78 results on '"Adam J. Milam"'
Search Results
2. The role of methadone in cardiac surgery for management of postoperative pain
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Jordan N. Edwards, Madeline A. Whitney, Bradford B. Smith, Megan K. Fah, Skye A. Buckner Petty, Omar Durra, Kristen A. Sell-Dottin, Erica Portner, Erica D. Wittwer, and Adam J. Milam
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acute pain ,cardiac surgery ,methadone ,opioids ,postoperative complications ,Anesthesiology ,RD78.3-87.3 - Abstract
Background: This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of intraoperative methadone compared with short-acting opioids. Methods: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (n=11 967) from 2018 to 2023 from a single health system were categorised into groups based on intraoperative opioid administration: no methadone (Group O), methadone plus other opioids (Group M+O), and methadone only (Group M). Results: Patients in Groups M and M+O had lower mean pain scores until postoperative day (POD) 7 compared with Group O after adjusting for covariates (P
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- 2024
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3. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Among Anesthesiology Trainees
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Shyam Patel, Keldon K. Lin, Adam J. Milam, Soojie Yu, Gwendolyn Raynor, Khurmi Narjeet, Ricardo Verdiner, Marlene E. Girardo, and Lopa Misra
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diversity ,ethnicity ,gender ,gender identity ,race ,sexual orientation ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,RG1-991 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: Historically in medicine, women and minorities have been underrepresented. This trend is especially significant in the anesthesiology workforce. Objective: The goals of this study were to quantify the current state of diversity by race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation among anesthesiology residents. Methods: An institutionally reviewed and validated survey was delivered through Qualtrics to 130 anesthesiology program directors. Topics addressed included gender identity, sexual orientation, racial and ethnic background, rationale for pursuing anesthesiology, and medical training experiences. The study was administered from February to April 2021; 135 anesthesiology residents responded to the survey. Results: The sample was 44.4% white (n?=?60), 54.1% male (n?=?73), and 83.7% (n?=?113) of respondents self-reported as straight or heterosexual. Respondents indicated that role models/mentors were somewhat or very important in their desire to pursue anesthesiology (n?=?85; 67.2%), 42% reported that having women/diverse faculty was somewhat or very important in their decision to pursue anesthesiology. Discrimination during the anesthesiology residency application process or as a resident ranged from 4.4% due to sexual orientation to 18.7% due to gender/gender identity and race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Experiences of discrimination based on race/ethnicity, gender, and gender identity continues to be a concern among anesthesiology trainees. Creating an environment that is inclusive and supportive of all trainees regardless of race/ethnicity, gender/gender identity, and sexual orientation is needed. Interventions and strategies to create an inclusive environment may improve diversity within anesthesiology.
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- 2022
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4. Intraoperative Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed by Rescue Transesophageal Echocardiography in a Morbidly Obese Patient Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery following Motor Vehicle Crash
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Patrick H. Lam, Adam J. Milam, Eric J. Ley, Roya Yumul, and Omar Durra
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Anesthesiology ,RD78.3-87.3 - Abstract
A case of intraoperative pulmonary embolism diagnosed by rescue transesophageal echocardiography in a morbidly obese patient undergoing orthopedic surgery following motor vehicle crash, who developed acute and persistent tachycardia, hypotension, and reduction of end-tidal CO2 during general and regional anesthesia, is described.
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- 2019
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5. Health Equity Engineering: Optimizing Hope for a New Generation of Healthcare
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Felicity T. Enders, Elizabeth H. Golembiewski, Joyce E. Balls-Berry, Tayla R. Brooks, Allison R. Carr, John P. Cullen, Deborah DiazGranados, Ayorkor Gaba, Leigh Johnson, Terri Menser, Shari Messinger, Adam J. Milam, Minerva A. Orellana, Susan M. Perkins, Tiffany D. Chisholm Pineda, Sally W. Thurston, Vyjeyanthi S. Periyakoil, and Alexandra L. Hanlon
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Medicine - Full Text
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6. Derivation and Validation of Clinical Phenotypes of the Cardiopulmonary Bypass–Induced Inflammatory Response
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Adam J. Milam, Chen Liang, Junhui Mi, Edward J. Mascha, Sven Halvorson, Manshu Yan, Edward Soltesz, and Andra E. Duncan
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Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine - Published
- 2022
7. Experiences of Discrimination, Institutional Responses to Seminal Race Events, and Depressive Symptoms in Black U.S. Medical Students
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Adam J. Milam, Italo Brown, Jennifer Edwards-Johnson, Leon McDougle, Aron Sousa, and Debra Furr-Holden
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Students, Medical ,Depression ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,General Medicine ,Anxiety ,Schools, Medical ,Article ,Education - Abstract
PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between experiences of discrimination, institutional responses to seminal race events, and depressive symptoms among Black medical students. METHOD: This study collected data from a convenience sample of Black U.S. medical students via an anonymous electronic questionnaire in August 2020 that was distributed through the Student National Medical Association and Organization of Student Representatives listservs and an author’s social media accounts. It included questions on demographics, institutional responses to seminal race events, experiences of discrimination, and symptoms of depression. Path models were used to examine the relationship between experiences of discrimination, institutional responses to seminal race events, and depressive symptoms among Black medical students. RESULTS: Of the 750 students completing the survey, 733 (97.7%) were Black. Experiences of discrimination and a lack of institutional responses to seminal race events were associated with more depressive symptoms (b = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.26; P < .001 and b = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.20; P = .01). After controlling for gender and clinical diagnosis of depression or anxiety prior to medical school, there was a relationship between experiences of discrimination and institutional responses to seminal race events such that students who reported more experiences of discrimination were more likely to report that their institution did not respond to seminal race events (b = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.48; P < .001). Experiences of discrimination moderated the relationship between institutional responses to seminal race events and depressive symptoms (i.e., the relationship between a lack of institutional responses to seminal race events and depressive symptoms was stronger among students who reported more frequent experiences of discrimination). CONCLUSIONS: Institutions dedicated to supporting Black medical student wellness must be diligent in cultivating a culture intolerant of discrimination and deft in their responses to seminal race events in the larger culture.
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- 2023
8. Racial Disparities in Compensation Among US Anesthesiologists: Results of a National Survey of Anesthesiologists
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Megan T. Vandenberg, Molly Kraus, Lopa Misra, Linda Hertzberg, Skye Buckner-Petty, Asha Padmanabhan, Luis E. Tollinche, and Adam J. Milam
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Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine - Published
- 2023
9. Testing gene by community disadvantage moderation of sexual health outcomes among urban women.
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Terrinieka W Powell, Jill A Rabinowitz, Michelle R Kaufman, Adam J Milam, Kelly Benke, Danielle Y Sisto, George Uhl, Brion S Maher, and Nicholas S Ialongo
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
We examined whether the interplay between community disadvantage and a conduct disorder polygenic risk score (CD PRS) was associated with sexual health outcomes among urban women. Participants (N = 511; 75.5% African American) were originally recruited to participate in a school-based intervention and were followed into adulthood. Community disadvantage was calculated using census data when participants were in first grade. At age 20, blood or saliva samples were collected and participants reported on their condom use, sexual partners, and sexually transmitted infections. A CD PRS was created based on a genome-wide association study conducted by Dick et al. [2010]. Higher levels of community disadvantage was associated with greater sexually transmitted infections among women with a higher CD PRS. Implications of the study findings are discussed.
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- 2019
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10. Racial Differences in 30-Day Reintubation After Head and Neck Surgery
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Brittany N Burton, Pelle V Wall, Danny Le, Adam J Milam, and Rodney A Gabriel
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General Engineering - Published
- 2023
11. Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Among Black Medical Students: the Role of Peer Connectedness and Perceived Discrimination
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Aliyya Terry, Osose Oboh, Clara B. Barajas, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, Jennifer Edwards-Johnson, Adam J. Milam, Zackary Brown, and Kevin M. Simon
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Students, Medical ,Health (social science) ,Sociology and Political Science ,Perceived Discrimination ,Social connectedness ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Anxiety ,Peer Group ,Article ,Structural equation modeling ,Discrimination ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,African American ,Association (psychology) ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,media_common ,Depression ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Mental health ,Feeling ,Black ,Anthropology ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This study examined the association between discrimination, peer connectedness, and mental health symptoms among Black medical students. Data were collected from a convenience sample of Black medical students via an anonymous electronic questionnaire (n = 733) in year 2020. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Depression and Anxiety forms were used to measure depression and anxiety symptoms. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the association between discrimination, peer connectedness, and mental health symptoms (Mplus 7.3). The majority of the participants were female (80%), approximately 40% were third or fourth year medical school students, and 13% had a clinical diagnosis of depression/anxiety before medical school. About half of the students reported being watched more closely than their classmates, and 66% reported feeling the need to work twice as hard as others to get the same treatment or evaluation. The majority of students reported that their peers were supportive of their academic success (60.7%), and 53% reported that students often or always invited them to social outings. The mean T-score for depressive symptoms was 53.6 (SD = 7.8), and the mean T-score for anxiety symptoms was 58.6 (SD = 8.4). Overall, findings indicated a high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among Black medical students, and increased discrimination was associated with more mental health symptoms among males. Additionally, increased peer connectedness was associated with fewer symptoms of anxiety among males and females and fewer depressive symptoms among females. Addressing discrimination among medical students may improve mental health among Black medical students. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40615-021-01157-7.
