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As a fresh food, sweet potatoes are highlighted for their taste and appearance. In the industry, they are valued for their starch and sugar content. In both scenarios, much attention has been given to the composition of bioactive compounds. The application of abiotic stresses seems to induce an overproduction of these compounds in some vegetables. The objective was to examine the influence of harvest time on the synthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds in varieties of minimally processed sweet potatoes with different flesh colors. Sweet potato cultivars (Beterraba, Jerimum, Mãe de Família Roxa, and BRS Cuia) were harvested at 120, 150, and 180 days after planting, then subjected to minimal processing and stored at 5 ºC for 10 days. The most recommended time for harvesting sweet potatoes in semi-arid conditions for minimal processing by the industry is between 150 and 180 days. This is the period when the sweet potatoes exhibit the best quality for fresh consumption, as detected in ‘Mãe de Família Roxa’ and ‘Jerimum’. ‘BRS Cuia’ harvested at 120 days showed the highest phenolic compound levels, the highest polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities, and the most intense browning symptoms. In addition to its starch content, it can be used as a raw material for the extraction of phenolic compounds of interest. ‘Beterraba’ showed low sugar values, rendering them unfavorable for fresh consumption or minimal processing. However, this cultivar also exhibited a high content of carotenoids, making them bio-factories for the food and pharmaceutical industries. RESUMO Como alimento fresco, a batata-doce se destaca pelo sabor e aparência. Na indústria, é valorizado por seu teor de amido e açúcar. Em ambos os cenários, muita atenção tem sido dada à composição dos compostos bioativos. A aplicação de estresses abióticos parece induzir uma superprodução desses compostos em algumas hortaliças. O objetivo foi examinar a influência da época de colheita na síntese e acúmulo de compostos bioativos em variedades de batata-doce minimamente processadas com diferentes cores de polpa. As cultivares de batata-doce: Beterraba, Jerimum, Mãe de Família Roxa e BRS Cuia foram colhidas aos 120, 150 e 180 dias após o plantio, submetidas ao processamento mínimo e armazenadas a 5 ºC por 10 dias. A época mais recomendada para a colheita da batata-doce em condições semi-áridas para a indústria de processamento mínimo foi entre 150 e 180 dias, período em que a batata-doce apresentou melhor qualidade para consumo in natura em destaque para 'Mãe de Família Roxa' e 'Jerimum'. A ‘BRS Cuia’ colhida aos 120 dias apresentou os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos, as maiores atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e os sintomas de escurecimento mais intensos, podendo ser utilizado como matéria-prima para a extração de compostos fenólicos de interesse, além do amido. A ‘Beterraba’ apresentou baixos valores de açúcar, tornandoos desfavoráveis para consumo in natura ou processamento mínimo. No entanto, esta cultivar também apresentou um alto teor de carotenóides, tornando-os biofábricas para as indústrias alimentícia e farmacêutica.

Cultivation conditions are determining factors that affect the quality of cut flowers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative growth, flowering and vase life of commercial gladiolus cultivars under different shading conditions in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Two cultivars of gladiolus (Jester and Rose Friendship) were grown under two conditions: full sun and 70% shade. Biometrics were evaluated 60 days after planting and the growth rate of the crop was evaluated at 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 days for the variables: number of tillers, stem diameter, number of leaves and plant height. After 45 days, the fresh weight, dry weight and total relative water content of the area and root parts of the plants were evaluated. After the harvest, the stems were kept at a temperature of 22±3 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 60%. Visual assessment, pH of the solution, variation in the volume of water and loss of fresh mass were measured every two days. Cultivation with 70% shading resulted in greater accumulation of biomass in the aerial part of gladiolus plants, greater neck diameter and height. The Rose Friendship cultivar underwent a greater translocation of dry matter to the aerial part of the plants, resulting in greater height. On the other hand, the gladiolus stems from cultivation under full sun conditions resulted in longer vase life, 10 days under conservation conditions at 22±3 °C and RH 60%. Resumo As condições de cultivo são fatores determinantes que afetam a qualidade das flores de corte. Diante disso, objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o crescimento vegetativo, floração e vida de vaso de variedades de gladíolos comerciais no semiárido brasileiro, sob diferentes condições de sombreamento. Duas variedades de gladíolos (Jester e Rose Friendship) foram cultivadas em duas condições: sol pleno e 70% de sombreamento. Avaliou-se a biometria em 60 dias após o plantio e a taxa de crescimento da cultura aos 15-30, 30-45 e 45-60 dias para as variáveis: número de perfilhos, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas e altura da planta. Após 45 dias, avaliou-se a massa fresca, massa seca e conteúdo relativo de água total da parte área e da parte radicular das plantas. Após a colheita, as hastes foram mantidas em temperatura de 22±3 °C e umidade relativa (UR) de 60%. A cada dois dias, realizou-se avaliação visual, além de avaliação do pH da solução, variação no volume de água e perda de massa fresca. O cultivo com 70% de sombreamento resultou em maior acúmulo de biomassa na parte aérea das plantas de gladíolos, maior diâmetro do colo e altura. A variedade Rose Friendship resultou em maior translocação de massa seca para a parte aérea das plantas. Isso resultou em maior altura. Por outro lado, as hastes de gladíolos provenientes do cultivo nas condições de pleno sol resultaram em maior vida de vaso: 10 dias em condições de conservação a 22±3 °C e UR 60%.

