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The current study utilized a three-step cultural adaptation process to adapt a universal-coparenting program for Latinx adolescent parents in a school-based setting. First, focus groups were conducted with adolescent parents (n = 13; 100% Latinx; 69% female), their parents (n = 17; 94% Latinx; 82% female), and school staff (n = 7; 71% White; 100% female) to identify unique needs faced by this population. Second, the program was adapted to include new lesson modules (e.g., coparenting with grandparents, coparenting after breakups) and structural reformatting to fit a school schedule. Third, selected lessons from the adapted program were piloted in four schools with 32 Latinx adolescent parents (97% Latinx; 78% female). Lesson evaluation surveys and focus group data assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the service delivery method and content to show the program was well received. However, implementation challenges emerged when attempting to provide services to adolescent fathers and Spanish-speaking adolescents. This manuscript provides an example of how to use this cultural adaptation process to tailor prevention programs, highlights a new prevention program that can serve as a resource for adolescent parents, and provides several recommendations for working with Latinx adolescent parents.El presente estudio utilizó un proceso de adaptación cultural de tres pasos para adaptar un programa de cocrianza universal para padres adolescentes latinos en un entorno escolar. En primer lugar, se realizaron grupos de análisis con padres adolescentes (n = 13; el 100 % latinos; el 69 % mujeres), sus padres (n = 17; el 94 % latinos; el 82 % mujeres), y el personal escolar (n = 7; el 71 % blancos; el 100 % mujeres) para identificar las necesidades únicas que enfrenta esta población. En segundo lugar, el programa se adaptó para incluir módulos de enseñanza nuevos (p. ej.: la cocrianza con los abuelos, la cocrianza después de las separaciones) y para modificar el formato estructural de manera que se ajustara al horario escolar. En tercer lugar, se hicieron pruebas piloto de lecciones elegidas del programa adaptado en cuatro escuelas con 32 padres adolescentes latinos (el 97 % latinos; el 78 % mujeres). Se utilizaron encuestas de evaluación de las lecciones y datos de los grupos de análisis para evaluar la viabilidad y la aceptabilidad del método de prestación del servicio y del contenido a fin de demostrar que el programa fue bien recibido. Sin embargo, los desafíos de la implementación surgieron a la hora de prestar servicios a los padres adolescentes y a los adolescentes que hablan español. Este manuscrito brinda un ejemplo de cómo usar este proceso de adaptación cultural para adaptar programas de prevención, destaca un nuevo programa de prevención que puede servir como recurso para padres adolescentes y ofrece varias recomendaciones para trabajar con padres adolescentes latinos.本研究专门为拉丁裔青少年父母在学校为基础的环境下修订了一个文化调适项目，即一项通用-共同抚养孩子教育计划，利用的是三步文化适应过程。首先，进行了重点小组讨论，召集对象是青少年父母(n = 13;Latinx 100%;69%女性)，他们的家长(n = 17;Latinx 94%;女性82%)，学校工作人员(n = 7;71%的白人;100%为女性)，旨在确定这群人所面临的独特需求。其次，该项目进行了调整，加入了一些新的课程模块(例如，与祖父母共同抚养、离异后共同抚养)，并进行结构上的重新调整，以适应学校的时间安排。第三，从调适后的计划中挑选的课程在四所学校进行了试点，这些学校有32名拉丁裔青少年家长(97%是拉丁裔;78%的女性)。课程评估调查和焦点小组数据评估了提供服务的方法和内容的可行性和可接受性，表明该计划深受欢迎。然而，在试图向青少年父亲和说西班牙语的青少年提供服务时，在执行方面遇到一些困难。本文提供了一个如何使用这种文化适应过程来定制预防计划的例子，强调了一种新的预防计划，可以作为青少年父母的资源，并为与拉丁裔青少年父母合作提供了一些建议。.