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- 2021
12. Impact of the Sachet Alcohol Ban on Alcohol Availability in Uganda
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Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye, Mieka Smart, Adam J. Milam, Aloysius Mutebi, and Hilbert Mendoza
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Marketing ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Alcohol Drinking ,Ethanol ,Extramural ,Public health ,Commerce ,Alcohol ,Toxicology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alcohol Policy Research ,chemistry ,Retail food ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Uganda ,Business ,Alcohol availability - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use continues to be a major public health problem in Uganda. This study sought to estimate the availability of sachet alcohol among retail food and beverage establishments in two Ugandan districts (Kampala and Jinja) before and after enactment of the national sachet alcohol ban. METHOD: Independent observations in 100 establishments were conducted by a pair of trained observers during the peak hours of 7 P.M. to 1 A.M. Using a standardized checklist, observers recorded indications of alcohol availability before and after enactment of the sachet alcohol ban. RESULTS: Availability of (a) alcohol and (b) sachet alcohol were significantly affected by the ban. Before the ban, 69% of all establishments sold alcohol; there was a significant reduction in alcohol availability after enactment of the ban to 43% of the establishments (p < .001). This reduction was observed in off-premise establishments (p < .001), but not in on-premise establishments (p = .710). Additionally, before the sachet alcohol ban, 52% of all establishments sold sachet alcohol; however, there was a significant reduction in sachet availability after enactment of the ban (1.4%, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Legislation banning the manufacture and sale of sachet alcohol has the potential to reduce sachet availability. Future studies should examine changes in alcohol consumption following the sachet alcohol ban.
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- 2021
13. The Influence of Social Media on Applicant Perceptions of Anesthesiology Residency Programs during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Preprint)
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Tyler Michael Dunn, Shyam Patel, Adam J Milam, Joseph Brinkman, Andrew Gorlin, and Monica Harbell
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Education - Published
- 2022
14. Discrepancies in Local, State, and National Alcohol Outlet Listings: Implications for Research and Interventions
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Adam J. Milam, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, Zachary Buchalski, Ling Wang, Richard C. Sadler, and Clara B. Barajas
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Health (social science) ,Alcohol Drinking ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychological intervention ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,State (polity) ,Residence Characteristics ,Environmental health ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,National data ,media_common ,Models, Statistical ,Maryland ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Commerce ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Income ,Alcohol outlet ,Business ,0305 other medical science - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The availability of local, state, and national data on alcohol outlet density have important implications for policies and interventions aiming to reduce alcohol-related problems. High-quality data on locations of alcohol outlets is important to accurately inform community interventions and public health initiatives, but such data is often not maintained, readily available, or of sufficient quality. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the discrepancies between alcohol outlet databases and how neighborhood characteristics (i.e., income, majority racial population, urbanicity) are associated with the discrepancies between databases. METHODS: Data was collected from national (n=1), local (n=2), and state databases (n=3). Negative binomial regression modes were used to assess discrepancies in alcohol outlet count at the ZIP code level based on the data source. RESULTS: The average density of alcohol outlets (per 1000 residents) ranged from 0.71 to 2.17 in Maryland, 1.65 to 5.17 in Wisconsin, and 1.09 to 1.22 in Oregon based on different sources of data. Findings suggest high income areas (>200% poverty level) have fewer discrepancies (IR = 0.775, p < 0.01), low income areas (below poverty level) have greater discrepancies (IR = 4.990, p < 0.01), and urban areas tend to have fewer discrepancies (IR = 0.378, p < 0.01) between datasets. CONCLUSION: Interventions and policies depend on valid and reliable data; researchers, policymakers, and local agencies need to collaborate to develop methods to maintain accurate and accessible data.
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- 2020
15. Using Zoning as a Public Health Tool to Reduce Alcohol Outlet Oversaturation, Promote Compliance, and Guide Future Enforcement: a Preliminary Analysis of Transform Baltimore
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Adam J. Milam, Elizabeth D. Nesoff, Philip J. Leaf, Richard C. Sadler, Sabriya L. Linton, Beth A. Reboussin, and C. Debra M. Furr-Holden
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Alcohol Drinking ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Public health ,Commerce ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Poison control ,Suicide prevention ,Article ,Occupational safety and health ,Health equity ,Urban Studies ,Law Enforcement ,Paraphernalia ,Residence Characteristics ,Local government ,Environmental health ,Baltimore ,medicine ,Humans ,Household income ,Public Health ,Business ,Forecasting - Abstract
Alcohol outlet oversaturation often exacerbates negative public health outcomes. Recently, Baltimore City passed an extensive zoning rewrite (“TransForm Baltimore”) that sought to give local government and residents a tool to reduce alcohol outlet oversaturation through land use regulation. The present investigation evaluated the outlet and neighborhood characteristics of stores impacted by two components of TransForm Baltimore: (1) a requirement that taverns licensed for on-premise consumption in addition to off-premise, carryout sales generate at least 50% of their business from on-premise sales, and (2) a requirement to close, repurpose, or relocate all package stores (i.e., off-premise alcohol outlets) that have been operating as “non-conforming” in residential zones since 1971. Research assistants visited every off-premise alcohol outlet in the city (n = 685) to complete an observational assessment. Approximately 77% (n = 530) of these off-premise alcohol outlets were open, including 292 taverns and 238 package stores. t tests and chi-square tests were used to compare neighborhood characteristics (neighborhood disadvantage, median household income, and racial segregation) of sham taverns (i.e., taverns with less than 50% space dedicated for on-premise sales that were primarily operating as a package store) and non-conforming package stores. Of the 292 taverns accessible during the study, the remainder were chronically closed (n = 130); 24 (8.2%) were deemed sham taverns. Sham taverns were more likely to be located in communities with more economic disadvantage and lower median household income (t test; p
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- 2020
16. The Violence Prevention Potential of Reducing Alcohol Outlet Access in Baltimore, Maryland
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Pamela J. Trangenstein, Debra Furr-Holden, Raimee H. Eck, Carl A. Latkin, Yi Lu, Jacky M. Jennings, David H. Jernigan, Adam J. Milam, and Daniel W. Webster
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Health (social science) ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,030508 substance abuse ,Public policy ,Poison control ,Policy Studies ,Public Policy ,Violence ,Toxicology ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,Criminal Law ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Medicine ,Crime Victims ,Cost–benefit analysis ,business.industry ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Commerce ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Baltimore ,Homicide ,0305 other medical science ,Zoning ,business - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There are few cost-effectiveness analyses that model alcohol outlet zoning policies. This study determines the potential decreases in homicides, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and victim and criminal justice costs associated with four policy options that would reduce the alcohol outlet access in Baltimore. METHOD: This cost-effectiveness analysis used associations between on-premise (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.41), off-premise (IRR = 1.76), and combined on- and off-premise outlet density (IRR = 1.07) and homicide in Baltimore. We determined the potential change in the level of homicide that could occur with changes in the density of alcohol outlets, assuming that 50% of the association was causal. RESULTS: Reducing alcohol outlet density in Baltimore City by one quintile was associated with decreases of 51 homicides per year, $63.7 million, and 764 DALYs. Removing liquor stores in residential zones was associated with 22 fewer homicides, which would cost $27.5 million and lead to 391 DALYs. Removing bars/taverns operating as liquor stores was associated with a decrease of one homicide, $1.2 million, and 17 DALYs. Removing both the liquor stores in residential zones and the bars/taverns operating as liquor stores was associated with 23 fewer homicides, which translated to $28.7 million and 409 DALYs. CONCLUSIONS: For preventing homicides, the strategy of removing liquor stores in residential zones was preferred because it was associated with substantial reductions in homicides without closing unacceptably high numbers of outlets. It is possible that policies that close the bars/taverns operating as liquor stores would be associated with decreases in other types of violent crime.