Enzyme assays are based on methodologies described in the literature. However, the enzyme kinetics must be adjusted to obtain more reliable results. This study aimed to adjust assays by testing different polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) extract amounts and reaction times in sweet potato cultivars harvested at different times. Sweet potato cultivars Paraná, Mãe de Família, and ESAM1 were harvested at 120, 150, and 180 days after planting and minimally processed. A 0.25 g sample was used to determine PPO and POD activities immediately after minimal processing at each harvest. Extraction was performed in 1500 μL phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.0). The PPO assay was performed by adding 10-50 μL extract, 1490-1450 μL phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.0), and 1500 μL catechol (0.2 M). The POD assay was carried out by adding 10-50 μL extract to a reaction medium containing 1790-1750 μL phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6), 100 μl guaiacol (5 g L-1), and 100 μL hydrogen peroxide (0.8 g L-1). In both cases, the evaluated reaction times were 1, 2, and 3 min. In the three cultivars, PPO and POD activities increased with the volume of extract and reaction time at all harvest times. The enzyme extract volume of 10 μL for 2 min promoted a continuous increase in PPO and POD enzyme activities in all studied cultivars and at all reaction times. RESUMO Ensaios enzimáticos são baseados em metodologias descritas na literatura. Entretanto, a cinética enzimática deve ser ajustada para resultados mais confiáveis. Objetivou-se ajustar os ensaios testando diferentes volumes de extrato de polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (POD) e tempos de reação em cultivares de batata-doce colhidas em diferentes épocas. As cultivares Paraná, Mãe de Família e ESAM1 foram colhidas aos 120, 150 e 180 dias e minimamente processadas. Amostra de 0,25 g foi usada para determinar as atividades de PPO e POD imediatamente após o processamento mínimo em cada colheita. A extração foi realizada em 1500 μL de tampão fosfato (0,2 M, pH 6,0). O ensaio para PPO foi realizado pela adição de 10 a 50 μL de extrato, 1490 a 1450 μL de tampão fosfato (0,2 M, pH 6,0) e 1500 μL de catecol (0,2 M). O ensaio para a POD foi realizado adicionando 10-50 μL de extrato a um meio de reação contendo 1790 a 1750 μL de tampão fosfato (0,2 M, pH 6), 100 μl de guaiacol (5 g L-1) e 100 μL de peróxido de hidrogênio (0,8 g L-1). Em ambos os casos, os tempos de reação avaliados foram 1, 2 e 3 min. Nas três cultivares, as atividades da PPO e POD aumentaram com o volume de extrato e tempo de reação em todas as épocas de colheita. Alíquota de 10 μL de extrato por 2 minutos promoveu um incremento contínuo na atividade da PPO e POD em todas as cultivares e tempos de reação estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:02:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-17 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco We have identified the best harvesting periods, related to higher bioactive compound content and post-harvest quality, for minimally processed sweet potatoes with orange pulp and cream pulp. Quality loss in minimally processed sweet potatoes occurred due to browning in cv. Mae de Familia and ESAM1 and to whitening in cv. Parana. Both Mae de Familia and ESAM1 presented higher peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities at 120 days, and cv. Parana contained high levels of provitamin A. beta-carotene was the major carotenoid (up to 99%) in orange pulp. All cultivars harvested at 150 and 180 days and minimally processed showed the best visual quality, the highest bioactive compound content, and no microbial infection. Delaying the harvest also increase the antioxidant activity in orange roots, which was associated with a high content of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, resulting in an increase in the nutritional quality of the product. Practical applications Postharvest techniques can improve the visual and phytochemical quality of vegetables and extend their shelf life. The present research provides the best harvesting periods for minimally processed cream and orange sweet potato roots with higher postharvest qualities. Delaying the harvest resulted in a product with better visual quality, higher levels of bioactive compounds, which are highly beneficial to health, for example, ss-carotene, and no microbiological contamination. Our results may contribute to improvements in the current knowledge about harvesting times for sweet potato growers who aim to produce high quality, minimally processed products with a longer shelf life. Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Dept Plant Prod, Serra Talhada, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Biosci, Dept Chem & Biochem, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Fed Rural Univ Semiarid, Dept Plant Sci, Mossoro, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Med Sch, Dept Pathol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Biosci, Dept Chem & Biochem, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Med Sch, Dept Pathol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 305177/2015-0 CNPq: 307571/20190 CNPq: 423100/2018-1 FAPESP: 2016/22665-2 CAPES: 88881-159183/2017-01 Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco: APQ-0795-5.01/16 Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco: 807292073-15/PRPPG 015/2018

