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The seed is the vehicle for high productivity crops, as it carries the genetic potential and technology necessary for the success of a crop. And seed treatment has been a very important technology for the initial development of rice seeds. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of seed treatment with Cruiser Opti insecticide associated with the biostimulant EpívioTM at different dosages and during 0, 60, 90, 135 and 180 days after seed treatment. Rice seeds of the cultivar IRGA 424 RI were used. The treatments were: Control: Permit + Standk + Gaucho, T2- Cruiser Opti (0.5 L/100 Kg of seeds), T3 - EpivioTM (0.1 L/100 Kg of seeds), T4 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.05 L/100 kg of seeds), T5 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.1 L/100 kg of seeds) and T6 – (0.5 + 0.2 L/100 kg of seeds). Seed quality was monitored through the germination test, cold test and emergence in trays. Under the conditions in which the work was carried out, we can conclude that the treatment composed of Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM, at a dose of 0.5 and 0.1 L/100Kg of seeds, respectively, provided better performance in the germination test in the evaluated periods when compared to the other treatments.

Pathogens in the soil or transmitted by seeds can reduce the stand of plants, affecting the yield of the crop. Furthermore, in the case of rice, the low temperature is a limiting factor in culture. The treatment of seeds with insecticides is an alternative to reduce the damage caused by pests incidents during the early stages of plant development and in some cases, may assist in the germination of seeds exposed to low temperatures. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed treatment with insecticides in the physiological quality and yield of hybrid rice seeds, cv. Inov CL. For this, three experiments were conducted with treated seeds in different doses of thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil totaling seven treatments, including the control (no product). In the first experiment, it was determined seed germination to 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 20°C and 25°C. In the second experiment, it was assessed seed vigor through accelerated aging, cold test and emergency field. The third experiment was carried out into the field to observe the number of panicles m-2 and crop yield. It is concluded that treatment of hybrid rice seeds, cv. Inov CL with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil increases the germination percentage of seed and early seedling performance. Treatment of hybrid rice seeds, cv. Inov CL with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin provides greater germination and early seedling performance compared to treatment with fipronil. Treatment of hybrid rice seeds, cv. Inov CL with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin in dosages of 500 mL 100 kg-11 of seeds or 500 mL 45 kg-1 of seeds increases grain yield.

Thiamethoxam is a systemic insecticide that is transported within the plant through its cells and can activate various physiological reactions such as protein expression. These proteins interact with defense mechanisms against stress in adverse growing conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thiamethoxam in rice seeds and the potential benefits that it can provide. Two experiments were carried out and, in both, seeds were treated with commercial product containing 350 g of thiamethoxam active ingredient per liter of product, at doses 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mL.100 kg-1 of seeds: 1) it was conducted with three lots of IRGA BR 424 cultivar rice seeds, which were submitted to the following laboratory tests: germination, cold test, accelerated aging test, as well as field assessment: total seedling length, root system length, number of panicles and productivity; 2) four lots of IRGA BR 424 cultivar rice seeds, two high and two low-vigor, were subjected to the following tests: germination, cold test and greenhouse seedling emergence test. Thiamethoxam rice seed treatment positively favors the seed quality.

The commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important agricultural crop due to its nutritional properties. Insecticides and fungicides employed to control pests and diseases in the common bean may cause as yet unknown effects on the plant’s morphology and metabolism. Bioactivators are complex organic substances, capable of exerting modification upon growth patterns, plant DNA transcription, gene expression, metabolic enzymes and mineral nutrition. Thiamethoxam insecticide has shown positive action on the enhancement of vigor expression, phytomass accretion and the promotion of deeper root systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of thiamethoxam on the physiological performance of common bean seeds. Seeds from cultivars Perola and IAPAR Siriri were treated to thiamethoxam concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mL&middotkg-1 seed. Physiological quality was measured through tests for germination value, first count, cold test, accelerated aging and seedling shoot and root lengths, all undertaken in the presence and absence of moisture stress. Thiamethoxam stimulated the physiological performance of common bean seeds under moisture stress or in the absence of it, with levels varying according to cultivar and seed lot. The best physiological seed performance was obtained within the range of 200 mL&middotkg-1 seed to 400 mL&middotkg-1 seed.