Nearly 11 million adolescent fathers between the ages of 15 and 44 live in the United States. Adolescent fathers are stereotyped as reckless teenagers and uninvolved parents. However, little research has examined the veracity of these negative perceptions about adolescent fathers. The goals of the current two-study dissertation were to (a) systematically review the published peer-reviewed literature on the antecedents and consequences of adolescent fatherhood and (b) test hypothesized antecedents of adolescent fatherhood in a sample of Black males.Results from the systematic review indicated that the adolescents at greater risk of becoming adolescent fathers (i.e., antecedents) are more likely to be Black or Latino and come from low socioeconomic status backgrounds as characterized by lower parental education and income. Adolescent fathers are also more likely to come from low socioeconomic status neighborhoods, engage in delinquent behavior and substance use, have lower academic competence, and have peers who engage in deviant behaviors. With regard to consequences, findings demonstrated that the offspring of adolescent fathers are at greater risk for adverse birth outcomes and the children of adolescent fathers are at greater risk for psychological disorders. Findings from Study 2 demonstrated that over and above other hypothesized individual antecedents, Black male adolescents who engaged in sexual intercourse prior to the age of 15 were three times more likely to become adolescent fathers than adolescents who waited until they were older than the age of 15. Adolescents with mothers who would be more disappointed if they completed college were also less likely to become adolescent fathers, over and above other familial antecedents (e.g., maternal educational attainment, maternal disapproval of sex). Univariate analyses also demonstrated that adolescents who engaged in more delinquent behavior and who had lower educational aspirations were more likely to become adolescent fathers. Findings from these two studies contribute to our understanding of the adolescents most at-risk of becoming fathers as teens as well as the problems they face as young parents. These findings can guide future research on adolescent fathers and potentially the development of interventions to prevent adolescent fatherhood and to assist adolescents who do become fathers.

Adolescent fatherhood is often unplanned and such situations increase adolescents’ vulnerability over their life course. The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the world as seen through the eyes of Indonesian adolescent fathers who experienced an unplanned pre-marital pregnancy. Sixteen, in person one-to-one interviews were conducted with eight Indonesian adolescent male participants (age 18–19). Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, translated and thematically analysed. Adolescent’s uncharted journeys prevailed as the overarching theme, as they narrated how their life course had impacted on them. They experienced emotional distress, they were controlled by strong social and cultural expectations and nurtured by older family members. Resourcefulness emerged as ways of coping through renewed faith and hope for a better future. The enduring impact of their distress on economic opportunities, marital harmony, social integration, faith and happiness is worthy of further enquiry.

Problematyka udziału nastoletnich ojców w opiece nad swoimi dziećmi i w ich wychowaniu stanowi aktualnie przedmiot rosnącego zainteresowania ze strony decydentów i społeczeństw. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest przedstawienie arbitralnie wybranych wyników badań empirycznych, dzięki którym możliwe będzie poznanie udziału nastoletnich ojców w opiece nad dziećmi i w ich wychowaniu. Na podstawie przywołanych w niniejszym artykule wyników badań można stwierdzić, że większość nastoletnich ojców przejawia zainteresowanie sprawami swoich dzieci, a także deklaruje zaangażowanie w opiekę nad nimi nawet wtedy, kiedy nie mieszkają razem z nimi.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAAN School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA Public health crises, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have led...

Rationale Although several systematic reviews have addressed the antecedents and consequences of adolescent motherhood, none have examined adolescent fatherhood. Objectives The aims of this systematic review were to identify evidence-based factors that increase the probability of adolescent fatherhood and to identify outcomes that differ between adolescent fathers compared to two other groups, namely adult fathers and non-father age peers. The current study used a theoretical framework, Parke's systems view, to guide the review. Method The search strategy included a bibliographic search of PubMed and PsycINFO. To be included, publications had to be (a) peer-reviewed, (b) quantitative studies, (c) published in English, and (d) compare adolescent fathers ( 19 years) or to non-father peers (13- to 19-years old). Results A total of 2869 unique published sources were screened and 39 met these inclusion criteria. More than half of the articles focused on antecedents (k = 24), with the most consistent evidence showing that adolescent fathers come from disadvantaged backgrounds characterized by single-parent households and low parental socioeconomic status. There is also evidence that adolescent fathers were disproportionately Black or Latino (vs. White), had lower academic competence, engaged in more delinquent behavior (e.g., vandalism), and had peers who engaged in more anti-social behaviors. Articles on the outcomes of adolescent fatherhood (k = 23) yielded consistent evidence that their offspring are at greater risk of being preterm or low birthweight and psychological disorders as compared to the offspring of adult fathers. Conclusions Much of the literature was published prior to the year 2000, and methodological weaknesses are noted. Nonetheless, this review has implications for beginning to establish an evidence-based understanding of adolescent fathers. Future rigorous and theory-driven research can provide an even clearer picture and a basis for intervention.