The results observed in the literature raise the hypothesis according to which cytokinin plays important roles in photosynthetic metabolisms and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of the isolated cytokinin kinetin at the production cycle, seeking to analyze its effects on enzyme activity and photosynthetic parameters. The plants treated with CK presented reduction of leaf CO2 assimilation rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs), while that transpiration rate (Tr) was unaffected. The internal CO2 concentrations decreased with the increase in cytokinin levels, but were maintained under CK 50 mg·L−1. The plants treated with CK 75 mg·L−1 was verified higher carboxylation efficiency (Pn/Ci), which was associated to values of CO2 assimilation and transpiration unaltered. Apparent electron transport rate showed variations in the concentration of 25 mg·L−1. Considering the study of enzyme activity, on the other hand, it cannot be stated that kinetin has an effective action in delaying oxidative damage. It presents mixed results, since an efficiency in the application of cytokinin was not observed, presenting induction levels of ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, further research is needed to determine more precisely the effects of kinetin on gas exchange and antioxidant enzymes in anthurium plants. Keywords: anthurium, kinetin, photosynthesis, senescence, plant hormone, oxidative stress

This study evaluated the influence of Azospirillum lipoferum on the growth of Myracroduon urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) plants under drought stress, by means of biometric, physical–chemical and biochemical parameters. The association of A. lipoferum with the roots of the plants provided increases of 30% root length, 50% root dry weight, 34% shoot dry weight and 10% soluble protein content. The inoculated plants still maintained 5% higher leaf water potential than those not inoculated and lower membrane damage. Furthermore, the inoculated plants shown less leaf fall and dark green leaves, confirmed by maintenance of the highest levels of chlorophyl a, b and total. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in the inoculated plants, possibly due to the induction of a non-enzymatic protective feature. In this way, the inoculation of PGPR in M. urundeuva can be an alternative for the production of plants that are more tolerant to drought stress.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of minimally-processed cassava treated with antioxidants and a starch-based edible coating. Cassava roots were washed, cooled, immersed in cold water, peeled and then cut. Root pieces were then immersed in a chloride solution, centrifuged, and subsequently immersed in either a starch suspension (3%), a solution containing antioxidants (3% citric acid and 3% ascorbic acid), or in both the coating and antioxidant solutions. Coated root pieces were dried at 18 ± 2°C for 1 hour, then packaged into polypropylene bags (150 g per pack) and kept at 5 ± 2°C for 15 days, and assessed every 3 days. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 6 factorial consisting of the treatment (control, coating, antioxidant, or coating and antioxidant) and the storage period (0, 3 6, 9, 12 or 15 days), with three replicates in each group. The pH, blackened area and peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities of the cassava was reduced in treatments containing antioxidants and the scores of visual analysis and phenolic content were higher. Therefore, treatment with antioxidants was effective for reducing browning in minimally-processed cassava, retaining the quality of cassava pieces stored for 15 days at 5 ± 2°C. The combination of antioxidants and the edible coating showed no improvement compared to treatment with antioxidants alone. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de mandioca de mesa minimamente processada com o uso de antioxidantes e revestimento comestível a base de amido. Raízes de mandioca de mesa foram lavadas, resfriadas, imersas em água fria, cortadas e descascadas. Os pedaços foram imersos em solução clorada, centrifugados e imersos em suspensão de amido (3%) ou em solução contendo antioxidantes (ácido cítrico 3% e ácido ascórbico 3%) ou em ambos (revestimento + antioxidantes). Os pedaços contendo revestimento foram secos em sala climatizada a 18 ± 2 °C por 1 hora. Os pedaços foram embalados em polipropileno, contendo 150 g por embalagem, e mantidos a 5 ± 2 °C por 15 dias, com avaliações a cada três dias. Foi utilizado o DIC, em esquema fatorial 4 x 6 [controle, revestimento, antioxidantes e revestimento + antioxidantes x dias de conservação (0; 3 6; 9; 12 e 15 dias)] com 3 repetições. Verificou-se que os valores de pH, área escurecida e as atividades da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase foram menores e as notas da análise visual e o teor de fenólicos totais foram superiores nos tratamentos contendo antioxidantes. O uso dos antioxidantes foi eficiente na redução do escurecimento em mandioca de mesa minimamente processada, mantendo os pedaços com qualidade por 15 dias a 5 ± 2 ºC e a associação de antioxidantes e revestimento comestível não apresentou melhorias em comparação aos antioxidantes isolados.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:37:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-18 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco Anthurium cut flowers exposed to low temperatures may be subjected to chilling injury, whereas higher temperatures may accelerate their metabolism and induce premature senescence. Plant growth regulators, as gibberellic acid (GA3) and spermine (SPM), have been described to extend the postharvest life of flowers. In this study, both compounds were applied by spraying or pulsing in anthurium cv. Arizona before storage at 20 °C. The solutions were constituted of 144 μM GA3 and 2 μM SPM, which were used separately or in combination, and analyzed for 12 d. Spraying with GA3 + SPM extended the vase life and kept the commercial quality. These treatments increase the phenols content, as well as, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Spadix sprayed with GA3 or SPM retained high amounts of spermidine (SPD), and in the combination of GA3 + SPM, there were higher contents of spermidine. These results suggest that the application of GA3 + SPM by spraying can be used to reduce the senescence in anthurium cut flowers stored at 20 °C, and improve the commercial quality of the inflorescences. Federal Rural University of Pernambuco College of Agronomic Engineering Universidade Federal do Pará Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry IB São Paulo State University - UNESP Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry IB São Paulo State University - UNESP CNPq: 305177/2015-0 Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco: APQ-0431-5.01/13

