that will ensure a seamless transition from emergency response to resilience building. Key words: Coronavirus disease, government interventions, agrarian development, food production

Метою статті є осмислення аграристського дискурсу революційної публіцистики М. Грушевського. Методологічне підґрунтя становить міждисциплінарний підхід. Особливий акцент зроблено на структурно-функціональному системному аналізі історіографічних фактів та методі критичного аналізу документального матеріалу. Наукова новизна статті полягає у спробі спеціального аналізу концептуально-ідейних засад та проблемно-тематичного розмаїття публіцистики М. Грушевського революційної доби. Висновки. З’ясовано, що найбільше уваги в своїй публіцистиці М. Грушевський зосередив на подоланні атомізації лідерів та учасників українського руху. З огляду на це він оперативно виробляє нову об’єднавчу ідеологію для українства, котра повинна була відповідати вимогам моменту, багато в чому пориваючи зі старими культурницькими гаслами. Водночас історик доклав чимало зусиль для розбудови мережі українських засобів масової інформації, розуміючи, що без них не вдасться поширити ідеологію нового українства поза Київ. Тож на шпальтах відновлених та новостворених часописів він ділився з громадськістю власним розумінням актуальних викликів і пропонував для обговорення рецепти їхнього розв’язання. Доведено, що пишучи про потребу мобілізації українства, М. Грушевський закликає до свідомої та динамічної самоорганізації саме селянства як кількісно панівної верстви, котра в його розумінні була головною соціокультурною підставою розбудови української державності. З’ясовано, що публіцистика М. Грушевського виконувала ідейно-виховні, інформаційні та мобілізаційні функції. Доведено, що завдяки діалогічно сконструйованому дискурсу і зосередженості на проблемах народу, публіцистичні дописи голови Центральної Ради мали чималий резонанс, сприяючи зростанню політичної культури в широких селянських колах.

This systematic review analyzes all 260 studies published in the Web of Science on gender and climate change in Africa. While there is no strong methodological bias, comparative case studies and sex disaggregated analyses predominate from a limited set of countries. Many articles covered the agrarian sector by comparing women’s and men’s on-farm vulnerability to a changing climate based on their adaptation behaviours. Though this literature recognizes women’s important conservation, farming, and food responsibilities, it oftentimes generalized these contributions without providing evidence. A number of themes were covered by a very limited number of articles, including coastal areas, conflict, education, energy, migration, urban areas, and water. Overall, more justice-oriented research is needed into the socioeconomic structures that intersect with social identities to make certain people, places, and institutions more vulnerable. Investigations into the power dynamics between (social) scientists and African institutions are also needed as most articles reviewed stem from North America and Europe and are locked beyond paywalls. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01631-w.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the process of creating opportunities for training fish farmers in the Kyrgyz Republic. Now fish farming is developing successfully in the country, the issue of training specialists in this economic sector is relevant, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland provides financial support, and the specialists from the University of Eastern Finland participate in resolving this issue. The article outlines the problems of opening a new direction of training “Fisheries and Aquaculture” at the K. I. Skryabin Kyrgyz National Agrarian University (KNAU). For this, curricula have been developed to train specialists on two directions: specialists with a bachelor’s degree in fisheries and aquaculture management, and fish breeder technicians, whose training will be carried out by the college. The curriculum includes cycles of subjects for the study of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, mathematical and natural science disciplines of the professional cycle; it defines goals, course content, a form of study and assessment for each subject; the complexity (number of credits) of the subject is determined. The article shows the process of formation of the direction and training of specialists in the field of fish farming. The authors of the article are members of a team of teachers who have been trained as future teachers of fish farming subjects. The article highlights the process of interaction of specialists of the University of Eastern Finland with the administration and teachers of KNAU in the FishEdu project. The result of this interaction was the opening of the direction “Fishing and Aquaculture” at KNAU and the specialty “Fish Breeder Technician” (in college).

The purpose of this study was to instill the character values of Love for the Homeland and Mutual Cooperation in the local wisdom of Manugal as a source of social studies learning. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are observation, interview and document study. Data analysis techniques used are reduction, display and conclusion drawing. The results show that the value of the character of manugal wisdom in the form of love for the homeland can be integrated as a socialstudies learning resource in Class IV in Basic Competence (KD) 3.2 Identifying social, economic, cultural, ethnic and religious diversity in the local province as the identity of the Indonesian nation, as well as its relationship with space characteristics. Teachers use local wisdom as a source of learning so that students easily understand the value of love for the homeland through local wisdom by loving their own culture that still exists to be maintained and preserved as the younger generation. The value of gotong royong can be integrated with social studies learning resources for class V in Basic Competencies 3.1 Identifying the geographical characteristics of Indonesia as an archipelagic/maritime and agrarian country and their influence on economic, social, cultural, communication and transportation life. The teacher instills the value of gotong royong through a rice seed planting event that is done together.