High-yielding crops can only achieve their potential when the appropriate technological tools are applied and weather conditions do not impose restrictions. One such technological tool is the treatment of seeds, in which different products are used and, in some cases, cause little-known effects capable of modifying the plant’s metabolism and/or its morphology. The insecticide thiamethoxam alters the plant’s physiology and morphology, accelerating its development, thus enhancing its vigor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of thiamethoxam on the physiological performance of rice seeds during storage. The research was conducted in a green-house and at the laboratory of the Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel —UFPel (Federal University of Pelotas). Rice seeds from cultivars INIA Olimar and El Paso L144 were treated to a commercial product containing 350 grams of active ingredient thiamethoxam at doses of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 g per 100 kg of seed. Seeds were tested for physiological quality immediately after being treated (check treatment) and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months under storage, through germination test, cold test, accelerated aging and greenhouse emergence test. The concentration range from 200 to 400 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed yielded the highest germination and seed vigor values for both rice cultivars during the storage period.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o planejamento experimental (tamanho de parcela e número de repetições) para a cultura da soja, em experimentos com restrições de área para o rendimento de grão, a fim de minimizar a área experimental. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, no ano agrícola 2000/2001, utilizando o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos, as duas variedade cultivadas de soja (BRS137 e Fepagro RS10). Cada repetição foi constituida por 18 fileiras de 8 m de comprimento, no espaçamento de 44 cm. A colheita foi efetuada em unidades básicas (ub) de 1 m de fila (0,44 m²), totalizando 144 ub. O tamanho da parcela e a diferença verdadeira entre duas médias de tratamentos foram estimados pelo método de Hatheway, em três situações de números de repetições (4, 8 e 16), a fim de verificar na variável rendimento de grãos qual a combinação que pode minimizar a área experimental para a cultura da soja. Pode-se utilizar o mesmo tamanho de parcela para as diferentes variedades cultivadas de soja, mantendo-se fixo o grau de precisão e o número de repetições. É possível otimizar o experimento utilizando maior número de repetições e reduzindo o tamanho da parcela. The aim of this research was to optimize experimental planning for soybean crop in experiments with restrictions for grain yield, in order to reduce experimental plot size. The experiment was carried out at Santa Maria Federal University, in the agricultural year of 2000/2001, using a randomized block design, with three replicates, and two soybean cultivars (BRS137 and Fepagro RS10) used as treatments. Each replication was constituted by 18 rows of 8-m long and 44 cm of spacing between rows. Harvest was performed in basic units (ub) of 1 m of row (0.44 m²), totaling 144 ub. Plot size and true difference between treatment means were estimated by Hatheway method, with three different numbers of replications (4, 8 and 16) to verify, in the grain yield variable, which combination would minimize experimental area for soybean crop. The same plot size can be used for different soybean cultivars, keeping constant precision degree and number of replicates. Experiments can be optimized using larger number of replications and reducing plot size.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o planejamento experimental (tamanho de parcela e número de repetições) para a cultura da soja, em experimentos com restrições de área para o rendimento de grão, a fim de minimizar a área experimental. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, no ano agrícola 2000/2001, utilizando o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos, as duas variedade cultivadas de soja (BRS137 e Fepagro RS10). Cada repetição foi constituida por 18 fileiras de 8 m de comprimento, no espaçamento de 44 cm. A colheita foi efetuada em unidades básicas (ub) de 1 m de fila (0,44 m²), totalizando 144 ub. O tamanho da parcela e a diferença verdadeira entre duas médias de tratamentos foram estimados pelo método de Hatheway, em três situações de números de repetições (4, 8 e 16), a fim de verificar na variável rendimento de grãos qual a combinação que pode minimizar a área experimental para a cultura da soja. Pode-se utilizar o mesmo tamanho de parcela para as diferentes variedades cultivadas de soja, mantendo-se fixo o grau de precisão e o número de repetições. É possível otimizar o experimento utilizando maior número de repetições e reduzindo o tamanho da parcela.The aim of this research was to optimize experimental planning for soybean crop in experiments with restrictions for grain yield, in order to reduce experimental plot size. The experiment was carried out at Santa Maria Federal University, in the agricultural year of 2000/2001, using a randomized block design, with three replicates, and two soybean cultivars (BRS137 and Fepagro RS10) used as treatments. Each replication was constituted by 18 rows of 8-m long and 44 cm of spacing between rows. Harvest was performed in basic units (ub) of 1 m of row (0.44 m²), totaling 144 ub. Plot size and true difference between treatment means were estimated by Hatheway method, with three different numbers of replications (4, 8 and 16) to verify, in the grain yield variable, which combination would minimize experimental area for soybean crop. The same plot size can be used for different soybean cultivars, keeping constant precision degree and number of replicates. Experiments can be optimized using larger number of replications and reducing plot size.

Foram conduzidos três experimentos, em Santa Maria e em Constantina - RS, com o objetivo de determinar a população mais adequada de plantas para o tipo II de feijoeiro comum, nas condições de cultivo da safra e da safrinha em diferentes regiões climáticas, em função da ocorrência de moléstias. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, no esquema de parcelas divididas. Maior população de plantas apresenta rendimentos superiores ou equivalentes aos obtidos na menor população de plantas, e a ocorrência de moléstias não acarretou redução do rendimento de grãos nas populações maiores. Three experiments were conducted in Santa Maria and Constantina - Rio Grande do Sul State - Brazil, to determine the effect of plant population on disease occurrence in common bean (type II grown) in the first and second growing season and to determine the most appropriate plant population. The experiment was established as a split-plot randomized block design with five replications. The results showed that there was no effect of plant population in disease incidence. The high plant populations provided higher or similar grain yield compared with the grain yield of the low plant populations.