Introduction: in general, parenting has been considered as the actions of socialization led by adults, which consider teenagers as unable people to achieve trajectories of the expected ideal development for girls and boys; on the other side, the State, despite of making progress about equity of these people, often turns their rights and necessities invisible. Materials and Methods: through a systematic review of documents and databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Dialnet, Pubmed, Proquest, Adolec; information in Spanish, English and Portuguese of the last ten years was gathered with keywords: parenting practices and teenagers, teenage mothers-fathers, public policies in adolescence; this review returned 84 publications with the pointed aspects. Results: perceptions of the adolescent mothers and fathers are identified, their social interactions in the parenting exercise, guidelines and practices of parenting and the contributions that regarding their recognition as adolescent parents, the State establishes. Conclusions: it is necessary to identify the perceptions in both adolescent fathers and mothers, and build jointly Public Politics that lead to the increase of support networks to assume the new tasks of care and continue with the activities that the models and social systems impose.KEYWORDS: adolescent, parenting, reproductive rights, parent-child relationship PADRES Y MADRES ADOLESCENTES EN EL EJERCICIO DE LA CRIANZARESUMENIntroducción: en general, se ha considerado la crianza como acciones de socialización dirigidas por adultos, estimando a los adolescentes como personas no aptas para lograr las trayectorias de desarrollo ideal esperado en los niños y niñas; de otra parte, el Estado, a pesar de avanzar por la equidad para estas personas, en ocasiones invisibiliza sus derechos y necesidades. Materiales y Métodos: a través de la revisión sistemática de documentos y bases de datos como ScienceDirect, Scopus, Dialnet, Pubmed, Proquest, adolec; se indagó información en español, inglés y portugués de los últimos diez años con las palabras clave: prácticas de crianza y adolescentes, padres-madres adolescentes y políticas públicas en adolescencia; esta revisión retomó 84 publicaciones con los aspectos señalados. Resultados: se identifican percepciones de los y las adolescentes como padres y madres, sus interacciones sociales en el ejercicio de la crianza, pautas y prácticas de crianza y los aportes que frente a su reconocimiento como adolescentes padres establece el Estado. Conclusiones: es necesario identificar las percepciones en adolescentes padres y madres y construir conjuntamente con éstos Políticas Públicas que conlleven al aumento de redes de apoyo para asumir las nuevas tareas del cuidado y continuar con las actividades que le imponen los modelos y sistemas sociales.Palabras clave: adolescente, crianza del niño, derechos reproductivos, relaciones padres-hijo PAIS ADOLESCENTES NO EXERCÍCIO DA PARENTALIDADERESUMO Introdução: De maneira geral tem-se considerado a parentalidade como ações de socialização dirigidas por adultos, estimando aos adolescentes como pessoas não aptas para conseguir as trajetórias de desenvolvimento ideal que esperamos nas crianças; de outra parte o Estado apesar de avançar pela equidade para estas pessoas, em ocasiões faz invisível seus direitos e necessidades. Materiais e Métodos: através de revisão sistemática de documentos e bases de dados como ScienceDirect, Scopus, Dialnet, Pubmed, Proquest e Adolec; indagou-se informação em espanhol, inglês e português dos últimos dez anos com as palavras chave: práticas parentais e adolescentes, pais adolescentes, políticas públicas em adolescência; esta revisão retomou 84 publicações com os aspectos identificados. Resultados: identificaram-se percepções dos adolescentes como pais, suas interações sociais no exercício da parentalidade, pautas e práticas parentais e as contribuições que estabelece o Estado para seu reconhecimento como pais adolescentes. Conclusões: é necessário identificar as percepções dos pais adolescentes, e construir conjuntamente com estas Políticas Públicas, para que levem ao aumento de redes de apoio para assumir as novas tarefas do cuidado e continuar com as atividades que lhe impõem os modelos e sistemas sociais. Palavras-chave: adolescente, direitos reprodutivos, parentalidade, relações pai-filho