In this paper examines the economic assessment of the investment funds in agriculture, sources and toward of public capital to agricultural activities, forestry and fisheries in Uzbekistan. Also, analyzed a profit taken from farm activity and the assessed public investment funds spent to agricultural activity. Factors impact to farm activity benefits have also been studied. The analysis used data from a social survey conducted on 44 farms in terms of distance not far from each other. It was found that investment funds at a rate of 1% (p

The article is devoted to an actual pedagogical problem such as technological support of the ecological competence development process of future professionals in the agrarian area. The purpose of the article is to analyze modern didactic approaches to the environmental competence development of future professionals in the agricultural sector in terms of their professional training as a holistic pedagogical process of managing the educational and creative activities of students. The methodological basis of the study is the use of systematic, competency, activity, personal development and other modern methodological approaches. The experimental study was conducted at Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture during 2019-2021 on the example of disciplines that develop the environmental competence of future professionals in bachelor's and master's degrees in specialties 201 "Agronomy" and 208 "Agroengineering". A model of ecological competence of future professionals in the agricultural sector is proposed. It is represented by a set of integrated components (emotional-value, cognitive, activity, personal-developmental). The initial peaks of this model are the requirements of educational and qualification characteristics, and the final peak is a set of criteria of environmental competence. Achieving educational results is carried out in the conditions of pedagogical technology of educational and creative activity management of students. The process of ecological competence development in the conditions of the offered pedagogical technology is presented by elements of management, co-management and self-management of educational and creative activity of students. The functional model of the environmental competence development in the management system of educational and creative activities of students is defined by the following functions: planning, organization, motivation, control and analysis, coordination and regulation. The results of the study confirmed the adequacy of the model of the ecological competence development process of future professionals of the agricultural profile during their professional training. Implementation of the functional management model of the ecological competence development process of future professionals in the agricultural sector will provide visualization of pedagogical conditions for activating didactic processes and organizational and technological algorithms and, as a consequence, improving the quality of training.

The Indian government’s latest series of farm laws (a set of three acts) have sparked protests by farmers around the country. This viewpoint argues that the new farm laws are designed to deepen capitalism within the countryside by liberalising agricultural trade in the country. It highlights the political economic logics of the new farm laws and outlines the contradictions inherent in these laws. It also argues that the agrarian dissent is fractured around the class lines and that we need broad movements for social justice to address growing socio-economic inequalities in the country.

espanolTras el motin de Esquilache, que puso en jaque el gobierno de Carlos III en la urbe capitolina y en numerosos puntos de la geografia, comenzo la militarizacion del orden publico peninsular. El estudio de la asonada jerezana es un ejemplo de protesta cotidiana resultado de factores muy particulares que desangraban a la plebe de la ciudad. Empero, las logicas encontradas en el mundo agrario jerezano tambien son similares a aquellas que subyacian en la protesta contra el ministro italiano. EnglishAfter the Esquilache mutiny, which put the government of Carlos III in check in the capital city and in many parts of the country, the militarization of the peninsular public order began. The study of the Jerez riot is an example of daily protest because of very particular factors that bled the city’s populace to death. However, the logics found in the Jerez agrarian world are also like those underlying the protest against the Italian minister.

In response to an agrarian crisis, small-scale farmers in South India are experimenting with the application of agricultural ferments to their degraded soils. This article focuses on the Nectar of ...

Key moments of the American Civil War and the 1899–1902 South African War and their tragic immediate aftermaths remain powerful features of national memory in both countries. Over the past century, vengeful politicians and ideologues in both have transformed them into formidable stock-in-trade. Second-, third-, and fourth-hand accounts of the alleged churlish manner of the victorious armies, especially soldiers of African descent, were made into combustible timber for reactionary political campaigns. The perceived cruel turns of fate have made their way into literature, stage, and screen. The two wars afforded people of various races and social conditions opportunity to act upon their conceptions of a just society, albeit amid terrible carnage and loss. They also underscored the permanence of the industrial transformation of both countries. In the decades following these two wars most of the black and white agrarian populations discovered that state and agrarian elites had cynically manipulated and then extinguished their aspirations. Most often, for black agrarians, violence was the preferred instrument to pursue desired outcomes. Reconstruction in the American South was a paradox. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left the entire South, especially upland cotton regions, economically backward. In Louisiana, especially, politicized violence to coerce black labor was pervasive. After the South African War, white violence against rural black people was widespread. Lord Milner’s Reconstruction Administration was more concerned to bring South Africa’s gold mines back into production than to stem the violence. The low-intensity violence of the postwar countryside became the backland route to apartheid.

This article examines the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of widows and other single women farmers from the most backward districts of Maharashtra, a state in western India. COVID-19 led to food insecurity, loss of farm incomes, decline in employment opportunities and increased debt traps for single women farmers. The paper highlights how agrarian distress and pre-existing inequalities of class, caste and gender in access to food, incomes, credit, land, markets, and decision making, were exacerbated during the pandemic, further impoverishing these women farmers. To trace these effects, the paper draws on two types of evidence gathered in Maharashtra by MAKAAM, an informal all-India women farmer’s forum: observations during multiple rounds of interactions with over a hundred women farmers during the COVID-support work of providing ration and seeds undertaken by MAKAAM during India’s national lockdown in 2020, and a subsequent large-scale survey covering about a thousand women. The paper also focuses on the inadequacy of state response, both in terms of providing relief and in its ability to partner with women’s collectives and grassroots organisations for better outcomes. The article makes a case for strengthening social security measures for women farmers and enhancing their access to productive resources, agricultural programmes and decision-making spaces in relevant institutions.