As cultivares de feijão "TPS Nobre" e "Pérola" foram utilizadas durante a safra de 2001/2002 em Santa Maria -RS, com o objetivo de determinar a melhor época de aplicação e o fracionamento mais adequado da adubação nitrogenada que poderão ser adotados no sistema de plantio convencional. O nitrogênio foi aplicado na semeadura (15kg ha-1 em todos os tratamentos) e em uma única dose aos 14, 21, 28 e 35 DAE, sendo fracionado nas mesmas épocas em duas aplicações: 50% + 50% da dose, 30% + 70% da dose, 70% + 30% da dose. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas. Não foi verificada a interação entre a adubação nitrogenada e a época de aplicação. Além disso, a cultivar "TPS Nobre" obteve um rendimento de grãos 49% superior à cultivar "Pérola". O maior rendimento de grãos foi obtido por meio da aplicação de 100% da adubação nitrogenada aos 21 dias após a emergência, porém bons resultados são obtidos com o fracionamento da adubação nitrogenada (50% 14 DAE + 50% 21 DAE), (70% 14 DAE + 30% 28 DAE) e (30% 21 DAE + 70% 28 DAE). A aplicação nitrogenada após os 28 DAE não apresentou resultados favoráveis à obtenção de elevados rendimentos de grãos. The beans varietes, ‘TPS Nobre’ and ‘Pérola’ were grown during the summer season of 2001/2002, in Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with the objectives of study the application timing and spplitting of nitrogem in conventional tillage. The nitrogen was applied at planting (15kg ha-1 in all treatments) a single rate at 14, 21, 28 and 35 DAE and at the same times in two applications: 50% + 50% of the dose, 30% + 70% of the dose, 70% + 30% of the dose. The experimental was in randomized blocks design with four replications, with split-plot. It was not verified interaction between time and nitrogen portionin. Moreover, ‘TPS Nobre’ grain yield was 49% higher than variety Pérola. Higher grain yield was obtained through the application of nitrogen full rate at 21, however good results were obtained with the portionong of the nitrogen fertilization (50% 14 DAE + 50% 21 DAE), (70% 14 DAE + 30% 28 DAE) e (30% 21 DAE + 70% 28 DAE). The nitrogen application after 28 DAE did not provided high grain yields.

Com o objetivo de verificar se diferentes cultivares de soja alteram a estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela e do número de repetições, foi conduzido um experimento no ano agrícola de 2000/01 em área pertencente ao Departamento de Fitotecnia no Campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Utilizaram-se duas cultivares de soja (BRS 137 e Fepagro-RS 10), conduzidas no delineamento blocos ao acaso com três repetições. O tamanho de parcela foi estimado através do método da máxima curvatura modificada. Utilizou-se o teste de paralelismo de SEBER (1976), para verificar a heterogeneidade de resposta entre as cultivares testadas. O número de repetições foi estimado através da metodologia descrita por HATHEWAY (1961). Pode-se concluir que, para as cultivares estudadas, o número de repetições que confere uma precisão adequada é igual a sete e o tamanho ótimo de parcela é de 3,96m². With the objective of verifying if different cultivars of soybean modify the estimates of the optimum plot size and of the numbers of replications, an experiment was conduced in the agriculturist year of 2000/01 in area pertaining to the Department of Crop Science in Santa Maria University Campus. Two cultivars of soybean were used (BRS 137 and Fepagro-RS10), conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. The size of plot was evaluated through the method of maximum modified bending. The test of parallelism of SEBER (1976), was used to verify the heterogeneousness of reply among tested cultivars. The number of replications was estimated through the described methodology for HATHEWAY (1961). It can be concluded that to cultivars studied the number of replications that confers an adequate accuracy is equal to seven and the optimum plot size is 3.96m².