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- 2020
17. Expanding Tools for Investigating Neighborhood Indicators of Drug Use and Violence: Validation of the NIfETy for Virtual Street Observation
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Elizabeth D. Nesoff, Adam J. Milam, Clara B. Barajas, and C. Debra M. Furr-Holden
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Typology ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Geographic Mapping ,Poison control ,Observation ,Violence ,Risk Assessment ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Residence Characteristics ,Urban planning ,Environmental health ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Environmental justice ,030505 public health ,Data collection ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Exploratory factor analysis ,Search Engine ,Scale (social sciences) ,Baltimore ,Factor Analysis, Statistical ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Forecasting ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that characteristics of the neighborhood environment in urban areas significantly impact risk for drug use behavior and exposure to violent crime. Identifying areas of community need, prioritizing planning projects, and developing strategies for community improvement require inexpensive, easy to use, evidence-based tools to assess neighborhood disorder that can be used for a variety of research, urban planning, and community needs with an environmental justice frame. This study describes validation of the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy), a neighborhood environmental observational assessment tool designed to assess characteristics of the neighborhood environment related to violence, alcohol, and other drugs, for use with Google Street View (GSV). GSV data collection took place on a random sample of 350 blocks located throughout Baltimore City, Maryland, which had previously been assessed through in-person data collection. Inter-rater reliability metrics were strong for the majority of items (ICC ≥ 0.7), and items were highly correlated with in-person observations (r ≥ 0.6). Exploratory factor analysis and constrained factor analysis resulted in one, 14-item disorder scale with high internal consistency (alpha = 0.825) and acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.982; RMSEA = 0.051). We further validated this disorder scale against locations of violent crimes, and we found that disorder score was significantly and positively associated with neighborhood crime (IRR = 1.221, 95% CI = (1.157, 1.288), p
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- 2019
18. Alcohol outlets, drug paraphernalia sales, and neighborhood drug overdose
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Brian W. Weir, Amy R. Knowlton, Elizabeth D. Nesoff, Christopher N. Morrison, Silvia S. Martins, Debra Furr-Holden, Charles C. Branas, and Adam J. Milam
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Alcohol Drinking ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Alcohol ,Drug overdose ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Paraphernalia ,Policy decision ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Harm reduction ,Drug paraphernalia ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public health ,Alcoholic Beverages ,medicine.disease ,Census block ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,chemistry ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,cardiovascular system ,Drug Overdose ,0305 other medical science ,business ,human activities - Abstract
Background Alcohol outlets have been associated with various forms of injury and may contribute to neighborhood disparities in drug overdose. Few studies have examined the associations between alcohol outlets and drug overdose. This study investigated whether alcohol outlets were associated with the neighborhood drug overdose rate and whether the sale of drug paraphernalia contributes to this association. Methods A cross-sectional ecological spatial analysis was conducted within census block groups in Baltimore City (n = 653). Outcomes were counts of EMS calls for any drug overdose in 2015 (n = 3,856). Exposures of interest were counts of alcohol outlets licensed for off-premise and on-premise consumption and the proportion of off-premise outlets selling drug paraphernalia (e.g., blunt wrappers, baggies, pipes). Negative binomial regression was used to assess the relationship between outlet count and overdose rate, and if paraphernalia sales altered this relationship, controlling for other neighborhood factors. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed and regression inference adjusted accordingly. Results Each additional off-premise alcohol outlet was associated with a 16.6% increase in the neighborhood overdose rate (IRR=1.17, 95%CI=(1.11, 1.23)), adjusted for other neighborhood variables. On-premise alcohol outlets were not significantly associated with overdose rate when adjusting for off-premise alcohol outlets (IRR=1.01, 95% CI=(0.97, 1.06)). The proportion of off-premise outlets that sold drug paraphernalia was negatively associated with overdose rate (IRR=0.55, 95% CI=(0.41, 0.74)) and did not alter the relationship between off-premise outlets and overdose. Conclusion This study provides preliminary public health evidence for informing policy decisions about alcohol outlet licensing and zoning. Alcohol outlets could be potential community partners for harm reduction strategies such as health communication in identifying overdose symptoms or Good Samaritan Laws.
- Published
- 2021
19. Vaccine hesitance and vaccine access in minority communities
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Lee Kirksey, Adam J Milam, Ahmed A. Sorour, and Caleb W. Curry
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Community organization ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Staffing ,Equity (finance) ,Distribution (economics) ,General Medicine ,Public relations ,Vaccination ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,Beauty ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Attaining equity in vaccination distribution is a moral and ethical goal that ensures all members of our community are properly cared for. We suggest a comprehensive approach that involves allocating community resources based on local economic, demographic, and COVID-19 infection data, removing technology barriers by staffing vaccine appointment call-in centers, distributing vaccines based on objective factors (eg, household density) rather than on a "first come, first served" basis, and creating pop-up vaccination sites at trusted community organizations such as federally qualified healthcare centers, churches, libraries, and barber/beauty shops. Until every community is safe, no community will be safe.
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- 2021
20. Evaluation of a Local Ordinance to Prevent Any Underage Purchases in Liquor Stores: The Need for Enforcement
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Pamela J. Trangenstein, Elizabeth D. Nesoff, Adam J. Milam, and C. Debra M. Furr-Holden
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African american ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Public health ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Commerce ,Liquor store ,Advertising ,Legislation ,Policy Studies ,Toxicology ,Product (business) ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Young Adult ,Residence Characteristics ,Baltimore ,medicine ,Household income ,Humans ,Business ,Public Health ,Enforcement - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In June 2012, Baltimore City, MD, enacted legislation (commonly referred to as the Mosby Bill) prohibiting all liquor stores (outlets that primarily sell alcoholic beverages) from selling “any food, goods, wares, supplies, or other merchandise to any person under the age of 18.” Three years after enactment, we evaluated the impact of this legislation on non-alcohol product sales among youth. METHOD: Research assistants (RAs) ages 16–20 were trained in using a standardized observational tool to quantify and record characteristics of the outlets, including products sold. A trained pair comprising one RA age 16 to 20 and one RA exactly age 18 were sent into every liquor store (i.e., packaged goods stores and bar/taverns with packaged goods sales) in Baltimore to conduct the assessment and make a non-alcohol purchase. Since the research was not conducted in concert with the police, the 18-year-old RA made the purchase attempt while the other (age 16 to 20) RA completed the assessment. RESULTS: Purchase attempts were made at 502 liquor stores, and 352 of those attempts were successful (able to make purchase without being asked for identification or age; noncompliance rate = 68.1%). Noncompliance was highest among packaged goods stores compared with bar/taverns, and in neighborhoods with a lower median household income and a higher proportion of African American residents (p < .050). Noncompliant outlets were also located closer to public schools (p < .050). CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation demonstrates that, in the absence of enforcement, ordinances are neither likely to be honored nor to achieve the intended public health benefits.
- Published
- 2021
21. Coping, Discrimination, and Physical Health Conditions Among Predominantly Poor, Urban African Americans: Implications for Community-Level Health Services
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Thomas A. LaVeist, Shawn C. T. Jones, Clara B. Barajas, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, Darrell J. Gaskin, Roland J. Thorpe, and Adam J. Milam
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Male ,Gerontology ,Coping (psychology) ,Health (social science) ,Urban Population ,Health Status ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Ethnic group ,Overweight ,Racism ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,Diabetes Mellitus ,medicine ,Humans ,Community Health Services ,Obesity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Poverty ,media_common ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Mental health ,humanities ,John Henryism ,Black or African American ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Chronic Disease ,Hypertension ,Community health ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
African Americans and ethnic minorities experience racial discrimination in a variety of settings. Racial discrimination is a potent stressor that has been linked to psychosocial stress and poor physical health. To cope with discriminatory experiences and daily life event stressors, African Americans frequently use the concept of John Henryism (a high effort coping strategy with prolonged exposure to stress). This cross-sectional analysis explored the relationship between racism/discrimination, John Henryism, and health problems in a predominately African American sample. Data were collected through health care screenings for hypertension, diabetes, and obesity and a self-report survey to assess experiences of discrimination and use of John Henryism. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between the John Henryism score, racism/discrimination score, and health problems among 352 participants. John Henryism was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure (b = − 12.50, 95% CI = − 23.05, − 1.95) among men, after adjusting for experiences of racism/discrimination and demographic characteristics. Experiences of racism/discrimination were associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure (b = 11.23, 95% CI = 0.38, 22.09) among men, after adjusting for John Henryism and demographic characteristics. Among women, there was no association found between John Henryism and experiences of racism/discrimination with systolic blood pressure. No association was found between John Henryism and experiences of racism/discrimination with being overweight/obese in women nor men. The study found that John Henryism was positively associated with the health of men, while experiences of racism/discrimination were negatively associated with their health. Limitations of the study are discussed, and recommendations are made to guide future research exploring the concept of John Henryism as a relevant factor between stress, racial discrimination and poor health.