This work studied the physical, chemical and biochemical alterations in minimally processed yam stored at two different temperatures, as well as the incidence of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2x8 factorial design, with two storage temperatures (5 and 10°C) and eight storage times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days). Experiments were in triplicate. Yam was selected, peeled and cut into slices of approximately 3 cm thickness. The slices were rinsed with water, sanitised and then drained in kitchen strainers. Approximately 300 g of the processed product were packed in nylon multilayers 15 µm thick, 15 cm wide and 20 cm long. The packs were sealed, weighed and kept at 5 and 10 ± 2°C for 14 days. Fresh weight loss, baking time, enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidases, peroxidases and catalases, total soluble phenol content, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated, as well as visual analysis and incidence of Pseudomonas sp. Means of temperatures were compared by Tukey´s test at 5% significance. Yam storage at 5°C reduced weight loss and kept visual quality for longer; it also reduced cooking time and the activity of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. In contrast, it promoted higher content of total soluble phenols, as well as a higher catalase activity and antioxidant capacity. During the storage time, there was no incidence of Pseudomonas sp. Minimally processed yam stored at 10°C may be sold for up to six days, and yam stored at 5ºC for up to 14 days. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações físico-químicas, bioquímicas e incidência de Pseudomonas sp. em inhame minimamente processado conservado em duas temperaturas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x8, referente as temperaturas (5 e 10 °C) e tempos de conservação refrigerada (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 14 dias), com três repetições. O inhame foi selecionado, descascado e cortado em rodelas de aproximadamente 3 cm de espessura. Essas rodelas foram enxaguadas em água, sanitizadas e drenadas em escorredores de cozinha. Aproximadamente 300 g do produto processado foram embalados em Nylon multicamadas de 15 µm de espessura, com 15 cm de largura por 20 cm de comprimento. As embalagens foram seladas, pesadas e mantidas a 5 e 10 ± 2 °C por 14 dias. Avaliou-se a perda de massa, tempo de cocção, atividade enzimática das polifenoloxidases e peroxidases, conteúdo de fenóis solúveis totais, capacidade antioxidante, análise visual e incidência de Pseudomonas sp. As médias entre as temperaturas foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de significância. A temperatura de 5 °C reduziu a perda de massa fresca e da qualidade visual, o tempo de cocção e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidases e peroxidases. Por outro lado, proporcionou maior conteúdo de fenóis solúveis totais e capacidade antioxidante. Ao longo da conservação, não foi observada incidência de Pseudomonas sp. O inhame minimamente processado, sob temperatura de 10 °C, pode ser comercializado por até 6 dias. A 5º C, por até 14 dias.

This study aimed at evaluating the quality of melon Pele de Sapo “Mabel” and Yellow melon “UFERSA-05” minimally processed preserved in different packages. The fruits were harvested at Mossoro-RN and transported to Serra Talhada-PE. In the first study, melon fruit Piel de Sapo “Mabel” was selected, washed, weighed, cooled, peeled, cut into cube shape, sanitized in chlorine solution, drained, packaged in rigid polypropylene tray, sealed with polypropylene film or polypropylene rigid cap and kept for 8 days at 8℃. In the second study, fruits of yellow melon “UFERSA-05” and Pele de Sapo “Mabel” were minimally processed and kept in rigid polypropylene tray, sealed with polypropylene film and stored for 8 days at 8℃. There was no significant interaction between packaging (sealed with film and polypropylene cover) and period of conservation, for pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS) and Loss of fresh mass (LFM) for Melon “Mabel”. While there was significant interaction between types of melon (“UFERSA-05” and “Mabel”) and storage period (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days) for pH, TTA and TSS. In sensory evaluation were noticeable changes in appearance, flavor, aroma and flesh firmness, characterized by translucency, alcoholic aroma and softening in “Mabel” melon kept in tray with lid. Melon “UFERSA-05” showed lower pH, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, PME activity, lack of translucency high flesh firmness compared to “Mabel” melon during storage. The high levels of sugars in melon “Mabel” may be related to the incidence of translucency, which was not observed in “UFERSA-05” melon, with a strong potential to minimal processing.

The objective of this research was to evaluate postharvest quality of ‘Lona’ and ‘Garfield’ varieties chrysanthemums, stored at different temperatures. The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse at Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (22° 13'48" S, 45° 56'11" W and 832 m in height). The inflorescences were kept at 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0°C. The evaluated parameters were senescent flowers and necrosed ligules. The evaluations were performed in the open storage room at 4, 8, and 12 days, at room temperature. It was observed that chrysanthemum ‘Lona’ flower senescence was accelerated at 2.5 and 5.0°C; while for ‘Garfield’, the senescence was larger at 1.5°C. For ‘Lona’ and ‘Garfield’ chrysanthemums, the temperature of 1.5°C favored the development of necrosis. Key words: Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev, varieties, pompom, conservation.

