76 results on '"Ackland T"'
Search Results
2. Effects of increasing dietary protein and fibre intake with lupin on body weight and composition and blood lipids in overweight men and women
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Hodgson, J M, Lee, Y P, Puddey, I B, Sipsas, S, Ackland, T R, Beilin, L J, Belski, R, and Mori, T A
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- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. 30 BODY SIZE AND PERFORMANCE IN MALE SWIMMERS
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Ackland, T. R., Mazza, J. C., Carter, J. E.L., Ross, W. D., and Cosolito, P.
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- 1993
4. Resources: YouTube videos and the JELCKC website and archive
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Hume, P., Fuller, K., Sheerin, K., Slater, G., Hollings, S., Ackland, T., Kerr, Deborah, Kagawa, M., Ducker, Kagan, Kerr, A., Keogh, J., Macfarlane, D., Rush, E., Shaw, G., MacKenzie-Shalders, K., Stewart, A., Kolose, S., Njoku, C., O'Connor, H., de Ridder, H., Alderson, J., Müller, W., Nana, A., Lorimer, A., Hume, P., Fuller, K., Sheerin, K., Slater, G., Hollings, S., Ackland, T., Kerr, Deborah, Kagawa, M., Ducker, Kagan, Kerr, A., Keogh, J., Macfarlane, D., Rush, E., Shaw, G., MacKenzie-Shalders, K., Stewart, A., Kolose, S., Njoku, C., O'Connor, H., de Ridder, H., Alderson, J., Müller, W., Nana, A., and Lorimer, A.
- Abstract
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. Additional resources to support the content in Best Practice Protocols for Physique Assessment in Sport are available at the J.E. Lindsay Carter Kinanthropometry Clinic and Archive (JELCKCA) website jelckca-bodycomp.com, which links you to the YouTube channel http://tinyurl.com/YouTubeChannel-ProfPatria. YouTube videos include introduction of experts and their background in physique assessment, demonstration of physique assessment procedures and commentary from experts on issues related to physique assessment. The physical kinan-thropometry archive is located at the Auckland University of Technology Millennium precinct in Auckland, New Zealand.
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- 2017
5. Recommendations for conducting research on athletes (large-scale survey case studies)
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Kerr, Deborah, Hume, P., Ackland, T., Kerr, Deborah, Hume, P., and Ackland, T.
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© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. Large-scale surveys of world-class athletes have been conducted at Olympic Games and World Championship events for over 60 years. These projects have provided valuable data for identifying the unique physique characteristics for sports and events. There are many challenges in undertaking these studies, and strong scientific rigour should always underpin such projects. Large-scale surveys of athletes should be conducted to address specific questions, rather than being an opportunistic data collection exercise. Considerable planning needs to go into a large-scale survey to ensure its success, including obtaining all the necessary approvals and support to conduct the project. This chapter outlines the practical steps in the process, including what should be in the research proposal, how to conduct large-scale surveys and how to report the results of the information gained.
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- 2017
6. A Midterm Evaluation of Postoperative Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections on Arthroscopic Supraspinatus Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Ebert, J., Wang, A., Smith, Anne, Nairn, R., Breidahl, W., Zheng, M., Ackland, T., Ebert, J., Wang, A., Smith, Anne, Nairn, R., Breidahl, W., Zheng, M., and Ackland, T.