- Published
- 2019
22. Social Influences on Drinking Trajectories From Adolescence to Young Adulthood in an Urban Minority Sample
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Beth A. Reboussin, Victoria Nelson, Pamela A. Matson, Brion S. Maher, Kerry M. Green, Jill A. Rabinowitz, Adam J. Milam, Debra Furr-Holden, and Nicholas S. Ialongo
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Male ,Parents ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Alcohol Drinking ,030508 substance abuse ,Poison control ,Underage Drinking ,Toxicology ,Suicide prevention ,Peer Group ,Occupational safety and health ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Residence Characteristics ,Risk Factors ,Injury prevention ,Epidemiological Studies ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Young adult ,Child ,Social Behavior ,Minority Groups ,Social influence ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Peer group ,Black or African American ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Adolescent Behavior ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Research on the heterogeneity in drinking patterns of urban minorities within a socioecological framework is rare. The purpose of this study was to explore multiple, distinct patterns of drinking from adolescence to young adulthood in a sample of urban minority youth and to examine the influence of neighborhood, family, and peers on these trajectories. METHOD: Data are from a longitudinal study of 584 (56% male) primarily Black (87%) youth who were first sampled in childhood based on their residence in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City and followed up annually through age 26. Data were analyzed using group-based trajectory modeling and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Modeling revealed six trajectories from ages 14 to 26: abstainer, experimenter, adult increasing, young adult increasing, adolescent limited, and adolescent increasing. Neighborhood disadvantage was a risk factor for drinking regardless of the timing of onset. Perceptions of availability, peer drinking, and parental approval for drinking were risk factors for underage drinking trajectories, whereas parental supervision was a significant protective factor. Positive social activities in neighborhoods was protective against increased drinking, whereas a decline in perceptions of peer drinking was associated with adolescent-limited drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings uniquely highlight the importance of developing interventions involving parents for urban minority youth for whom family is particularly relevant in deterring underage drinking. Perhaps most importantly, our data suggest that interventions that support positive social activities in disadvantaged neighborhoods are protective against adolescent drinking and altering perceptions of peer drinking may reduce adolescent drinking among low-income, urban minority youth.
- Published
- 2019
23. Contributions of an Internalizing Symptoms Polygenic Risk Score and Contextual Factors to Alcohol-Related Disorders in African American Young Adults
- Author
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Kelly S. Benke, Rashelle J. Musci, Gail M. Rosenbaum, Brion S. Maher, Adam J. Milam, Danielle Y. Sisto, Nicholas S. Ialongo, George R. Uhl, Jill A. Rabinowitz, and Beth A. Reboussin
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,African american ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,Alcohol-related disorders ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Genotype ,business.industry ,Alcohol Studies ,Toxicology ,Black or African American ,Alcoholism ,Young Adult ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Medicine ,Female ,Polygenic risk score ,Young adult ,business ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Alcohol-related disorders (i.e., abuse and dependence) are significant problems that may result in numerous negative consequences. Although a number of studies have examined factors that predict alcohol abuse and dependence in European samples, only a few studies have examined whether genetic and environmental factors influence the pathogenesis of alcohol-related disorders among African Americans. The present study examined whether gene (internalizing symptoms polygenic risk score) by environment (parental monitoring, community disadvantage) interactions were associated with alcohol-related disorders in a sample of African American adults. METHOD: Participants (N = 640; 39.7% male) were initially recruited for an elementary school–based universal prevention trial in a mid-Atlantic city and followed into adulthood. Participants reported on their perceptions of parental monitoring in sixth grade. At 30 years of age, participants reported on their alcohol abuse and dependence, and DNA was obtained and genotyped using Affymetrix 6.0 microarrays. An internalizing symptoms polygenic risk score was created using discovery samples results from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that involved three large population-based studies. Community disadvantage was calculated based on census data when participants were in first grade. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between the internalizing symptoms polygenic risk score and community disadvantage such that exposure to higher community disadvantage was associated with lower risk for alcohol-related disorders among participants with a higher internalizing symptoms polygenic risk score. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that higher genetic loading for internalizing symptoms may protect urban African Americans from alcohol-related disorders, particularly in more disadvantaged areas.
- Published
- 2019
24. When Are We Going to Address the Lack of Diversity in Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology?
- Author
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Michael Essandoh, Stewart A Smith, Ashley P Oliver, TomMario Davis, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,MEDLINE ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Anesthesiology ,Family medicine ,Anesthesia, Cardiac Procedures ,medicine ,Humans ,Fellowships and Scholarships ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Cardiothoracic anesthesiology ,Diversity (politics) ,media_common - Published
- 2021
25. The interplay between externalizing disorders polygenic risk scores and contextual factors on the development of marijuana use disorders
- Author
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Jill A. Rabinowitz, Brion S. Maher, George R. Uhl, Rashelle J. Musci, Kelly S. Benke, Adam J. Milam, Danielle Y. Sisto, and Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Subjects
Conduct Disorder ,Male ,Marijuana Abuse ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,Parental monitoring ,Adolescent ,Comorbidity ,Toxicology ,Article ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Marijuana use ,Externalizing disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Child ,Disadvantage ,Genetic association ,Pharmacology ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Conduct disorder ,Etiology ,Female ,Marijuana Use ,Polygenic risk score ,Disease Susceptibility ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Externalizing disorders have been extensively linked to substance use problems. However, less is known about whether genetic factors underpinning externalizing disorders and environmental features interact to predict substance use disorders (i.e., marijuana abuse and dependence) among urban, African-Americans. We examined whether polygenic risk scores for conduct disorder (CD PRS) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD PRS) interacted with contextual factors (i.e., parental monitoring, community disadvantage) to influence risk for marijuana use disorders in a sample of African-American youth. Participants (N=1,050; 44.2% male) were initially recruited for an elementary school-based universal prevention trial in a Mid-Atlantic city and followed through age 20. Participants reported on their parental monitoring in sixth grade and whether they were diagnosed with marijuana abuse or dependence at age 20. Blood or saliva samples were genotyped using the Affymetrix 6.0 microarrays. The CD and ADHD PRS were created based on genome-wide association studies conducted by Dick et al. (2010) and Demontis et al. (2017), respectively. Community disadvantage was calculated based on census data when participants were in sixth grade. There was an interaction between the CD PRS and community disadvantage such that a higher CD PRS was associated with greater risk for a marijuana use disorder at higher levels of neighborhood disadvantage. This finding should be interpreted with caution owing to the number of significance tests performed. Implications for etiological models and future research directions are presented.
- Published
- 2018
26. Preparing Students for Success: Differential Outcomes by Preschool Experience in Baltimore City, Maryland
- Author
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Clara B. Barajas, Faith Connolly, Philip J. Leaf, Linda Steffel Olson, Stacey C. Williams, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,education ,Psychological intervention ,Academic achievement ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Early Intervention, Educational ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Students ,030505 public health ,Academic year ,Academic Success ,Schools ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health psychology ,Head start ,Child, Preschool ,Cohort ,Baltimore ,Regression Analysis ,Educational Measurement ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Universal preschool ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Program Evaluation - Abstract
An early adopter of public preschool (i.e., pre-kindergarten, "pre-k"), evidence from Baltimore City, Maryland, can provide insight for those working to improve access to early education opportunities. We followed a cohort of children entering kindergarten in Baltimore City Public Schools during the 2007-2008 year through the 2010-2011 academic year. Students were grouped by pre-k experience: public pre-k (n = 2828), Head Start (n = 839), Head Start plus public pre-k (n = 247), private pre-k (n = 993), or informal care (n = 975). After adjusting for individual- and school-level characteristics, students from the Head Start plus public pre-k group were the most likely to enter kindergarten with the foundational skills and behaviors needed to be successful (vs. all groups, P ≤ .001). Students in informal care were the least likely to enter kindergarten with this skillset (vs. all pre-k groups P ≤ .001). Children from informal care were also significantly more likely than all other groups to be chronically absent in kindergarten (P ≤ .001). By third grade, children from informal care were least likely to be reading on grade level and most likely to have been retained a grade (vs. all pre-k groups P ≤ .001). Children from disadvantaged populations who were not enrolled in pre-k faced significant difficulties keeping up with their peers throughout elementary school; interventions to improve their transition to school and increase their likelihood of academic success are warranted. Universal preschool is likely to improve education outcomes for children in urban areas.
- Published
- 2020
27. Polygenic and Environmental Influences on the Course of African Americans’ Alcohol Use from Early Adolescence through Young Adulthood
- Author
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Brion S. Maher, Beth A. Reboussin, George R. Uhl, Danielle Y. Sisto, Jill A. Rabinowitz, Adam J. Milam, Rashelle J. Musci, Nicholas S. Ialongo, and Kelly S. Benke
- Subjects
Adult ,Parental monitoring ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,Adolescent ,Alcohol Drinking ,Early adolescence ,030508 substance abuse ,Alcohol ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,Early adulthood ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Young adult ,Child ,Disadvantage ,05 social sciences ,Antisocial Personality Disorder ,Disadvantaged ,Black or African American ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,chemistry ,Polygenic risk score ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Demography ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
The study examined (a) whether alcohol use subgroups could be identified among African Americans assessed from adolescence through early adulthood, and (b) whether subgroup membership was associated with the interaction between internalizing symptoms and antisocial behavior polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and environmental characteristics (i.e., parental monitoring, community disadvantage). Participants (N = 436) were initially recruited for an elementary school-based prevention trial in a Mid-Atlantic city. Youths reported on the frequency of their past year alcohol use from ages 14–26. DNA was obtained from participants at age 21. Internalizing symptoms and antisocial behavior PRSs were created based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted by Benke et al. (2014) and Tielbeek et al. (2017), respectively. Parental monitoring and community disadvantage were assessed at age 12. Four classes of past year alcohol use were identified: (a) early-onset, increasing; (b) late-onset, moderate use; (c) low steady; and (d) early-onset, decreasing. In high community disadvantaged settings, participants with a higher internalizing symptoms PRS were more likely to be in the early-onset, decreasing class than the low steady class. When exposed to elevated community disadvantage, participants with a higher antisocial behavior PRS were more likely to be in the early-onset, increasing class than the early-onset, decreasing and late-onset, moderate use classes.