The quality of baby carrots may be associated to the standard of the raw material that in turn, may be influenced by agronomic practices. Thus, the effect of planting density and harvest age were assessed on physical and morphological characteristics, yield and end quality of intact and minimally processed carrots in the form of baby carrots. A randomized block experimental design was used with the density in the plots (4 x 20 cm and 4 x 7.5 cm) and the harvest age in the subplots (50, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99 and 106 days), with five replications. The experimental unit consisted of 25 plants. The assessments of diameter, length, yield, secondary phloem translocation with the cambio and total carotenoids were decisive in selecting the carrot harvest age for baby carrot manufacture. Under the 4 x 20 cm and 4 x 7.5 cm adensed conditions, harvested between 85 and 92 days, carrot roots became thinner and more orange in color (with maximum carotenoid accumulation), larger and with satisfactory yields and therefore more acceptable for minimal processing in the form of baby carrots. Thus the decision of populational density associated to harvest age will depend on the market demand, on price, quality and other variables. The use of adensed cropping with early harvests may lead to obtain carrots and respective baby carrots that are more acceptable for commercialization. A qualidade final de minicenoura pode estar associada ao padrão da matéria prima, que, por sua vez, pode ser influenciada por práticas agronômicas. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantio e da idade de colheita em características físicas, morfológicas, no rendimento e na qualidade final de cenoura inteira e minimamente processada na forma de minicenoura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizado, tendo nas parcelas as densidades (4 x 20 cm e 4 x 7,5 cm) e nas subparcelas a idade de colheita (50, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99 e 106 dias), com 5 repetições onde a unidade experimental foi composta por 25 plantas. As características de diâmetro, comprimento, rendimento, descolamento do floema secundário com o câmbio e carotenóides totais foram decisivos para selecionar a idade de colheita de cenoura destinada à fabricação de minicenoura. Nos dois adensamentos estudados, as raízes colhidas entre 85 e 92 dias, tornaram-se mais finas, de cor mais laranja (com máximo acúmulo de carotenóides), maiores, com rendimentos satisfatórios e, portanto, mais aceitáveis ao processamento mínimo na forma de minicenoura. Logo, a decisão de uso de densidade populacional associado à idade para se realizar a colheita, dependerá da exigência do mercado, do preço, qualidade e de outras variáveis. O uso de adensamentos de cultivo associados com colheitas antecipadas pode proporcionar a obtenção de cenoura e respectivas minicenouras mais aceitáveis para comercialização.

A vida útil pós-colheita do melão amarelo híbrido RX 20094 foi avaliada, estudando-se características visuais, físicas e físico-químicas dos frutos em pós-colheita em ensaio conduzido no laboratório da Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos, referentes aos períodos de armazenamento (0; 5; 10; 15; 20; e 25 dias) e 5 repetições, com dois frutos por parcela. Os frutos foram mantidos à temperatura de 30±1ºC e UR de 50±5%. Foram feitas avaliações em intervalos de 5 dias, avaliando-se a firmeza da polpa, perda de massa, aparências externa e interna e conteúdo de sólidos solúveis (SS). Observou-se efeito do tempo de armazenamento para todas as características avaliadas. A firmeza da polpa e as aparências externa e interna foram os principais fatores responsáveis pela perda de qualidade do melão. A vida útil do híbrido RX-20094 foi estimada em até no mínimo 25 dias de armazenamento sob temperatura ambiente.