- Abstract
© 2017, © 2017 The Author(s). Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been applied as an adjunct to rotator cuff repair to improve tendon-bone healing and potentially reduce the incidence of subsequent tendon retears. Purpose: To investigate whether the midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes of arthroscopic supraspinatus repair are enhanced after repeated postoperative applications of PRP. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 60 patients (30 control; 30 PRP) were initially randomized to receive 2 ultrasound-guided injections of PRP to the tendon repair site at 7 and 14 days after double-row arthroscopic supraspinatus repair or not. A total of 55 patients (91.7%) underwent a clinical review and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a mean of 3.5 years after surgery (range, 36-51 months). Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) included the Constant score, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire, Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Global rating of change (GRC) scale and patient satisfaction scores were evaluated. Structural integrity of the surgical repair was assessed via MRI using the Sugaya classification system. Results: At the midterm review, there was no difference between the groups for any of the PROMs. No differences between the groups were demonstrated for the subjective and range of motion subscales of the Constant score, although a significantly higher Constant strength subscale score was observed in the PRP group (3.3 points; 95% CI, 1.0-5.7; P =.006). There was no evidence for any group differences in MRI scores or retear rates, with 66.7% of PRP patients and 64.3% of control patients rated as Sugaya grade 1. Two control patients had symptomatic retears (both full thickness) within the first 16 weeks after surgery compared with 2 PRP patients, who suffered symptomatic retears (both partial thickness) between 16 weeks and a mean 3.5
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- 2017
7. A newly discovered muscle: The tensor of the vastus intermedius
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Grob, Karl, Ackland, T., Kuster, M.S., Manestar, M., and Filgueira, Luis
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The quadriceps femoris is traditionally described as a muscle group composed of the rectus femoris and the three vasti. However, clinical experience and investigations of anatomical specimens are not consistent with the textbook description. We have found a second tensor-like muscle between the vastus lateralis (VL) and the vastus intermedius (VI), hereafter named the tensor VI (TVI). The aim of this study was to clarify whether this intervening muscle was a variation of the VL or the VI, or a separate head of the extensor apparatus. Twenty-six cadaveric lower limbs were investigated. The architecture of the quadriceps femoris was examined with special attention to innervation and vascularization patterns. All muscle components were traced from origin to insertion and their affiliations were determined. A TVI was found in all dissections. It was supplied by independent muscular and vascular branches of the femoral nerve and lateral circumflex femoral artery. Further distally, the TVI combined with an aponeurosis merging separately into the quadriceps tendon and inserting on the medial aspect of the patella. Four morphological types of TVI were distinguished: Independent-type (11/26), VI-type (6/26), VL-type (5/26), and Common-type (4/26). This study demonstrated that the quadriceps femoris is architecturally different from previous descriptions: there is an additional muscle belly between the VI and VL, which cannot be clearly assigned to the former or the latter. Distal exposure shows that this muscle belly becomes its own aponeurosis, which continues distally as part of the quadriceps tendon.
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- 2016
8. Effects of a 1-year randomised controlled trial of resistance training on blood lipid profile and chylomicron concentration in older men
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James, A., Whiteford, J., Ackland, T., Dhaliwal, S., Woodhouse, J., Prince, R., Meng, X., Kerr, Deborah, James, A., Whiteford, J., Ackland, T., Dhaliwal, S., Woodhouse, J., Prince, R., Meng, X., and Kerr, Deborah
- Abstract
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin HeidelbergPurpose: Resistance exercise is promoted in older adults for its ability to improve muscle mass, strength and, hence, in reducing falls. However, its effects on blood lipids and CVD risk are less well established, particularly in this age group. This study aimed to investigate whether a 1-year resistance exercise program improves lipid profile and chylomicron concentration in older men. Methods: Participants were randomised to either three, 1 h resistance training sessions per week (RE) or an active control group [asked to undertake three 30 min walking sessions per week (AC)]. Fasting blood samples were collected at 0, 6, and 12 months for determination of lipid profile and glycaemic control. Diet, morphological and activity data were also collected at these time points. Results: Following 12 months, the RE intervention group had greater improvements in cholesterol profile; LDL-cholesterol concentration significantly decreased by 0.2 (0.2) mM [mean (SEM)] compared to control (P < 0.05). The RE group also exhibited a significant increase in lean body mass of 0.9 (1.3) kg after 12 months compared to the AC group (P < 0.05). There was no treatment or time effect on other anthropometric measures or fasting triacylglycerol, glucose, insulin or chylomicron concentrations. Conclusion: The observed improvements in lean body mass and cholesterol profile promote the implementation of a resistance exercise intervention in this population.