- Published
- 2020
28. Alcohol Advertising and Violence
- Author
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Raimee H. Eck, Pamela J. Trangenstein, Adam J. Milam, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, David H. Jernigan, and Naomi Greene
- Subjects
Complete data ,Alcohol Drinking ,Epidemiology ,Violence ,Violent crime ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Advertising ,Residence Characteristics ,mental disorders ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,health care economics and organizations ,Population Density ,Spatial Analysis ,Extramural ,Alcoholic Beverages ,010102 general mathematics ,Ownership ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,social sciences ,Geography ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Alcohol advertising ,Baltimore ,cardiovascular system ,Alcohol outlet ,Square mile ,Homicide ,human activities ,Demography - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have found associations between alcohol outlet density and violence, but it is unknown whether alcohol advertisements (ads) visible outside outlets are also associated with violent crime. Baltimore City, Maryland enacted restrictions on retail alcohol establishment advertising practices as of June 5, 2017. This study examines the association between alcohol ads visible outside off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime prior to this restriction. METHODS: Outlet observations (n=653) were conducted in summer 2015, and violent crime data (n=24,085) were from June 5, 2015 through June 4, 2017. The number of violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet of outlets was summed using kernel density estimation. In 20182019, authors used mixed models with Simes-Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. RESULTS: Roughly half (47%, n=267) of the outlets with complete data (n=572) had alcohol ads visible from the exterior. Outlets with alcohol ads had 15% more violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet (ê=1.15, 95% CI=1.07, 1.25, q
- Published
- 2020
29. Testing gene by community disadvantage moderation of sexual health outcomes among urban women
- Author
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Jill A. Rabinowitz, Brion S. Maher, Kelly S. Benke, George R. Uhl, Nicholas S. Ialongo, Terrinieka W. Powell, Danielle Y. Sisto, Adam J. Milam, and Michelle R. Kaufman
- Subjects
Male ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,Heredity ,Social Sciences ,law.invention ,0302 clinical medicine ,5. Gender equality ,law ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Odds Ratio ,Urban Health Services ,Medicine ,Psychology ,Ethnicities ,Public and Occupational Health ,African American people ,Reproductive health ,African american ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Genomics ,Population groupings ,Moderation ,Socioeconomic Aspects of Health ,Women's Health Services ,Infectious Diseases ,Conduct disorder ,Female ,Genetic Load ,Sexual Health ,Research Article ,Science ,Sexually Transmitted Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Condom ,Intervention (counseling) ,Genetics ,Genome-Wide Association Studies ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Genetic Testing ,Disadvantage ,030304 developmental biology ,Behavior ,business.industry ,Urban Health ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Computational Biology ,Human Genetics ,medicine.disease ,Genome Analysis ,Health Care ,Women's Health ,Polygenic risk score ,Human Sexual Behavior ,People and places ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Demography - Abstract
We examined whether the interplay between community disadvantage and a conduct disorder polygenic risk score (CD PRS) was associated with sexual health outcomes among urban women. Participants (N = 511; 75.5% African American) were originally recruited to participate in a school-based intervention and were followed into adulthood. Community disadvantage was calculated using census data when participants were in first grade. At age 20, blood or saliva samples were collected and participants reported on their condom use, sexual partners, and sexually transmitted infections. A CD PRS was created based on a genome-wide association study conducted by Dick et al. [2010]. Higher levels of community disadvantage was associated with greater sexually transmitted infections among women with a higher CD PRS. Implications of the study findings are discussed.
- Published
- 2019
30. The Impact of the Urban Neighborhood Environment on Marijuana Trajectories During Emerging Adulthood
- Author
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Renee M. Johnson, Nicholas S. Ialongo, Kerry M. Green, Debra Furr-Holden, Beth A. Reboussin, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Marijuana Abuse ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,Marijuana Smoking ,Article ,Odds ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Residence Characteristics ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Longitudinal Studies ,Young adult ,030505 public health ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Marijuana user ,Black or African American ,Health psychology ,Increased risk ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Female ,Marijuana Use ,Residence ,Alcohol outlet ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Demography - Abstract
Although there is little difference in rates of marijuana use between White and Black youth, Blacks have significantly higher rates of marijuana use and disorder in young adulthood. Theory suggests that factors tied to social disadvantage may explain this disparity, and neighborhood setting may be a key exposure. This study sought to identify trajectories of marijuana use in an urban sample during emerging adulthood, neighborhood contexts that predict these trajectories and social role transitions or "turning points" that may redirect them. Data are from a longitudinal cohort study of 378 primarily Black emerging adults who were first sampled in childhood based on their residence in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City and followed up annually. Group-based trajectory modeling identified three groups: No Use (68.8%), Declining Use (19.6%), and Chronic Use (11.7%). Living in close proximity to an alcohol outlet, and living in a neighborhood with more female-headed households and higher rates of violent crime increased the odds of membership in the Chronic Use group relative to No Use. Living in a neighborhood with more positive social activity increased the odds of membership in the Declining Use group relative to No Use. Not receiving a high school diploma or GED, pregnancy, and parenting also increased the odds of membership in the Declining Use group relative to No Use. These findings provide support that minority youth living in socially toxic and disordered neighborhoods are at increased risk of continuing on a trajectory of marijuana use during emerging adulthood while positive social activity in neighborhoods has the potential to redirect these negative trajectories. Besides taking on the responsibilities of parenting, emerging adults in the marijuana user groups had similar educational and family outcomes, suggesting that early marijuana use may have long-term implications.
- Published
- 2018
31. Neighbourhood alcohol environment and injury risk: a spatial analysis of pedestrian injury in Baltimore City
- Author
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Elizabeth D. Nesoff, Keshia M. Pollack, Adam J. Milam, Frank C. Curriero, Janice V. Bowie, Amy R. Knowlton, Debra Furr-Holden, and Andrea Carlson Gielen
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Risk analysis ,Alcohol Drinking ,Cross-sectional study ,Level design ,Pedestrian ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Residence Characteristics ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Neighbourhood (mathematics) ,Pedestrians ,Spatial Analysis ,business.industry ,Accidents, Traffic ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Liquor store ,Regression analysis ,social sciences ,030229 sport sciences ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Baltimore ,Attributable risk ,population characteristics ,Regression Analysis ,Wounds and Injuries ,Environment Design ,Female ,Crime ,business ,human activities - Abstract
ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of neighbourhood disorder around alcohol outlets to pedestrian injury risk.MethodsA spatial analysis was conducted on census block groups in Baltimore City. Data included pedestrian injury EMS records from 1 January 2014 to 15 April 2015 (n=858), off-premise alcohol outlet locations for 2014 (n=693) and neighbourhood disorder indicators and demographics. Negative binomial regression models were used to determine the relationship between alcohol outlet count and pedestrian injuries at the block group level, controlling for other neighbourhood factors. Attributable risk was calculated by comparing the total population count per census block group to the injured pedestrian count.ResultsEach one-unit increase in the number of alcohol outlets was associated with a 14.2% (95% CI 1.099 to 1.192, PConclusionsThis study identifies modifiable risk factors for pedestrian injury previously unexplored in the literature and may provide evidence for alcohol control strategies (eg, liquor store licencing, zoning and enforcement).