This study examines what neighborhood conditions experienced at age 15 and after are associated with teen childbearing and fathering among Latino and African American youth and whether these neighborhood effects vary by gender and/or ethnicity. Administrative and survey data from a natural experiment are used for a sample of 517 Latino and African American youth whose families were quasi-randomly assigned to public housing operated by the Denver (CO) Housing Authority (DHA). Characteristics of the neighborhood initially assigned by DHA to wait list applicants are utilized as identifying instruments for the neighborhood contexts experienced during adolescence. Cox Proportional Hazards (PH) models reveal that neighborhoods having higher percentages of foreign-born residents but lower levels of social capital robustly predict reduced odds of teen parenting though the magnitude of these effects was contingent on gender and ethnicity. Specifically, the presence of foreign-born neighbors on the risk of teen parenting produced a stronger dampening effect for African American youth when compared to Latino youth. Additionally, the effects of social capital on teen parenting were stronger for males than females.

This study examined the association between perceived family economic stress, quality of father-son relationships, and depressive symptoms among African American adolescent fathers. Data were collected during pregnancy from 65 African American adolescents who were first-time fathers, ages 14-19. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that higher paternal relationship satisfaction was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among adolescent fathers. Additionally, depressive symptoms were higher among adolescent fathers who reported experiencing higher levels of conflict with their fathers. Further, paternal conflict moderated the effect of perceived family economic stress on depressive symptoms. That is, among adolescent fathers experiencing low levels of conflict with their fathers, high perceived family economic stress was associated with more depressive symptoms. Study findings suggest that the risk for depressive symptoms is highest among adolescent fathers experiencing low family economic stress and highly conflictual relations with their fathers. These results highlight the complexities of paternal relationships and perceived economic stressors on depressive symptoms during pregnancy for African American adolescent fathers. The importance of expanding research on influential familial relationships and economic stressors on adolescent African American fathers is discussed.

Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, we explored the development of father identity among boys involved in the juvenile justice system. Youth were recruited from a juvenile detention center and school district in a northern California county with a high teen birth rate. The participants were expecting a child or parenting an infant and had been arrested, incarcerated, or had committed a crime. We collected data through observations and individual interviews. Using constant comparative and dimensional analysis, we found that expectant adolescent fathers hoped for a boy and envisioned their central role as father to be making their son a man. This article contributes to greater understanding of father identity development for youth involved in the justice system. We suggest that teen parenting policies and programs include interventions sensitized by gender, accounting for the influence masculine ideals of manhood have on the development of father identity and the father–child relationship.

This study examined whether coparenting support and social support had a stronger effect on father engagement with 3-year-olds among adolescent fathers compared with adult fathers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,540), we found that coparenting support and paternal social support had a significantly stronger positive effect on adolescent fathers than adult fathers. The associations among coparenting, social support, and adolescent father engagement did not depend on whether the father and mother were romantically involved with each other. The results support the idea that programs for adolescent parents should focus on coparenting and social support as a way to help fathers to stay involved with their children.

The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic and marital status differences in family structure, risk behaviors and service requests among African American and Hispanic adolescent fathers participating in a community-based fatherhood program. Demographic factors, risk behaviors, and service requests were gathered at program entry. The results indicated that each group demonstrated distinct patterns associated with family structure, sexual risk behaviors, substance use, and criminal behavior. In comparison to African American fathers, Hispanic fathers were younger and were more likely to be married and present at the delivery of their child. African American fathers reported having more children than Hispanic fathers. Disparities in school-related measures were also found, with African American fathers having higher high school graduation rates than Hispanic fathers. The impact of marriage on risk behaviors had mixed results. Services requests were similar for both groups. The finding that different ethnic groups have specific patterns of risk behaviors highlights the importance of considering the ethnic composition of a population when developing future research and interventions.

Objective To examine interactions between adolescent fathers and health care professionals from the perspectives of the families of the adolescent fathers during pregnancy and early postpartum. Design Content analysis methods were used to analyze data from the prenatal and 1 month data points of a larger longitudinal qualitative case study design examining paternal involvement. A purposive sample of 25 sets of unmarried, low-income Black adolescent fathers, adolescent mothers, and at least one of each of their parents were individually interviewed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth using a semistructured interview guide. Setting Approximately 90% of participants were interviewed in their homes. Participants Annual household incomes were between $0 to $28K ( M =$14,661). The 111 participants included 25 sets of adolescent parents, 50 grandmothers, and 11 grandfathers. Approximately 75% of the adolescent fathers were 17 to 19 years of age. Results Supportive (information, emotional, and material support), distancing, and neutralizing interactions between health care professionals and adolescent fathers were identified. Conclusions Although most interactions were perceived as supportive, distancing, and neutralizing interactions could potentially have negative long-term effects for these vulnerable families and contribute to disparities in health care. Nurses may be important resources for these new fathers.