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- 2016
9. Potential Risk to the Superior Gluteal Nerve During the Anterior Approach to the Hip Joint: An Anatomical Study
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Grob, K, Manestar, M, Ackland, T, Filgueira, L, Kuster, M S, Grob, K, Manestar, M, Ackland, T, Filgueira, L, and Kuster, M S
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- 2015
10. Degree of preoperative subchondral bone edema is not associated with pain and graft outcomes after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation
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Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Fallon, M., Wood, D., Ackland, T., Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Fallon, M., Wood, D., and Ackland, T.
- Abstract
Background: Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is an established technique for the repair of knee chondral defects. While a number of factors may affect the clinical outcome, little is known about the influence of subchondral bone abnormalities at the time of surgery on pain and graft outcomes after MACI. Purpose: To investigate the association between subchondral bone marrow edema within 3 months before MACI surgery on preoperative and postoperative reported pain and symptoms as well as postoperative graft outcomes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This retrospective study was undertaken in 56 patients undergoing MACI with clinical and radiological assessments before surgery and at 3, 12, 24, and 60 months after surgery. Patients were assessed using the Pain and Symptoms subscales of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the severity of preoperative subchondral bone marrow edema, while graft infill and an MRI composite graft score were evaluated after surgery via the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) scoring system. Linear regression utilizing generalized estimating equations was used to investigate the association between preoperative subchondral bone marrow edema scores and preoperative and postoperative KOOS subscores as well as postoperative MRI-based scores of graft repair. Results: The degree of preoperative subchondral bone marrow edema was not significantly associated with postoperative outcomes, whereby there was no evidence of a difference between edema subgroups over all time points for the KOOS-Pain subscore (P = .644), KOOS-Symptoms subscore (P = .475), or MRI composite score (P = .685) after adjustment for potential confounders of age, body mass index, defect size, and defect location. Conclusion: No association was demonstrated between the severity of preoperative subchondral bone m
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- 2014
11. Correlation between clinical and radiological outcomes after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation in the femoral condyles
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Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Fallon, M., Wood, D., Ackland, T., Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Fallon, M., Wood, D., and Ackland, T.
- Abstract
Background: Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is an established technique for the repair of knee chondral defects, although the correlation between clinical and radiological outcomes after surgery is poorly understood.Purpose: To determine the correlation between clinical and radiological outcomes throughout the postoperative timeline to 5 years after MACI.Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.Methods: This retrospective study was undertaken in 83 patients (53 male, 30 female) with complete clinical and radiological follow- up at 1, 2, and 5 years after MACI. The mean age of patients was 38.9 years (range, 13-62 years), with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.6 kg/m2 (range, 16.8-34.8 kg/m2), mean defect size of 3.3 cm2 (range, 1-9 cm2), and mean preoperative duration of symptoms of 9.2 years (range, 1-46 years). Patients indicated for MACI in this follow-up were 13 to 65 years of age, although they were excluded if they had a BMI .35 kg/m2, had undergone prior extensive meniscectomy, or had ongoing progressive inflammatory arthritis. Patients were assessed clinically using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the graft using a 1.5-T or 3-T clinical scanner; the MRI assessment included8 parameters of graft repair (infill, signal intensity, border integration, surface contour, structure, subchondral lamina, subchondral bone, and effusion) based on the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score as well as an MRI composite score. The degree of an association between the MRI parameters and the KOOS subscales at each postoperative timepoint was assessed with the Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC), and significance was determined at P\.05. Ethics approval was obtained from the appropriate hospital and university Human Research Ethics Committees, and informed consent was gathered from all patients.Results: The only MRI p
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- 2014
12. The progression of isokinetic knee strength after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation: implications for rehabilitation and return to activity
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Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Edwards, P., Ackland, T., Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Edwards, P., and Ackland, T.