- Published
- 2018
32. Protecting Our Most Vulnerable Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
-
Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Mental Health Services ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,COVID-19 ,Comorbidity ,General Medicine ,Los Angeles ,Vulnerable Populations ,Virology ,Health Services Accessibility ,Trainee-Authored Letters to the Editor ,Education ,Emergency Shelter ,Ill-Housed Persons ,Pandemic ,Humans ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2021
33. Assessing the association between observed school disorganization and school violence: Implications for school climate interventions
- Author
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Anne H. Cash, Sarah Lindstrom Johnson, Catherine P. Bradshaw, Katrina J. Debnam, Tracy Evian Waasdorp, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,School climate ,05 social sciences ,Psychological intervention ,050301 education ,School violence ,Developmental psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Observation method ,School environment ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,School based intervention ,0503 education ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Multilevel mediation - Published
- 2017
34. School environments and obesity: The mediating role of personal stress
- Author
-
Adam J. Milam, Catherine P. Bradshaw, Katrina J. Debnam, and Chandria D. Jones
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,education ,Stressor ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Overweight ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Structural equation modeling ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Stress (linguistics) ,medicine ,School environment ,030212 general & internal medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Weight status ,Demography - Abstract
Background Youth spend a large amount of time in the school environment. Given the multiple influences of teachers, peers, and food and physical activity options, youth are likely to experience stressors that can influence their weight. This study examines the association between school climate and weight status. Method Students (n = 28,582; 58 schools) completed an online, anonymous school climate survey as part of the Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools Project. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to explore the association between school climate, personal stress, and obesity. Analyses were stratified by gender. Results At the individual level, poor school climate (bullying, physical safety, and lack of whole-school connectedness) was associated with an increased likelihood of being overweight among females (β =.115, p = .019) but not males (β = .138; p =.244), after controlling for age, race, and physical activity. There was no association between school climate at the school level and being overweight among males or females. A second model included stress as a potential mediator; stress attenuated the relationship between poor school-related climate and being overweight (β = .039; p = .048) among females. Conclusion Findings suggest that stress related to school climate can play a role in the health and weight status of youth.
- Published
- 2017
35. Neighborhood Profiles and Associations with Coping Behaviors among Low-Income Youth
- Author
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Kerry M. Green, Jill A. Rabinowitz, Darius Tandon, Terrinieka W. Powell, Beth A. Reboussin, Debra Furr-Holden, Richard C. Sadler, Amanda D. Latimore, Adam J. Milam, and Mieka Smart
- Subjects
Male ,Coping (psychology) ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,Poison control ,050109 social psychology ,Violence ,Suicide prevention ,Article ,Education ,Interpersonal relationship ,Residence Characteristics ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Interpersonal Relations ,Poverty ,Maryland ,Social perception ,Cognitive restructuring ,05 social sciences ,Collective efficacy ,Black or African American ,Aggression ,Health psychology ,Social Perception ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Female ,Crime ,Psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Demography - Abstract
Extant research has typically examined neighborhood characteristics in isolation using variable-centered approaches; however, there is reason to believe that perceptions of the neighborhood environment influence each other, requiring the use of person-centered approaches to study these relationships. The present study sought to determine profiles of youth that differ in their perceptions of their neighborhoods and objective neighborhood characteristics, and whether these profiles are associated with youth coping. Participants were low-income, African American youth (N = 733; 51.0% female, M age = 18.76 years, SD = 1.71) from a metropolitan city who were originally recruited for the Youth Opportunity program in Baltimore, Maryland. A latent profile analysis was conducted which included self-reported neighborhood social cohesion, collective efficacy, disorder, violence, and disadvantage derived from census data. Coping behaviors, specifically positive cognitive restructuring, problem-focused coping, distraction strategies, and avoidant behaviors were assessed via self-reported questionnaires. Four neighborhood profiles were identified: highest disorder (20.0%); highest violence/highest disadvantage (5.2%); high violence (26.6%); and highest cohesion/lowest disorder (48.2%). Individuals in the highest violence/highest disadvantage profile reported higher positive cognitive restructuring and problem-focused coping than the other profiles. These findings warrant an investigation into the individual assets and contextual resources that may contribute to more positive coping behaviors among youth in more violent and disadvantaged neighborhoods, which has the potential to improve resilient outcomes among youth in similar at-risk settings.
- Published
- 2019
36. Neighborhood Context and Transitions in Marijuana Use among Urban Young Adults
- Author
-
Kerry M. Green, Nicholas S. Ialongo, Renee M. Johnson, Adam J. Milam, Beth A. Reboussin, and C. Debra M. Furr-Holden
- Subjects
Male ,Marijuana Abuse ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Social Problems ,Urban Population ,Psychological intervention ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Context (language use) ,Marijuana Smoking ,Article ,Young Adult ,Marijuana use ,Residence Characteristics ,Humans ,Young adult ,Social Behavior ,Poverty ,Physical disorder ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Collective efficacy ,Black or African American ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Female ,Marijuana Use ,Neighborhood context ,Psychology ,Demography - Abstract
Background In emerging adulthood when many youth are maturing out of marijuana use, Blacks continue to have high rates of use and disorder. Theory suggests that factors tied to neighborhood disadvantage may partially explain this phenomenon but research is limited. Objectives This study examines the influence of neighborhood physical and social disorder on transitions in marijuana use during emerging adulthood in a low-income urban sample. Methods 379 primarily Black young adults residing in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City were followed-up annually from ages 18 to 21. Neighborhood environment was evaluated using a valid and reliable field-rater assessment of the residential block. Longitudinal latent class and latent transition analyses were performed. Results Fit indices supported three-classes of marijuana use: no use, infrequent use and frequent use. Between ages 18 and 21, young adults tended to transition toward lower levels of use. However, neighborhood physical disorder was associated with transitioning to increased marijuana use (no use to frequent use; AOR = 2.712; p = .023) while positive neighborhood social activity was associated with a decreased risk (AOR = 0.002; p = .013). Neighborhood social activity was also associated with decreases in use (frequent to infrequent use; AOR = 2.342; p = .020). Conclusions/Importance: These findings demonstrate that physical disorder within the context of a low-income urban neighborhood adversely impacts marijuana use. However, even in the presence of physical disorder, interventions that foster collective efficacy among residents through positive social activity may prevent initiation and progression of marijuana use.
- Published
- 2019
37. Racial discrimination, John Henryism coping, and behavioral health conditions among predominantly poor, urban African Americans: Implications for community-level opioid problems and mental health services
- Author
-
Jennifer H. Brooks, Erika Kane, Thomas A. LaVeist, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, Shawn C. T. Jones, Clara B. Barajas, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Mental Health Services ,Coping (psychology) ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychological intervention ,050109 social psychology ,Behavioral Symptoms ,Logistic regression ,Racism ,Article ,Odds ,Young Adult ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Poverty ,media_common ,Health Services Needs and Demand ,05 social sciences ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,Opioid-Related Disorders ,Mental health ,John Henryism ,Black or African American ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Baltimore ,Female ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
The current study examined the relationship between John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC), experiences of racial discrimination, and behavioral health outcomes in a community sample of 319 Black adults. Assessments included primary health care screenings as well as self-reported survey questions to assess JHAC, experiences of discrimination, and self-reported behavioral health. Logistic regression models, adjusted for control variables, found a significant relationship between JHAC and having an opioid problem (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, p = 0.003) and needing mental health services (OR = 0.95, p < 0.001), such that higher levels of coping were associated with lower odds of reporting an opioid problem and needing mental health services. Notably, racial discrimination was not significantly independently associated with behavioral health. Implications for interventions and community programming are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
38. Using Zoning as a Public Health Tool to Reduce Oversaturation of Alcohol Outlets: an Examination of the Effects of the New '300 Foot Rule' on Packaged Goods Stores in a Mid-Atlantic City
- Author
-
Richard C. Sadler, Christopher Hippensteel, Adam J. Milam, Victoria Nelson, and C. Debra M. Furr-Holden
- Subjects
Alcohol Drinking ,Urban Population ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Legislation ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Residence Characteristics ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Mid-Atlantic Region ,Socioeconomics ,License ,Socioeconomic status ,media_common ,030505 public health ,Poverty ,Alcoholic Beverages ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Commerce ,Redistribution (cultural anthropology) ,Disadvantaged ,Unemployment ,Business ,Public Health ,0305 other medical science ,Zoning ,human activities ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The oversaturation of alcohol outlets can have disastrous public health consequences. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of new zoning legislation, TransForm Baltimore on locations of alcohol outlets. More specifically, the study sought to determine the effect of the new zoning code on the potential re-distribution of alcohol outlets and also provide empirical support for the need to actively monitor redistribution of outlets to avoid further inequitable oversaturation in disadvantaged neighborhoods. METHODS: Data on off-premise alcohol outlets (e.g. packaged goods stores) were obtained from the Board of Liquor License Commissioners for Baltimore City. The alcohol outlets were geocoded and assigned to zoning parcels. Churches and schools were also geocoded. The alcohol outlets were also assigned to Census tracts to calculate socioeconomic statuses. RESULTS: 172 of the 263 off-premise packaged goods stores (PGS) were in violation of the new zoning law. TransForm will reduce the land parcels available to alcohol outlets by 27.2%. Areas containing non-conforming PGS were more likely to have a higher percentage of Black residents, single parent families, unemployment, household poverty, and vacancy compared to Baltimore City averages and areas without non-conforming PGS. CONCLUSIONS: Planning enforcement efforts need to accompany related laws to prevent/reduce overconcentration of PGS in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
- Published
- 2018
39. Characteristics of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 and persons under investigation negative for COVID-19 at an academic medical center: A retrospective cross-sectional pilot study
- Author
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Nawaf Abaalkhail, Samantha Toscano, Navpreet K. Dhillon, Emiley Tou, Patrick H. Lam, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Cross-sectional study ,Critical Illness ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Treatment outcome ,Pilot Projects ,Article ,Humans ,Medicine ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,Academic Medical Centers ,Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,Retrospective cohort study ,Middle Aged ,Respiration, Artificial ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Treatment Outcome ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Anesthesia ,Critical illness ,Physical therapy ,Female ,New York City ,business - Published
- 2020
40. ALCOHOL OUTLETS AND SUBSTANCE USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOLERS
- Author
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Adam J. Milam, Catherine P. Bradshaw, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, and Sarah Lindstrom Johnson
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,School climate ,030508 substance abuse ,Adolescent risk ,Alcohol ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Adolescent substance ,chemistry ,Environmental health ,Positive relationship ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Alcohol outlet ,Substance use ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Built environment - Abstract
Few studies have considered the potential role of the built environment in increasing adolescent substance use. The current study explored the relationship between alcohol outlets, a potential malleable component of the neighborhood environment, and adolescent behavioral outcomes. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between alcohol outlet density, perceived alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) availability, perception of substance use as a problem at the school, and self-reported ATOD use. Data come from Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) Initiative, a statewide project focused on measuring and improving school climate. The sample includes 25,308 adolescents from 58 high schools (Grades 9–12) across 12 counties. Multilevel path models indicated a positive relationship between the count of alcohol outlets and perceived availability of ATOD among girls but not boys. Perceived availability was associated with increased ATOD use at both individual and school levels as well as other students’ ATOD use. Findings provide support for the potential role of the built environment in adolescent risk for substance use, particularly among girls.