The current study utilized a social exchange perspective to examine relations among 74 adolescent mothers’ perceptions of barriers to father engagement, parenting alliance strength, and nonresident fathers’ engagement in caregiving and nurturing activities with their children. Even after accounting for mothers’ perceptions of barrier strength, mothers who viewed the parenting alliance as strong also perceived fathers as more engaged in caregiving activities. A more complex pattern emerged for mothers’ perceptions of father engagement in nurturing activities, such that relations between barrier strength and fathers’ nurturing depended on the parents’ relationship status and parenting alliance strength. Our findings suggest the importance of helping young parents strengthen their coparenting relationship in order to foster fathers’ engagement with their children.

Race/ethnic differences in the prevalence of and characteristics associated with low support provided by fathers of babies born to pregnant adolescents were examined among 719 adolescent mothers who were interviewed postpartum. Low support was reported by 41.9% of African-American, 26.2% of Mexican-American, and 19.4% of Caucasian adolescent mothers. Across race/ethnic subgroups, fathers who provided limited support were characterized by chronic substance use, gang or police involvement, or partner-directed violence. Policies advocating universal father involvement without concomitant programs designed to address their many needs may ultimately be detrimental to the welfare of mother and child.

Teenage pregnancy is one of the socio-economic challenges which South Africa faces, with 35% of young women under the age of 20 falling pregnant or having had at least one child (Jewkes, Vundule, Maforah & Jordaan, 2001:733). Research has also highlighted that African youths lack access to sexual health information and services, and this makes them more vulnerable to engaging in risky sexual activity (Ashford, 2000; Bezuidenhout, 2004; Osei-Hwedi & Namutosi, 2004). In trying to address this challenge most of the focus has been on adolescent mothers, while the needs and experiences of adolescent fathers have been neglected. Adolescent fathers, like their female counterparts, also have to work through their developmental tasks while at the same time trying to adjust to their role of being a father. It is essential that the experiences and perceptions of adolescent fathers be understood as this knowledge can be utilised in the design of appropriate support programmes or measures for these fathers