- Abstract
Context: Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is an established technique for the repair of knee chondral defects. Despite the reported clinical improvement in knee pain and symptoms, little is known on the recovery of knee strength and its return to an appropriate level compared with the unaffected limb. Objective: To investigate the progression of isokinetic knee strength and limb symmetry after MACI. Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: Private functional rehabilitation facility. Patients: 58 patients treated with MACI for full-thickness cartilage defects to the femoral condyles. Intervention: MACI and a standardized rehabilitation protocol. Main Outcome Measures: Preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 y postsurgery, patients underwent a 3-repetition-maximum straight-leg raise test, as well as assessment of isokinetic knee-flexor and -extensor torque and hamstring: quadriceps (H:Q) ratios. Correlation analysis investigated the association between strength and pain, demographics, defect, and surgery characteristics. Linear-regression analysis estimated differences in strength measures between the operated and nonoperated limbs, as well as Limb Symmetry Indexes (LSI) over time.Results: Peak knee-extension torque improved significantly over time for both limbs but was significantly lower on the operated limb preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 y. Mean LSIs of 77.0%, 83.0%, and 86.5% were observed at 1, 2, and 5 y, respectively, while 53.4–72.4% of patients demonstrated an LSI ≤ 90% across the postoperative timeline. Peak knee-flexion torque was significantly lower on the operated limb preoperatively and at 1 year. H:Q ratios were significantly higher on the operated limb at all time points. Conclusions: While peak knee-flexion and hip-flexor strength were within normal limits, the majority of patients in this study still demonstrated an LSI for peak knee-extensor strength ≤ 90%, even at 5 y. It is unknown how this prolonged knee-extensor deficit may af
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- 2014
13. Quadriceps-hamstrings coactivation during maximal strength testing does not reflect coactivation during walking 3 months following arthroscopic partial meniscectomy
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Mills, P.M., Sturnieks, D., Dempsey, A.R., Ilich, S., Ackland, T., Lloyd, D.G., Besier, T., Mills, P.M., Sturnieks, D., Dempsey, A.R., Ilich, S., Ackland, T., Lloyd, D.G., and Besier, T.
- Abstract
No abstract available
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- 2013
14. Factors predictive of outcome 5 years after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation in the tibiofemoral joint
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Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Edwards, P., Hambly, K., Wood, D., Ackland, T., Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Edwards, P., Hambly, K., Wood, D., and Ackland, T.
- Abstract
Background: Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) has become an established technique for the repair of full-thickness chondral defects in the knee. However, little is known about what variables most contribute to postoperative clinical and graft outcomes as well as overall patient satisfaction with the surgery.Purpose: To estimate the improvement in clinical and radiological outcomes and investigate the independent contribution of pertinent preoperative and postoperative patient, chondral defect, injury/surgery history, and rehabilitation factors to clinical and radiological outcomes, as well as patient satisfaction, 5 years after MACI. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: This study was undertaken in 104 patients of an eligible 115 patients who were recruited with complete clinical and radiological follow-up at 5 years after MACI to the femoral or tibial condyles. After a review of the literature, a range of preoperative and postoperative variables that had demonstrated an association with postoperative clinical and graft outcomes was selected for investigation. These included age, sex, and body mass index; preoperative 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) mental component score (MCS) and physical component score (PCS); chondral defect size and location; duration of symptoms and prior surgeries; and postoperative time to full weightbearing gait. The sport and recreation (sport/rec) and knee-related quality of life (QOL) subscales of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were used as the patient-reported clinical evaluation tools at 5 years, while high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate graft assessment. An MRI composite score was calculated based on the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue score. A patient satisfaction questionnaire was completed by all patients at 5 years. Regression analysis was used to investigate the contribution of these pertinent
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- 2013
15. A comparison of the responsiveness of 4 commonly used patient-reported outcome instruments at 5 years after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation
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Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Wood, D., Ackland, T., Ebert, J., Smith, Anne, Wood, D., and Ackland, T.