This study aimed to analyse the endogenous levels of free polyamines putrescine (Put), spermidine (spd) and spermine (spm) under the effect of 8-HQC (8-hydroxyquinoline citrate) and chlorine during cold storage of bird-of-paradise floral scapes. Flowers were selected, labelled and randomly distributed in recipients for postharvest trials. The base of flower scapes was immersed with pulsing treatments (Control, 100 chlorine, 250 or 500 mg L-1 8-HQC) for 48 h, thereafter, stored at 10.5 °C and 90% relative humidity for a period of 12 days. Flower parts were sampled for polyamines analysis at day 0, 4, 8 and 12 days during storage. All samples had higher Put levels than the control. Treatment with 500 mg L-1 8-HQC showed the highest Spd levels in bracts, while chlorine treatment had the highest Spm levels in stems.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T15:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:15:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000350408000034.pdf: 811327 bytes, checksum: 9c4040edf6e431d323de54713a4b5cf2 (MD5) O presente trabalho tem por objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura de armazenamento (câmara fria e temperatura ambiente) na qualidade das inflorescências de estrelítzia. Escapos florais foram selecionados, etiquetados e descartados quanto à presença de danos mecânicos, doenças e/ou pragas. Transcorrido esse período, foram transferidos para recipientes, onde foram submetidos a dois experimentos. No experimento 1, escapos foram colocados em baldes contendo água da rede pública e levadas para câmara fria a 7,5 ºC e UR de 90%, por um período de doze dias. No experimento 2, os escapos foram mantidos nas mesmas condições, porém em temperatura ambiente por um período de seis dias. Nos dois experimentos, as análises visuais: coloração, brilho, manchas (através da atribuição de notas), abertura e queda de floretes (contagem) foram avaliadas em intervalo de quatro dias em câmara fria e a cada 48 horas em condições de temperatura ambiente. A sépala foi o órgão que apresentou maior perda na coloração. A variável brilho apresentou o mesmo comportamento em relação aos dois experimentos. Maiores incidências de manchas nas inflorescências ocorreram em temperatura ambiente. Os escapos apresentaram aumento no número de floretes abertos em câmara fria. Essa tendência não ocorreu em temperatura ambiente. Não foram observados diferenças na queda de floretes. Conclui-se que a temperatura de armazenamento não contribui para a qualidade pós-colheita de estrelítzia. This work was based to study the influence of the storage temperature (cold and room temperature) in the quality of inflorescences strelitzia. The scapes were selected, labeled and there were zero problems concerning mechanical damage, disease and/or plagues. Subsequently this period, the scapes were moved randomly to recipients with water, in which two postharvest trials were conducted. In experiment 1, the flower scapes were placed in buckets with water from public supply and sanitation department and taken to a cold room at temperature of 7.5 degrees C and RH of 90%, for a twelve day period. For the experiment 2, were kept under the same conditions but at room temperature for a period of six days. In both experiments, the visual analysis: color, gloss, stains (by assigning notes), opening and drop florets (count) were evaluated at intervals of four days in cold and every 48 hours at ambient temperature conditions. In both experiments, the visual analysis: color, gloss, stains (by assigning notes), opening and drop florets (count) were evaluated at intervals of four days in cold and every 48 hours at ambient temperature conditions. The sepal is the organ that showed greater loss in coloration. The variable gloss showed the same pattern for the two experiments. Incidences of stains on the inflorescences occurred in patches at room temperature. The scapes increased number of florets open in cold. This tendency did not occur at room temperature. No were observed differences in the fall of florets. Conclude that the storage temperature does not contribute to postharvest quality of strelitzia. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Quim &Bioquim, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Prod Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Unidade Acad Serra Talhada, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Quim &Bioquim, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Prod Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Objetivou-se avaliar, em duas cultivares de mandioca, o efeito do processamento mínimo no formato palito sobre características bioquímicas, em duas idades de colheita. Os palitos de mandioca minimamente processados foram acondicionados em embalagens de polipropileno, a 5±1ºC, 90±5% de umidade relativa, por 12 dias. O teor de carotenoides, e de compostos fenólicos solúveis foram significativamente maiores para os palitos da cultivar 'Amarela' do que para a cultivar 'Cacau', assim como a atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase e a capacidade antioxidante. O teor de carotenoides totais e compostos fenólicos solúveis, assim como a atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase e a capacidade antioxidante, foram superiores quando colhidas aos 14 meses. Houve acréscimo na atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase durante os 12 dias de conservação a 5ºC, no entanto, houve decréscimo para o teor de carotenoides totais e de compostos fenólicos solúveis, assim como da capacidade antioxidante. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh-cut in stick form of two cassava cultivars on their biochemical and antioxidant characteristics, at two harvest times. The fresh cut cassava sticks were packaged in polypropylene, maintained at 5±1ºC, with 90±5% relative humidity for 12 days. The concentration of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher for the sticks of cultivar 'Amarela' cassava than for the sticks of cultivar 'Cacau'. The concentrations of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds, and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were all significantly greater when harvested at 14-month of age. There was a significant increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase during the 12 days of storage at 5ºC. However, there was a decrease in total carotenoids, soluble phenolic compounds, and in the antioxidant capacity of the two cultivars.

Baby carrot is a very perishable product mainly due to the abrasion of the cylindrical carrot root segments. The influence of four different controlled atmospheres (CA) (air, 2 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2, 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 and 10 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2) was studied to maintain quality and prolong the shelf life of baby carrots. Respiration rate (RR), the content of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics by HPLC as well as the sensory quality of baby carrots during storage at 4 °C were evaluated. The lowest RR was observed in baby carrots stored under CA containing the lowest O2 concentrations. Baby carrots under low O2 atmospheres preserved the highest vitamin C content, as well as the individual carotenoids. The wound-induced phenolic compounds, mainly trans chlorogenic acid, increased two fold in baby carrots stored under 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. In general, CA maintained the overall visual quality of baby carrots up to 8 days. Controlled atmosphere of 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 can be recommended as an optimum atmosphere to maintain quality of baby carrots, increasing bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid and avoiding anaerobic fermentation in case of temperature abuse.