A cultivar Guapo Brilhante de feijoeiro comum, tipo II, foi cultivada durante a safrinha de 2001 em Santa Maria-RS, com quatro populações de plantas (200, 300, 400 e 500 mil plantas ha-1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o rendimento de grãos, os componentes do rendimento e algumas características morfológicas. A produtividade máxima estimada foi de 2684kg ha-1 com a população de plantas de 337 mil plantas ha-1, demonstrando que, com práticas culturais adequadas, na safrinha, é possível produzir quase três vezes acima da média de produtividade do feijoeiro comum do Rio Grande do Sul da década de 90. O aumento da população de planta aumentou a altura de inserção do primeiro legume, a altura de inserção da base do primeiro legume e reduziu o número de entrenós. A partir de 400 mil plantas ha-1, as alturas de inserção do primeiro legume e da base do primeiro legume ajustam-se ao necessário para a colheita mecanizada, ainda que com perdas potenciais. The common bean cultivar Guapo Brilhante, type II, was grown during the latter season of 2001 in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil, in four plant populations (200, 300, 400, and 500 thousand plants ha-1). The experiment design was randomized blocks with four replications. The grain yield, yield components and some morphological traits were evaluated. The highest estimated yield was 2684kg ha-1 with 337 thousand plants ha-1, demonstrating that, with proper cultural practices, in the latter season, it is possible to produce almost three times more than the best production average of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in the 90 decade. The increase in plant population increases the first pod height, first pod base height, and the number of internodes. With 400 thousand plants ha-1 the first pod height and the first pod base height are enough to mechanic harvesting, but with potential losses.

Researches were made to establish the activity of the active ingredient on the physiology of the plant, when applied the soybean seed treatment. It was observed that seed germination index and seedling vigor were higher than those of plants in plots without seed treatment. It was also found that, under water stress conditions soybean plants from seed treated with thiamethoxam showed better growth, such as increased length and root volume, faster ini‐ tial development, higher leaf area, height, number of pods and green colored more intense.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento de cultivares de soja convencionais e Roundup ReadyTM (RR) quando cultivados com diferentes populações de plantas por hectare. Foram realizados três ensaios no município de Jari, RS: em novembro de 2004 e de 2005 e em janeiro de 2006 (semeadura após a época indicada). Os cultivares convencionais utilizados foram: CEP/CD 41, CD 201, FUNDACEP 39 e CD 205 e os Roundup ReadyTM AL72, NK Mágica 7.3 RR e A 6001 RG nas populações de 250, 400 e 550 mil plantas ha-1. Em cada ensaio, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com 21 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, representados pelos cultivares nas parcelas e pelas populações de plantas nas subparcelas. Foram avaliados a produtividade de grãos e os componentes da produção: legumes por planta e por m², peso de 100 grãos e número de grãos por legume. O comportamento dos cultivares convencionais e Roundup ReadyTM diferiu com a população de plantas. Em condição de estresse hídrico severo o aumento da população de plantas não afetou a produtividade. Somente o cultivar A 6001 RG apresentou rendimento estável nas diferentes populações de plantas, indicando que ele possui maior plasticidade. O número de legumes por planta foi reduzido com o aumento do número de plantas por área. As maiores produtividades foram alcançadas onde foi constatado maior número de legumes por m². O maior valor do peso de 100 grãos foi encontrado na maior população de plantas. O número de grãos por legume reduziu-se com o aumento da população de plantas. Condições de cultivo mais favoráveis tendem a aumentar o número de legumes/m², peso de 100 sementes e número de grãos por legume. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of conventional and Roundup ReadyTM soybean when subjected to different plant stands. Three trials were conducted in the municipality of Jari-RS, the first in November 2004, the second in November 2005 and the last in January 2006 (after the recommended time). The conventional cultivars 'CEP/CD 41', 'CD 201', 'Fundacep 39', 'CD 205' and the Roundup ReadyTM 'AL72', 'NK Mágica 7.3 RR' and 'A 6001 RG' were sown at densities of 250, 400 and 550 thousand plants ha-1. The experiments followed a randomized block design with twenty one treatments and four replications. The treatments were arranged in a split plot represented by cultivars in the plots, and the populations of plants in the subplots. Grain yield and the yield components pods per plant and m-2, 100-seed weight and number of seeds per plant were evaluated. The performance of conventional and Roundup ReadyTM cultivars differed with the plant stand. Under severe water stress the increase in plant stand did not affect yield. Only cultivar 'A 6001 RG' showed stable performance under different plant stands, indicating a greater plasticity of this cultivar. The number of pods per plant was reduced with the increasing the number of plants per area. The largest yields were achieved with the largest number of pods m-2. The highest 100-seed weight was found for the largest plant stand. The number of seeds per pod decreased with increasing plant stand. The most favorable growing conditions tend to increase pods m-2, 100-seed weight and number of seeds per pod.

A cultivar de feijoeiro comum Iraí, tipo I, foi cultivada durante a safrinha de 2001 em Santa Maria-RS, em quatro populações de plantas (200, 300, 400 e 500 mil plantas ha-1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o rendimento de grãos, os componentes do rendimento e algumas características morfológicas. Não houve diferença no rendimento de grãos, no número de legumes m-2, número de grãos legume-1, peso médio de 100 grãos e estatura de planta entre as populações testadas.