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Background: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments are employed to assess outcomes after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), although the PRO most responsive to change after surgery remains unknown.Purpose: To compare the responsiveness of 4 commonly used PRO instruments at 5 years after MACI. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods: The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Lysholm score, the Tegner activity scale, and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were administered to 104 patients before and at 5 years after MACI knee surgery. The Self-administered Patient Satisfaction Scale was employed at 5 years to investigate each patient’s overall level of satisfaction as well as satisfaction with relieving pain and improving the ability to perform daily activities, partake in recreational activities, and participate in sport. The effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM) were used to compare PRO responsiveness. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the extent to which PRO changes were associated with satisfaction. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) according to the criterion of patient satisfaction was identified as the PRO instrument change score maximizing classification accuracResults: The most responsive PRO measures were the KOOS sport/recreation (ES, 1.63; SRM, 1.43) and quality of life (QOL) (ES, 1.37; SRM, 1.18) subscales. The least responsive were the SF-36 mental component summary (MCS) (ES, 0.38; SRM, 0.40) and the Tegner activity scale (ES, 0.91; SRM, 0.59). Of the 104 patients, 54 (51.9%) reported being “very satisfied,” 38 (36.5%) “somewhat satisfied,” 8 (7.7%) “somewhat dissatisfied,” and 4 (3.9%) “very dissatisfied.” A ROC curve analysis was performed using “very satisfied” as the responder criterion. The strongest association was between the change in KOOS sport/recreation with satisfaction in impr
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- 2013
16. Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based outcomes to 5 years after Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte iImplantation to address articular cartilage defects in the knee
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Ebert, J.R., Robertson, W.B., Woodhouse, J., Fallon, M., Zheng, M.H., Ackland, T., Wood, D.J., Ebert, J.R., Robertson, W.B., Woodhouse, J., Fallon, M., Zheng, M.H., Ackland, T., and Wood, D.J.
- Abstract
Background: The availability remains limited of midterm clinical and radiologic results into matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI). Outcomes are required to validate the efficacy of MACI as a suitable surgical treatment option for articular cartilage defects in the knee. Hypothesis: A significant improvement in clinical and magnetic resonance imaging–based (MRI-based) outcomes after MACI will exist throughout the postoperative timeline to 5 years after surgery. Furthermore, patient demographics, cartilage defect parameters, and injury/surgery history will be associated with patient and graft outcome, whereas a significant correlation will exist between clinical and MRI-based outcomes at 5 years after surgery. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A prospective evaluation was undertaken to assess clinical and MRI-based outcomes to 5 years in 41 patients (53 grafts) after MACI to the knee. After MACI surgery and a 12-week structured rehabilitation program, patients underwent clinical assessments (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-36, 6-minute walk test, knee range of motion) and MRI assessments at 3, 12, and 24 months, as well as 5 years after surgery. The MRI evaluation assessed 8 previously defined pertinent parameters of graft repair, as well as a combined MRI composite score. Results: A significant improvement (P < .05) was demonstrated for all Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and SF-36 subscales over the postoperative timeline, as well as the 6-minute walk test and active knee extension. A significant improvement (P < .0001) was observed for the MRI composite score, as well as several individual graft scoring parameters. At 5 years after surgery, 67% of MACI grafts demonstrated complete infill, whereas 89% demonstrated good to excellent filling of the chondral defect. Patient demographics, cartilage defect parameters, and injury/surgery history demonstrated no significant pertinent correlations wi
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- 2011
17. Effects of lupin-enriched foods on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a 12-month randomized controlled weight loss trial
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Belski, R., Mori, T., Puddey, I., Sipsas, S., Woodman, R., Ackland, T., Dove, E., Carlyon, N., Jayasena, Vijay, Hodgson, J., Beilin, L., Belski, R., Mori, T., Puddey, I., Sipsas, S., Woodman, R., Ackland, T., Dove, E., Carlyon, N., Jayasena, Vijay, Hodgson, J., and Beilin, L.