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar o exercício da função paterna na adolescência, desde a gestação até o primeiro ano de vida do bebê. Participaram deste estudo três casais de adolescentes, cuja gestação estava no terceiro trimestre no momento do primeiro contato. Os participantes tinham idades entre 16 e 19 anos e, no momento da gestação, estavam namorando ou morando juntos, e eram de nível socioeconômico baixo. Cada caso foi investigado em três diferentes etapas: terceiro trimestre de gestação, após três meses e após um ano de vida do bebê. Os resultados revelaram que os pais foram identificados como importantes fontes de apoio emocional para suas jovens companheiras, tanto no período da gestação, quanto no puerpério, apesar de algumas dificuldades em relação ao exercício de outras funções terem sido identificadas. The present study aimed to investigate the exercise of the paternal function in adolescence, from pregnancy through the first year of baby’s life. The study included three teenage couples whose pregnancy was in the third trimester at the time of first contact. Participants were aged between 16 and 19 years and at the time of pregnancy, were dating or living together, and were of low socioeconomic status. Each case was investigated in three different stages: third trimester of pregnancy, after three months and after a year of baby’s life. The results revealed that parents were identified as important sources of emotional support for their young partners, both during pregnancy and in the postpartum, despite some difficulties regarding the exercise of other functions have been identified. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el ejercicio de la función paterna en la adolescencia, desde el embarazo hasta el primer año de vida del bebé. En el estudio participaron tres parejas de adolescentes cuyo embarazo estaba en el tercer trimestre cuando el primer contacto. Los participantes, durante el embarazo, tenían edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 19 años, eran novios o vivian juntos, y eran de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Cada caso fue investigado en tres etapas diferentes: en el tercer trimestre del embarazo, después de tres meses y después de un año de vida del bebé. Los resultados revelaron que los padres fueron identificados como importantes fuentes de apoyo emocional para sus jóvenes compañeras, tanto durante el embarazo e en el puerperio, a pesar de algunas dificultades en relación con el ejercicio de otras funciones han sido identificados.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experiences of adolescent fathers in a suburban environment in Northern Virginia. Specifically, phenomenological methods were used to capture the essence of these nine adolescent fathers\' experiences surrounding their conceptualization and enactment of fatherhood. Participants included 5 Hispanic (56%), 2 African-American (22%), 1 Caucasian (11%), and 1 Asian (11%). They ranged in age from 16 to 19 years of age with an average age of 18. Their perspective adds to the current literature and assists counselors and policy makers in gaining a greater understanding of the needs and perceptions of this marginalized group. A transformative process best described the lived experience of these adolescent fathers. Fatherhood was described as a life-changing event, as they traversed a range of negative behaviors to become actively involved fathers. An eco- constructivist model provided an appropriate framework to better understand the subjective meanings the adolescent fathers attached to their lived experiences throughout the transformative process. While the results cannot be generalized, the narratives of these participants provide insight into this marginalized population. These participants define fatherhood in traditional terms (i.e., father as primary provider) and expressed enthusiasm about being actively involved in their children\'s daily lives. Further, the majority expressed a renewed focus on educational attainment to provide a better future for themselves and their children. Although participants received assistance from their families, support was lacking from the educational system. This lack of support provides an avenue for communities, schools, and counselors to become advocates for adolescent fathers. School counselors are encouraged to reach out to community agencies, clinical mental heath counselors, and community college counselors as avenues for more complete services for adolescent fathers. There is a need for further research relating to the needs of adolescent fathers. Longitudinal research with these participants is necessary to ascertain how they enacted their conceptualization of fatherhood and the barriers they encountered. Ph. D.

The author examines the educational and labor market outcomes of young men in the United States, with a particular emphasis on adolescent fathers. She finds that men who were teen fathers complete fewer years of education and are less likely to finish high school compared to men who were not teen fathers. These educational deficits persist even after family and personal characteristics are taken into account. Teen fathers enter the labor market earlier and initially earn more money than do other men; by the time teen fathers reach their mid-20s, however, they earn less. After controlling for personal traits and family background, the long-term earnings deficits of teen fathers disappear, implying that teen fathers are as capable of providing for their children as are other young men from similarly disadvantaged backgrounds. Unfortunately, this will not ease the jobs of child support enforcement officials, who must regularly confront young, low-income, absent fathers and/or improve the plight of welfare-dependent and other impoverished children. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Participation—Youth Cohort.

Background: “Adolescent pregnancy is one of the most pressing, persistent, and poignant problems facing society” (Yoos, 1987, p. 247). Manitoba's teen pregnancy rates are among the highest in Canada. Yet, little is known about adolescent fathers and their parenting involvement. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to explore variables which may influence teen fathers' participation in parenting. Methods: A convenience sample of 30 adolescent fathers, whose partners were attending an Adolescent Prenatal Clinic, completed two questionnaires: Offer Self-Image—Revised, and Perceived Parenting Role Performance. Guided by family role theory, four hypotheses were examined utilizing a quantitative research method. Results: Data analysis revealed that 30% of these respondents had a low to very low self-image. Pearson's correlation coefficient, which facilitated hypotheses testing, failed to validate a relationship between teen fathers' perceived role performance and self-image, and perceived parenting role expectations. Nevertheless, a moderate negative correlation was noted between teen fathers' self-image and their perceived parenting role expectations (r = −.35, p Conclusions: These findings contradict the philosophy of family role theory. Results of this study indicated that teen fathers want to be involved in parenting. However, unrealistic expectations and the inability to combine the developmental tasks of adolescence with the responsibilities of fatherhood increase their vulnerability to parenting failure.