- Published
- 2016
41. The inequitable distribution of tobacco outlet density: the role of income in two Black Mid-Atlantic geopolitical areas
- Author
-
Roland J. Thorpe, Thomas A. LaVeist, James Butler, David O. Fakunle, C.D. Furr-Holden, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Gerontology ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Cross-sectional study ,Ethnic group ,Distribution (economics) ,Sociodemographic data ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Residence Characteristics ,Humans ,cardiovascular diseases ,030212 general & internal medicine ,030505 public health ,Maryland ,business.industry ,Commerce ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Tobacco Products ,General Medicine ,Census ,Black or African American ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Geography ,Income ,cardiovascular system ,Income level ,Census tract ,0305 other medical science ,business ,human activities ,Demography - Abstract
Studies have shown that communities with higher concentrations of low-income racial and ethnic minorities correlate with a greater presence of tobacco outlets. Community-level income has consistently been among the strongest predictors of tobacco outlet density. This study analyzes two Maryland geopolitical areas with similar racial concentrations yet differing income levels in an attempt to disentangle the race-income relationship with tobacco outlet density.In this cross-sectional examination of tobacco outlet and census tract-level sociodemographic data, Baltimore City, Maryland, and Prince George's County, Maryland, were geocoded to determine tobacco outlet density.Tobacco outlet density was defined as the mean number of tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per census tract. Comparisons of tobacco outlet density and sociodemographic variables were analysed via two-sample t-tests, and the direct effect of sociodemographic variables on tobacco outlet density for each area was analysed via spatial lag regressions.Prince George's County, the area with the higher income level ($77,190 vs $43,571), has a significantly lower tobacco outlet density than Baltimore City (P 0.001). Prince George's County has a 67.5% Black population and an average of 3.94 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. By contrast, Baltimore City has a 65.3% Black population and an average of 7.95 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. Spatial lag regression model results indicate an inverse relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City and Prince George's County (β = -0.03, P 0.01β = -0.01, P = 0.02, respectively), and a significant interaction term indicating a greater magnitude in the relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City (β = -0.05, P 0.01).Results suggest that higher socio-economic status, even in primarily underrepresented racial and ethnic geopolitical areas, is linked to lower tobacco outlet density.
- Published
- 2016
42. Not in My Back Yard: A Comparative Analysis of Crime Around Publicly Funded Drug Treatment Centers, Liquor Stores, Convenience Stores, and Corner Stores in One Mid-Atlantic City
- Author
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C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, David O. Fakunle, Jacky M. Jennings, Renee M. Johnson, Adam J. Milam, Roland J. Thorpe, and Elizabeth D. Nesoff
- Subjects
Financing, Government ,Engineering ,Health (social science) ,Cross-sectional study ,Poison control ,Violence ,Toxicology ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Residence Characteristics ,mental disorders ,Injury prevention ,Forensic engineering ,Humans ,Small Business ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Socioeconomics ,health care economics and organizations ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,social sciences ,Small business ,Census ,Yard ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Baltimore ,population characteristics ,Crime ,Substance Abuse Treatment Centers ,0305 other medical science ,business ,human activities ,Research Article - Abstract
This research examined whether publicly funded drug treatment centers (DTCs) were associated with violent crime in excess of the violence happening around other commercial businesses.Violent crime data and locations of community entities were geocoded and mapped. DTCs and other retail outlets were matched based on a Neighborhood Disadvantage score at the census tract level. Street network buffers ranging from 100 to 1,400 feet were placed around each location. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the relationship between the count of violent crimes and the distance from each business type.Compared with the mean count of violent crime around drug treatment centers, the mean count of violent crime (M = 2.87) was significantly higher around liquor stores (M = 3.98; t test; p.01) and corner stores (M = 3.78; t test; p.01), and there was no statistically significant difference between the count around convenience stores (M = 2.65; t test; p = .32). In the adjusted negative binomial regression models, there was a negative and significant relationship between the count of violent crime and the distance from drug treatment centers (β = -.069, p.01), liquor stores (β = -.081, p.01), corner stores (β = -.116, p.01), and convenience stores (β = -.154, p.01).Violent crime associated with drug treatment centers is similar to that associated with liquor stores and is less frequent than that associated with convenience stores and corner stores.
- Published
- 2016
43. Clustering of Black Adolescent Marijuana Use in Low-Income, Urban Neighborhoods
- Author
-
Nicholas S. Ialongo, Kerry M. Green, Adam J. Milam, Beth A. Reboussin, and C. Debra M. Furr-Holden
- Subjects
Male ,Low income ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,MEDLINE ,030508 substance abuse ,Marijuana Smoking ,Violence ,computer.software_genre ,Health informatics ,Article ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sex Factors ,0302 clinical medicine ,Marijuana use ,Randomized controlled trial ,Residence Characteristics ,Risk Factors ,law ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Cluster Analysis ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Cluster analysis ,Health Education ,Poverty ,business.industry ,Public health ,Age Factors ,Urban Health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Black or African American ,Urban Studies ,Logistic Models ,Baltimore ,Female ,Data mining ,0305 other medical science ,business ,computer - Published
- 2015
44. The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship Between Tobacco Outlet Exposure and Tobacco Use Among African American Young Adults
- Author
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Qiana L. Brown, Debra Furr-Holden, Nicholas S. Ialongo, Darrell J. Gaskin, Janice V. Bowie, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tobacco use ,Black People ,Logistic regression ,Article ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Walking distance ,Sex Factors ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,cardiovascular diseases ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,African american ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Quarter (United States coin) ,Health psychology ,surgical procedures, operative ,Baltimore ,cardiovascular system ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business ,human activities - Abstract
Tobacco outlet exposure is a correlate of tobacco use with potential differences by gender that warrant attention. The aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of gender in the relationship between tobacco outlet exposure and past month tobacco use among African American young adults 21 to 24 years old. This cross-sectional study (n = 283) used geospatial methods to determine the number of tobacco outlets within walking distance (i.e., a quarter mile) of participants' homes and distance to the nearest outlet. Logistic regression models were used to test interactions between gender and tobacco outlet exposure (i.e., density and proximity). Tobacco outlets were classified based on whether or not they were licensed to sell tobacco only (TO outlets) or tobacco and alcohol (TA outlets). Neither density nor proximity was associated with past month tobacco use in the pooled models. However, gender modified the relationship between TO outlet density and tobacco use, and this relationship was significant only among women (OR = 1.02; p < 0.01; adjusted OR = 1.01; p < 0.05). This study underscores the importance of reducing tobacco outlet density in residential neighborhoods, especially TO outlets, as well as highlights potential gender differences in the relationship between tobacco outlet density and tobacco use.
- Published
- 2015
45. E-Cigarettes in Baltimore Alcohol Outlets: Geographic and Demographic Correlates of Availability
- Author
-
Raimee H. Eck, Roland J. Thorpe, David O. Fakunle, Debra Furr-Holden, and Adam J. Milam
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Alcohol ,Sociodemographic data ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Paraphernalia ,Residence Characteristics ,Environmental health ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,cardiovascular diseases ,030505 public health ,Extramural ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Odds ratio ,United States ,Geography ,chemistry ,Baltimore ,cardiovascular system ,Census tract ,Female ,Disadvantaged populations ,0305 other medical science ,human activities - Abstract
There is limited research on e-cigarette availability despite increased use. E-cigarette availability within Baltimore alcohol outlets was analyzed for disparities among residential neighborhoods. Data were obtained via field surveys of alcohol outlets, and then spatially merged with sociodemographic data; 18.8% of alcohol outlets had any e-cigarette availability. Regression models showed greater odds ratios for e-cigarette availability when cigarettes, cigars, or hookah paraphernalia were sold, and lower odds ratios when alcohol outlets had an on-site consumption license. Outlets with e-cigarette availability were in predominantly lower-income, nonwhite neighborhoods. It is important to assess exposure of another potentially damaging substance among perpetually disadvantaged populations.