- Abstract
Background: Regular consumption of diets with increased protein or fibre intakes may benefit body weight and composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lupin flour is a novel food ingredient high in protein and fibre.Objective: To investigate the effects of a lupin-enriched diet, during and following energy restriction, on body weight and composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight individuals.Design: Participants (n=131) were recruited to a 12-month parallel-design trial. They were randomly assigned to consume lupin-enriched foods or matching high-carbohydrate control foods. All participants underwent 3 months of weight loss, 1 month of weight stabilization and 8 months of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed at baseline, 4 and 12 months.Results: Lupin, relative to control, did not significantly influence (mean difference (95% CI)) weight loss at 4 months (0.1?kg (-1.2, 1.4)) and 12 months (-0.6?kg (-2.0, 0.8)), maintenance of weight loss from 4 to 12 months (-0.7?kg (-1.83, 0.48)) or measures of body fat and fat-free mass. Relative to control, 24-h ambulatory systolic (-1.3?mm?Hg (-2.4, -0.3), P=0.016) and diastolic (-1.0?mm?Hg (-1.9, -0.2), P=0.021) blood pressures were lower at 12 months but not at 4 months; fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores were significantly lower at 4 months (-1.2?mU?l–1 (-1.3, -1.1), P=0.004 and -0.6 units (-1.0, -0.19), P=0.004) and 12 months (-1.3 mU?l–1 (-1.4, -1.1), P<0.001 and -0.7 units (-1.1, -0.24), P=0.002).Conclusions: A diet higher in protein and fibre derived from lupin-enriched foods does not enhance weight loss or improve the maintenance of weight loss. However, such a diet may provide cardiovascular health benefits in terms of insulin sensitivity and blood pressure.
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- 2011
18. Effects of a 1-year randomized controlled trial of resistance training on lower limb bone and muscle structure and function in older men
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Whiteford, Joanna, Ackland, T., Dhaliwal, Satvinder, James, Anthony, Woodhouse, J., Price, R., Prince, R., Kerr, Deborah, Whiteford, Joanna, Ackland, T., Dhaliwal, Satvinder, James, Anthony, Woodhouse, J., Price, R., Prince, R., and Kerr, Deborah
- Published
- 2010
19. The association between external-ground-reaction force and knee-joint kinetics during partial- and full-weight-bearing gait
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Ebert, J., Lloyd, D., Smith, Anne, Ackland, T., Wood, D., Ebert, J., Lloyd, D., Smith, Anne, Ackland, T., and Wood, D.
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- 2010
20. Effects of lupin kernel flour-enriched bread on blood pressure: a controlled intervention study
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Lee, Ya Ping, Mori, T, Puddey, I., Sipsas, S., Ackland, T., Beilin, L., Hodgson, J., Lee, Ya Ping, Mori, T, Puddey, I., Sipsas, S., Ackland, T., Beilin, L., and Hodgson, J.
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- 2009
21. Knee strength and knee adduction moments following arthroscopic partial meniscectomy
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Sturnieks, D, Besier, T, Hamer, P, Ackland, T, Mills, P, Stachowiak, Gwidon, Podsiadlo, Pawel, Lloyd, D, Sturnieks, D, Besier, T, Hamer, P, Ackland, T, Mills, P, Stachowiak, Gwidon, Podsiadlo, Pawel, and Lloyd, D
- Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between muscular strength about the knee and knee joint moments during gait in patients who had undergone arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). Methods: One hundred and two APM patients and 42 age-matched nonoperatcd controls underwent strength testing and three-dimensional gait analysis. Patients were divided into weak and normal subgroups and compared with controls for spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameters. Results: Spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and sagittal plane kinetics were similar between APM patients and controls. The APM group displayed weaker concentric knee extension and flexion strength compared with controls. The weak APM subgroup had an increased average and peak knee adduction moments over stance compared with the APM subgroup with normal strength levels and controls. The normal strength APM subgroup had a larger peak knee adduction moment in early stance compared with controls. Conclusion: Achieving normal lower limb muscle strength following APM appears important to resume normal frontal plane loading of the knee while walking.
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- 2008
22. Quadriceps-hamstrings coactivation during maximal strength testing does not reflect coactivation during walking 3 months following arthroscopic partial meniscectomy
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Mills, P.M., primary, Sturnieks, D., additional, Dempsey, A., additional, Ilich, S., additional, Ackland, T., additional, Lloyd, D.G., additional, and Besier, T., additional
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- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Olympic lightweight and open-class rowers possess distinctive physical and proportionality characteristics
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Kerr, Deborah, Ross, W., Norton, K., Hume, P., Kagawa, M., Ackland, T., Kerr, Deborah, Ross, W., Norton, K., Hume, P., Kagawa, M., and Ackland, T.