The storage of minimally processed vegetables at low temperatures, in association with proper packaging, represents one of the available technological solutions to mitigate the variations that hinder the quality of final products during storage. We studied the physicochemical variations that occur straight after minimal processing, as well as those that occur during the storage of minimally processed and intact leaves of collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), stored in 50-µm thick polypropylene bags, with 810-μm diameter perforations. Leaves were stored for 15 and 9 days, at 5 and 10± 1ºC, respectively. There were losses of total chlorophyll, soluble sugars, starch, and soluble amino acids immediately after the minimal processing. The rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and starch during storage were similar on minimally processed and intact leaves, independently of the storage temperature. On contrary, fresh mass loss was almost two fold larger in minimally processed leaves after nine days of storage, regardless of temperature. We also observed a transient increase in the content of soluble amino acids at the end of storage in minimally processed leaves. The increase in the storage temperature to 10°C enhanced the chemical variations both in minimally processed and intact leaves. As consequence, the rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, sugars and starch mounted, and the accumulation of soluble amino acids was stimulated. We concluded that it is necessary to keep on searching for alternative packaging for minimally processed collard greens, and to associate it with storage at low temperatures, but mimicking distribution and commercialization conditions of the cold-chain. Thus, we can succeed in adequately reducing the physicochemical variations that induce quality losses in minimally processed vegetables. A conservação de hortaliças minimamente processadas em baixas temperaturas, em associação com o uso de embalagens adequadas, continua sendo uma das soluções tecnológicas utilizadas para minimizar ou retardar as mudanças que ocorrem durante a conservação. Foram estudadas as alterações físico-químicas causadas logo após o processamento mínimo e durante a conservação de folhas de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) inteiras e minimamente processadas, mantidas em sacos de polipropileno de 50 µm de espessura, com perfurações de 810 µm de diâmetro. As folhas foram conservadas por 15 e 9 dias, a 5 e 10± 1ºC, respectivamente. Logo após o processamento mínimo observou-se perda de clorofilas totais, açúcares solúveis, amido e aminoácidos solúveis. As taxas de degradação e/ou utilização da clorofila total, ácido ascórbico, açúcares solúveis e amido durante a conservação das folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas mantidas a 5 e/ou 10± 1ºC foram semelhantes, com exceção para perda de massa fresca e aminoácidos solúveis. As folhas minimamente processadas apresentaram perda de massa fresca quase duas vezes superior às folhas inteiras com nove dias de conservação, independentemente da temperatura. Um aumento transitório no teor de aminoácidos solúveis no final da conservação também foi observado em folhas minimamente processadas. O aumento da temperatura de conservação para 10ºC potencializou as alterações químicas tanto em folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas, resultando em elevadas taxas de degradação e/ou utilização de clorofilas, ácido ascórbico, açúcares e amido, além de estimular o acúmulo de aminoácidos solúveis. É necessária a contínua busca de embalagens alternativas àquelas existentes para couve minimamente processada, associado à conservação em baixas temperaturas, para simular as condições de distribuição e comercialização e, assim, minimizar as alterações físico-químicas que reduzem a qualidade do produto final.

7 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla., Carrot sticks are increasingly in demand as ready-to-eat products, with a major quality problem in the development of white discoloration. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and edible coating have been proposed as postharvest treatments to maintain quality and prolong shelf-life. The combined application of an edible coating containing 5 mL L−1 of chitosan under two different MAP conditions (10 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2 in Pack A and 2 kPa O2 + 15–25 kPa CO2 in Pack B) over 12 d at 4 °C was studied. Respiration rate, microbial and sensory qualities as well as the contents of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics of coated and uncoated carrot sticks were evaluated. The use of the edible coating containing chitosan preserved the overall visual quality and reduced surface whiteness during storage. Microbial populations were very low and not influenced by coating or MAP. Edible coating increased respiration rates of carrot sticks, although this was only noticeable in the package with the less permeable film (Pack B). Vitamin C and carotenoids decreased during storage particularly in coated carrot sticks. In contrast, the content of total phenolics markedly increased in coated carrot sticks stored under moderate O2 and CO2 levels, while it was controlled under low O2 and high CO2 levels. The combined application of edible coating containing chitosan and moderate O2 and CO2 levels maintained quality and enhanced phenolic content in carrot sticks., The authors are grateful to CICYT (project AGL2007-65056), CNPq, PRODETAB and FAPEMIG for financial support and Agricola Villena for providing plant material. A. Allende is holder a contract founded by CSIC (E-30-2008-0220871).