- Published
- 2018
46. Alcohol Outlets, Neighborhood Retail Environments, and Pedestrian Injury Risk
- Author
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Silvia S. Martins, Adam J. Milam, Amy R. Knowlton, Debra Furr-Holden, Charles C. Branas, and Elizabeth D. Nesoff
- Subjects
Male ,Alcohol Drinking ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Alcohol ,Pedestrian ,Toxicology ,Rate ratio ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Residence Characteristics ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Injury risk ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pedestrians ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Confounding ,Accidents, Traffic ,Commerce ,Liquor store ,Confidence interval ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,chemistry ,Attributable risk ,Baltimore ,population characteristics ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business ,human activities - Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol outlet density has been associated with increased pedestrian injury risk. It is unclear whether this is because alcohol outlets are located in dense retail areas with heavy pedestrian traffic or whether alcohol outlets contribute a unique neighborhood risk. We aimed to compare the pedestrian injury rate around alcohol outlets to the rate around other, similar retail outlets that do not sell alcohol. METHODS A spatial analysis was conducted on census block groups in Baltimore City. Data included pedestrian injury emergency medical services (EMS) records from January 1, 2014 to April 15, 2015 (n = 848); locations of alcohol outlets licensed for off-premise (n = 726) and on-premise consumption (n = 531); and corner (n = 398) and convenience stores (n = 192) that do not sell alcohol. Negative binomial regression was used to determine the relationship between retail outlet count and pedestrian injuries, controlling for key confounding variables. Spatial autocorrelation was also assessed and variable selection adjusted accordingly. RESULTS Each additional off-premise alcohol outlet was associated with a 12.3% increase in the rate of neighborhood pedestrian injury when controlling for convenience and corner stores and other confounders (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.123, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.065, 1.184, p
- Published
- 2018
47. Novel Methods for Environmental Assessment of Pedestrian Injury: Creation and Validation of the Inventory for Pedestrian Safety Infrastructure
- Author
-
Elizabeth D. Nesoff, Adam J. Milam, Debra Furr-Holden, Frank C. Curriero, Andrea Carlson Gielen, Janice V. Bowie, and Keshia M. Pollack
- Subjects
Safety Management ,Health (social science) ,Computer science ,Pedestrian ,Walking ,Health informatics ,Article ,Transport engineering ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cronbach's alpha ,Urban planning ,Risk Factors ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Environmental impact assessment ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cities ,City Planning ,Reliability (statistics) ,Pedestrians ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Accidents, Traffic ,Reproducibility of Results ,Exploratory factor analysis ,Urban Studies ,Environment Design ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Factor Analysis, Statistical - Abstract
Nationally, 80% of pedestrian fatalities occur in urban environments, yet the distribution of injuries across urban areas is not uniform. Identifying street-level risk factors for pedestrian injury is essential for urban planning and improvement projects, as well as targeted injury prevention efforts. However, creating and maintaining a comprehensive database of a city’s traffic safety infrastructure can be cumbersome and costly. The purpose of this study was to create and validate a neighborhood environmental observational assessment tool to capture evidence-based pedestrian safety infrastructure using Google Street View (GSV)—The Inventory for Pedestrian Safety Infrastructure (IPSI). We collected measures in-person at 172 liquor stores in Baltimore City from June to August 2015 to assess the tool’s reliability; we then collected IPSI measures at the same 172 locations using GSV from February to March 2016 to assess IPSI reliability using GSV. The majority of items had good or excellent levels of inter-rater reliability (ICC ≥ 0.8), with intersection features showing the highest agreement across raters. Two scales were also developed using exploratory factor analysis, and both showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.6). The IPSI provides a valid, economically efficient tool for assessing pedestrian safety infrastructure that can be employed for a variety of research and urban planning needs. It can also be used for in-person or GSV observation. Reliable and valid measurement of pedestrian safety infrastructure is essential to effectively prevent future pedestrian injuries. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11524-017-0226-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
48. The role of neighborhood in urban black adolescent marijuana use
- Author
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Renee M. Johnson, Beth A. Reboussin, Adam J. Milam, Kerry M. Green, Debra Furr-Holden, and Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,Injury control ,Poison control ,Marijuana Smoking ,Sample (statistics) ,Toxicology ,Suicide prevention ,Article ,Occupational safety and health ,Marijuana use ,Residence Characteristics ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Longitudinal Studies ,Poverty ,Pharmacology ,business.industry ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Black or African American ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Adolescent Behavior ,Baltimore ,Female ,business - Abstract
The present study examined the influence of neighborhood factors on transitions in marijuana involvement during adolescence in a sample of primarily low-income, urban Black youth.556 Black adolescents were interviewed annually beginning in first grade as part of a longitudinal study. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to examine stages of marijuana involvement from 6th to 9th grades. The influence of neighborhood disorder, drug activity, violent crime, safety and disadvantage on transitions in marijuana involvement was tested using latent transition analysis (LTA).There was evidence for three stages of involvement: no involvement, offered, and use and problems. Involvement increased steadily during adolescence with a slightly greater risk to transition from offers to use between 6th and 7th grades. Neighborhood disorder (AOR=1.04, CI=1.00, 1.08), drug activity (AOR=1.12, CI=1.02, 1.22) and disadvantage (AOR=1.44, CI=1.10, 1.92) were associated with the transition from marijuana offers to use and problems. Neighborhood disorder (AOR=1.07, CI=1.02, 1.11), drug activity (AOR=1.19, CI=1.10, 1.29) and violent crime (AOR=1.17, CI=1.03, 1.32) were associated with transitioning rapidly from no involvement to use and problems.Understanding how neighborhoods could be organized and provided with supports to discourage marijuana use and promote non-drug using behaviors should be an important goal of any prevention program in low-income, urban Black neighborhoods. Enhancing citizen participation and mobilization to address the social processes of neighborhood disorder has the potential to reduce marijuana involvement in these neighborhoods.
- Published
- 2015
49. Neighborhood Environment and Urban African American Marijuana Use during High School
- Author
-
Kerry M. Green, Adam J. Milam, Beth A. Reboussin, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, and Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,Ethnic group ,Psychological intervention ,Poison control ,Marijuana Smoking ,Suicide prevention ,Article ,Occupational safety and health ,Interviews as Topic ,Residence Characteristics ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Black or African American ,Urban Studies ,Baltimore ,Female ,Psychology - Abstract
African American male high school students have the highest rates of marijuana use among all racial, ethnic, and gender groups, yet there is limited research examining contextual factors salient to the African American community. The purpose of this study was to examine how neighborhood environment measured in 8th grade is related to longitudinal transitions in marijuana use during high school (9th to 12th grades) in a sample of urban African Americans. Four hundred and fifty-two African American children were interviewed annually beginning in 1st grade as part of a longitudinal field study in Baltimore city. Latent transition analysis indicated early in high school posed the greatest risk for initiation and progression of marijuana use. Community violence exposure was associated with an increased likelihood of transitioning from no marijuana use to infrequent use (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 2.40, p
- Published
- 2014
50. Understanding the relationship between alcohol outlet density and life expectancy in Baltimore City: The role of community violence and community disadvantage
- Author
-
Mieka Smart, Philip J. Leaf, Krim K. Lacey, Roland J. Thorpe, C. Debra M. Furr-Holden, Victoria Nelson, Adam J. Milam, and Elizabeth D. Nesoff
- Subjects
Male ,Multivariate statistics ,Social Psychology ,Urban Population ,Cross-sectional study ,050109 social psychology ,Bivariate analysis ,Violence ,Article ,Life Expectancy ,Intervention (counseling) ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Poverty ,Disadvantage ,Alcoholic Beverages ,05 social sciences ,Commerce ,Liquor store ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Baltimore ,Life expectancy ,Female ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Demography - Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between alcohol outlet density (AOD) and life expectancy, as mediated by community violence and community disadvantage. We used linear regression models to assess bivariate and multivariate relationships. There was a negative bivariate association between liquor store density and average life expectancy (β = -7.3370, p < 0.001). This relationship was partially attenuated when controlling for community disadvantage and fully attenuated when controlling for community violence. Bars/taverns (i.e., on-premise) were not associated with average life expectancy (β = -0.589, p = 0.220). Liquor store density is associated with higher levels of community disadvantage and higher rates of violence, both of which are associated with lower life expectancies. Future research, potential intervention, and current related policies are discussed.
- Published
- 2016
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