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- 2007
24. Morphological characteristics of Olympic slalom canoe and kayak paddlers
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Ridge, B., Broad, E., Kerr, Deborah, Ackland, T., Ridge, B., Broad, E., Kerr, Deborah, and Ackland, T.
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Sidney and Shephard (1973) were the first to report on the morphology of slalom paddlers and characterized them as having “a substantial standing height and lean body mass, good general muscle development with particular emphasis on the leg muscles”. The purpose of this study was to analyse the morphological characteristics of Olympic slalom kayak and canoe paddlers to determine whether they possess unique physique or structural characteristics that provide an advantage for their sport. Thirty-one male and 12 female slalom paddlers were measured using a battery of 36 anthropometric dimensions in the 15-day period before competition at the 2000 Olympic Games. Male slalom paddlers were older, lighter, shorter, and leaner than previously reported slalom paddlers and had similar height and weight to a reference population of non-athletes. Compared with Olympic sprint paddlers, male slalom paddlers were older, lighter and shorter, and had similar body fat and almost identical proportionality characteristics. Female slalom paddlers were taller, lighter, older, and less fat than those reported previously. They were taller and lighter than the reference population of non-athletes and of similar age and height but lighter and leaner than the Olympic sprint paddlers. While a high brachial index was reported for both male and female slalom paddlers, the Best male paddlers (those ranked in the top 10 placings) were more compact, had smaller proportional hip girth, and showed a tendency for smaller proportional hip breadth but a larger proportional waist girth than the Rest (those not ranked in the top 10 placings). Changes to the technical aspect of the events and to competition rules and the nature and approach to training were explored as possible reasons for some of these differences. We outline the contribution this research makes to talent identification and highlight the need for further research.
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- 2007
25. Kinanthropometry: physique assessment of the athlete
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Burke, L, Deakin V., Kerr, Deborah, Ackland, T., Burke, L, Deakin V., Kerr, Deborah, and Ackland, T.
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- 2006
26. Chronic Closed Transection of the Biceps Brachii: A Case Report
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Pandit, A, primary, Wang, A, additional, McKay, S, additional, and Ackland, T, additional
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Effects of lupin-enriched foods on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a 12-month randomized controlled weight loss trial
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Belski, R, primary, Mori, T A, additional, Puddey, I B, additional, Sipsas, S, additional, Woodman, R J, additional, Ackland, T R, additional, Beilin, L J, additional, Dove, E R, additional, Carlyon, N B, additional, Jayaseena, V, additional, and Hodgson, J M, additional
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- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. 258 A CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MATRIX-INDUCED AUTOLOGOUS CHONDROCYTE IMPLANTATION: FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL RESTORATION, AND PATIENT SATISFACTION
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Willers, C., primary, Robertson, B., additional, Wood, D., additional, Linklater, J., additional, Ackland, T., additional, and Zheng, M.-H., additional
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- 2007
- Full Text
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29. ACCELERATED REHABILITATION FOLLOWING TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT: THE ROLE OF PREOPERATIVE EXERCISE
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Gilbey, H. J., primary, Ackland, T. R., additional, Wang, A., additional, and Tapper, J., additional
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- 1999
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30. A clinical exercise system for paraplegics using functional electrical stimulation
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Bremner, L A, primary, Sloan, K E, additional, Day, R E, additional, Scull, E R, additional, and Ackland, T, additional
- Published
- 1992
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31. ADOLESCENT GROWTH AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
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Ackland, T. R., primary
- Published
- 1992
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32. A newly discovered muscle: The tensor of the vastus intermedius
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Grob, Karl, Ackland, T., Kuster, M.S., Manestar, M., Filgueira, Luis, Grob, Karl, Ackland, T., Kuster, M.S., Manestar, M., and Filgueira, Luis
- Abstract
The quadriceps femoris is traditionally described as a muscle group composed of the rectus femoris and the three vasti. However, clinical experience and investigations of anatomical specimens are not consistent with the textbook description. We have found a second tensor-like muscle between the vastus lateralis (VL) and the vastus intermedius (VI), hereafter named the tensor VI (TVI). The aim of this study was to clarify whether this intervening muscle was a variation of the VL or the VI, or a separate head of the extensor apparatus. Twenty-six cadaveric lower limbs were investigated. The architecture of the quadriceps femoris was examined with special attention to innervation and vascularization patterns. All muscle components were traced from origin to insertion and their affiliations were determined. A TVI was found in all dissections. It was supplied by independent muscular and vascular branches of the femoral nerve and lateral circumflex femoral artery. Further distally, the TVI combined with an aponeurosis merging separately into the quadriceps tendon and inserting on the medial aspect of the patella. Four morphological types of TVI were distinguished: Independent-type (11/26), VI-type (6/26), VL-type (5/26), and Common-type (4/26). This study demonstrated that the quadriceps femoris is architecturally different from previous descriptions: there is an additional muscle belly between the VI and VL, which cannot be clearly assigned to the former or the latter. Distal exposure shows that this muscle belly becomes its own aponeurosis, which continues distally as part of the quadriceps tendon.