Adolescent parenting research has typically focused on the mother and ignored the father. Researchers have suggested that adolescent fathers are disregarded as the child's other parent because their parenting role is devalued. An emerging body of literature indicates that adolescent fathers are excluded from the pregnancy and parenting services provided to adolescent mothers because they are viewed as unnecessary to the parenting process and unimportant to the child's development. Moreover, researchers have alleged that service providers treat adolescent fathers as outcasts based on stereotypical beliefs that they are uncaring, irresponsible victimizers who disappear at the first mention of pregnancy. However, there is no empirical evidence to support these claims. The purpose of this thesis is to question these allegations and provide some evidence to either support or refute them. A survey of northern Utah agencies and the personnel who provide pregnancy and parenting services to adolescent mothers was conducted as the means to investigate this issue. The results of the survey do not provide conclusive evidence although they do suggest that the participating agencies and their personnel do not have policies or attitudes that intentionally exclude adolescent fathers from receiving services. Those surveyed consider fathers to be important to the pregnancy experience and the child's development. However, they do not make a deliberate effort to encourage adolescent fathers to take advantage of their services, nor do they employ effective strategies for making adolescent males aware of their services.

PART ONE: FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES Breaking the Silence - Alex Kotlowitz Growing up in Today's Inner City African-American Families - Harriet P McAdoo Strength and Realities Culture, Resiliency, and Mutual Psychological Development - Nancy P Genero Indigenous Resources and Strategies of Resistance - Michael C Thornton Informal Caregiving and Racial Socialization in Black Commmunities Resiliency in African-American Families - Hamilton I McCubbin Military Families in Foreign Environments Housing and Neighborhood Satisfaction of Single-Parent Mothers and Grandmothers - Marylin L Cantwell and Dorothy I Jenkins Healing Forces in African-American Families - Cherie A Bagley and Juanitaelizabeth Carroll The Lack of Prenatal Care in Poor Urban African-American Postpartal Women - Carol Sue Holtz A Phenomenological Study PART TWO: FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Level of Satisfaction in African-American Marriages - Michael E Connor A Preliminary Investigation Variation in Adolescent Pregnancy Status - Velma McBride Murray A National Tri-Ethnic Study Being There - William D Allen and William J Doherty The Perception of Fatherhood Among a Group of African-American Adolescent Fathers African-American Couples' Lived Experience of Infertility - Su An Arnn Phipps Observing Mother-Daughter Interaction in African-American and Asian-American Families - Nancy A Gonzales, Yumi Hiraga and Ana Mari Cauce Resiliency and Coping in 'At Risk' African-American Youth and their Families - Hamilton I McCubbin et al Resilient Families in an Ethnic and Cultural Context - Hamilton I McCubbin et al

This study was undertaken to provide additional information on what are appropriate roles for agencies in relation to unmarried adolescent fathers. The findings indicate that such appropriate roles for agencies would include the provision of psychosocial counseling, vocational guidance, and parenting education. It was concluded that agency personnel would have to reach out assertively to unmarried adolescent fathers in order to serve them more effectively. (Am J Public Health 1981;71:733-735.)

Zu einer kinderpsychiatrischen Stichprobe von 97 Kindern und Jugendlichen, deren Mütter bei der Geburt durchschnittlich 16 1/2 Jahre und deren Väter meist nur wenig älter waren, werden einige Gesichtspunkte zum kindlichen Entwicklungsverlauf dargestellt. Nicht allein aufgrund des jugendlichen Alters und den damit verbundenen sozialen Einschränkungen zur Übernahme der Elternrolle ist die primäre Beziehung der jungen Eltern zum unzeitgemäß geborenen Kind gefährdet. Frühe und pubertäre Objektverluste kennzeichnen den Entwicklungsgang der jungen Mütter und Väter. Für die adoleszente Mutter hat das Kind häufig die Bedeutung eines Lückenbüßers, der die Fortsetzung der idealisierten Objektbeziehung zur entbehrten Mutter und zum unbetrauerten, verlorenen Vater gewährleisten soll. Die reale Beziehung zum Kind ist von einer unabweislichen Ambivalenz durchdrungen. Darüber hinaus ist das Kind passiv in die chronifizierten Ablösungsmanöver zweier Generationen verstrickt. Dem Kind fehlt ein identitätssichernder Bezugsrahmen. Es unterliegt ebenso wechselhafter wie gefährlich grenzenloser Anteilnahme. Dem Adoptivkind vergleichbar, wächst das Kind adoleszenter Eltern im Bewußtsein fragwürdiger Existenzberechtigung auf; seine Herkunft bleibt ihm vielfach verdunkelt und eine adäquate Geschwisterbeziehung verschlossen.