Avaliou-se a qualidade comercial de híbridos de melão amarelo cv. Gold Mine e Gold Pride, submetidos a diferentes épocas de colheita. Os frutos foram colhidos no pólo agrícola de MossoróAssu (RN), e armazenados a 11±1ºC e 90±5% UR, durante 28 dias. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com cinco repetições e um fruto por parcela. O primeiro fator constou das épocas de colheita (0 sem retardamento, 2; 4; 6 e 8 dias de retardamento da colheita) e o segundo, do tempo de armazenamento (0; 7; 14; 21 e 28 dias). Avaliou-se a firmeza da polpa (N), perda de massa (%), aparência externa e interna e conteúdo de sólidos solúveis totais (%). A firmeza da polpa e a aparência interna foram fortemente influenciadas pelo retardamento da colheita, proporcionando frutos com colapso interno e menor resistência da polpa. O retardamento da colheita influenciou significativamente a perda de massa apenas para o híbrido Gold Mine, observando-se a partir do 21º dia, maiores perdas de massa para os frutos colhidos com 4 e 6 dias de atraso na colheita. O retardamento no período de colheita induziu maior suscetibilidade a danos por frio em ambos os híbridos e aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis apenas para híbrido Gold Pride. The commercial quality of yellow melon 'Gold Mine' and 'Gold Pride' hybrids at different harvest times was examined. The fruits were harvested in the MossoróAssu agricultural pole, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, being kept under 11±1ºC and 90±5% relative humidity, during 28 days. A 5 x 5 factorial scheme in a completely randomized design was used with five replications and one fruit per plot. The first factor was recorded at harvest time (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8 days retardation of the harvest) and the second at the storage periods (0; 7; 14; 21 and 28 days). We evaluated the flesh firmness (N), weight loss (%), internal and external appearances and soluble solids content (%). The flesh firmness and the internal appearance were strongly influenced by the harvest delay, providing fruits with internal disorder and smaller flesh resistance. The harvest delay influenced significantly the weight loss of the Gold Mine hybrid with larger weight losses occurring after 21 days of storage in treatments where the harvest was delayed 4 and 6 days. The harvest delay induced larger susceptibility to chilling injury in both hybrids and increased the soluble solids content in the hybrid Gold Pride.

Tubérculos de batata das cultivares Eliza, Pérola e Atlantic foram armazenados a 2ºC durante 10 dias e, posteriormente, recondicionados a 15ºC por 10 ou 20 dias, de forma a verificar a eficiência destes tratamentos em reverter o adoçamento associado ao armazenamento a baixas temperaturas. O recondicionamento foi associado a uma redução nos teores de sacarose em todas cultivares, uma redução na atividade da sacarose-fosfato sintase e UDP-glicose pirofosforilase. Houve também redução na atividade da sacarose sintase, e redução temporária na atividade da invertase, o que não aconteceu de uma forma homogênea entre as cultivares. O recondicionamento também reduziu o teor de glicose, mas somente nas cultivares Pérola e Atlantic. Esta redução foi linear com o tempo de recondicionamento, o que sugere que maior redução do adoçamento possa ser observada com a utilização de períodos maiores de recondicionamento. Não foi observada alteração no teor de amido, embora tenha ocorrido redução temporária nas atividades da amido fosforilase e amidolítica total em algumas cultivares. Em conjunto, esses dados demonstram que o recondicionamento, mesmo por curtos períodos de tempo (20 dias) ou temperaturas mais amenas (15ºC), resulta em alterações metabólicas heterogêneos em diferentes cultivares, e que podem contribuir significativamente para a redução do adoçamento de tubérculos nas cultivares Pérola e Atlantic.

Estudou-se o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento e do processamento mínimo sobre a atividade da fenilalanina amônia-liase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) e polifenol oxidase (PPO), em folhas de couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) por 15 e 9 dias, nas condições de 5 ± 1oC e de 10 ± 1oC, respectivamente. O amarelecimento e a perda de turgescência foram as principais causas para a redução da qualidade visual das folhas inteiras, enquanto nas folhas minimamente processadas apresentaram também, escurecimento, que coincidiu com o aumento na atividade da POD e PPO nas duas temperaturas estudadas. A atividade da PAL em folhas minimamente processadas mantidas a 5oC mais que dobrou até o segundo dia de conservação em relação às conservadas a 10oC. O processamento mínimo influenciou a atividade da PAL, POD e PPO. Todas as enzimas avaliadas, aumentaram a atividade durante a conservação, seja no início, no caso da PAL, ou no final, para a PPO e POD, indicando que as mudanças no metabolismo fenólico desempenha um papel importante no declínio da qualidade de couve. A conservação a 5oC retardou as alterações no metabolismo fenólico, embora nessa temperatura, a atividade da PAL foi maior, em grandeza numérica, em relação às folhas armazenadas à 10oC. We studied the effects of storage temperature on the activities of phenylalanine ammonia- lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in minimally processed kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) that was stored for 15 and 9 days at 5 ± 1oC and 10 ± 1oC, respectively. The main visual evidence for quality loss in whole leaves was yellowing and loss of turgescence. Minimally processed leaves presented significant browning, indicating increased POD and PPO activities. The PAL activity in minimally processed leaves stored at 5oC was fourfold higher than that of whole leaves after two days of storage. We showed that minimal processing influenced PAL, POD and PPO activities. The activity of all enzymes studied increased during storage, indicating that changes in phenolic metabolism play an important role in the decline of kale quality. PAL activity increased rapidly at the beginning of storage and exhibited a reduced rate of increase over time, while the PPO and POD activities increased continuously over time. The storage at 5 ° C was a great ally in delaying changes in phenolic metabolism; however, the absolute PAL activity was higher at 5 than at 10oC.