The relevance of the topic of the article - the issues of innovative development of agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan, which provides large-scale production, require detailed study. The goal - is to consider the positive aspects of the best practices of foreign countries regarding this problem and develop practical recommendations. Methods - generalization, quantitative and qualitative analysis, abstract logical. Results - in order to apply high technologies in agricultural sector, economically developed countries use subsidy systems, price support (USA), government assistance in obtaining income per hectare and payments for livestock (EU countries), income support through payments (Canada) and concessional lending (Brazil). In addition to financial assistance, agricultural producers in the USA, Canada and other countries are provided with information, legal, innovation, marketing, insurance and other types of support. Conclusions - innovative processes, expansion of the competitive environment in the AIC presuppose the effective use of scientific and technical potential, integration of science, education and production, technological modernization of the economy based on progressive methods. Innovation is reflected in the implementation of the strategic objectives of ensuring food security and effective regulation of the domestic food market in order to stimulate labor productivity in agriculture, increase export potential of agricultural sector. It is necessary to combine innovative activity in domestic agro-industrial production with international practice, which will increase production capacity of agrarian sector of the republic. The development trends of the world market convincingly show that there can be no other way in Kazakhstan than the formation of a new type of economy, widespread innovation.

This research is entitled Analysis of Small Business and Cooperative’s Growth in Tourism Area Integrated with Nurmilad Islamic Boarding School (NBS), Lempong, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the growth, constraints, and efforts in overcoming the obstacles that occur for small businesses and cooperative in tourism area integrated with Nurmilad Boarding Islamic Boarding School. This research used descriptive qualitative analysis method where data collection obtains by observation and interviews involving six informants.Based on the descriptive and analysis results, it can be concluded that the growth of small businesses and cooperatives in the sharia tourism area integrated with the Nurmilad Boarding School is very significant. The growth of the sharia tourism area has an impact on the growth of small businesses and cooperatives because of the integration policy between the tourist area management and the Nurmilad Islamic Boarding School. The obstacles found were the lack of human resources, inadequate accessibility of infrastructure, lack of maximum promotion, and the mindset of the people who were still influeced with agrarian mindset. Therefore, the efforts made are to collaborate with local governments to improve road infrastructure, maximize promotions so that more visitors come, and always analyzing consumer needs.

The goal is to determine the possibilities for development of transport component of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - monitoring of indicators for assessing the infrastructure potential of the transport network of the agrarian sector of the republic, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, computational and constructive, allowing to assess the state and dynamics of its infrastructure. Results - the criteria for expanding the scale of transport and logistics system of the agro-industrial complex were considered. The geographical position of the Republic of Kazakhstan allows it to become a transport hub in trade between the States of Europe and Asia, including in terms of the movement of agricultural products, while the determining factor is the development of a modern base for increasing traffic volumes. The role of this component for agroindustrial production, an important sphere of the country's economy, which occupies a special place in a single economic mechanism, significantly influencing the efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural sectors, has been determined. Conclusions - in geographic conditions of Kazakhstan: a large territory, location in the center of Eurasia, the presence of various connections between economic regions, allowing a balanced distribution of agricultural products within the republic and exporting it, development of transport communications, namely roads and various types of structures that contribute to the effective movement of food goods. Thus, it is possible to outline a number of indicators for assessing the development potential of transport infrastructure of the AIC, among which the most important are the creation of a road network and provision of facilities necessary for the full functioning of the country's transport logistics. For this, it is advisable to increase the number of labor and material- technical resources aimed at creating economic transport entities.

India is an agrarian based country with two third of population as farming community. Wheat, ‘King of cereals’ also the second most cultivated food crop has technological gap in adoption of improved variety, hence the present study aims to understand the socio-economic profile, knowledge, attitude and adoption level of respondents to identify the technological gap and increase the adoption rate. The present study is carried out with 120 respondents from ten villages of Holgarh block of Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh. Primary data collected with the help of semi-structured interview schedule and subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that majority of the wheat growers had medium level of knowledge, attitude and adoption towards SHUATS W-6 variety. Further, it was recommended for timely availability of seeds, fertilizer, proper marketing facility and reducing the cost of critical inputs. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.008

Уперше визначено сучасне видове і кількісне представництво лікарських деревних рослин дендропарку Луганського національного аграрного університету. Встановлено, що нині на його території росте 4242 екземпляри лікарських дерев, кущів і ліан, що відносяться до 65 видів, 54 родів і 26 родин. Приведена кількість екземплярів кожного виду, зміст біологічно активних з’єднань і можливості застосування офіціальною і народною медициною. Вказано, що найбільшою таксономічною різноманітністю і кількістю рослин, що ростуть, характеризується родина Rosaceae. Домінуючим видом на території дендропарку є Aesculus hippocastanum. Лікарські деревні рослини можуть бути використані для попередження і лікування широкого кола захворювань, а також стати основою для створення «аптекарського городу» на території університету.