33. Kneeling tolerance following intramedullary nailing or plate fixation of uncomplicated distal tibia fractures.
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Southi BA, Fryer C, Ebert J, Ackland T, Kuster MS, and Calvert ND
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- Humans, Adult, Tibia, Retrospective Studies, Prospective Studies, Bone Plates, Treatment Outcome, Bone Nails, Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary methods, Tibial Fractures surgery, Ankle Fractures surgery
- Abstract
Introduction: Distal tibia fractures often occur in younger, high demand patients, though the literature surrounding management remains contentious. This study sought to quantitatively determine differences in kneeling ability and self-reported knee function in patients managed with either intramedullary nailing (IMN) or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) with compression plating following distal tibia fracture to assist in the preoperative consent process., Hypothesis: There is no difference in kneeling tolerance following either tibial nailing or plate fixation of distal tibia fractures., Material and Methods: Retrospective sampling of public hospital data with outpatient prospective functional testing were completed. The primary outcome measure was the Kneeling Test (KT). Secondary outcome measures were The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) for the knee joint. There were 28 patients recruited (18 IMN and 10 ORIF) with a mean age of 44years. Mean overall follow-up was 13.3months (range 8-25, SD 3.6). All fractures had completely healed without postoperative complication., Results: The IMN affected limb had a significantly worse overall kneeling function than their non-affected limb (mean KT: 70.4 vs. 94.9 respectively, p<0.005) Additionally, the IMN group performed significantly worse when compared to the ORIF group (mean KT 70.4 vs. 92.5 respectively, p<0.005). No significant differences (p>0.05) in kneeling function existed for the ORIF group when comparing affected to non-affected limbs. Secondary outcome analysis showed significantly worse overall WOMAC and FJS in the IMN group compared to the ORIF group (mean WOMAC 19.3 vs. 6.9 respectively, p=0.040; mean FJS 38.3 vs. 75.9 respectively, p=0.005)., Discussion: The use of intramedullary nailing for the treatment of distal tibia fracture results in a mean reduction of 20% in kneeling tolerance in comparison to ORIF. The resulting kneeling tolerance is comparable to that of patients post-total knee arthroplasty. The present findings should assist in the consent process for patients with high kneeling demands in sportive, professional or cultural pastimes., Level of Evidence: IV; retrospective cohort study with quantitative outcome measurement., (Crown Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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34. Electromyographic Evaluation of Early-Stage Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises Following Rotator Cuff Repair.
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Edwards PK, Kwong PWH, Ackland T, Wang A, Donnelly CJ, and Ebert JR
- Abstract
Background: Electromyography (EMG) is frequently used as a guide for exercise rehabilitation progression following rotator cuff repair. Knowledge of EMG activity during passive and active-assisted exercises may help guide clinicians when considering exercise prescription in the early post-operative period., Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate EMG activity of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during passive and active-assisted shoulder range of motion (ROM) exercises commonly performed in post-operative rehabilitation., Study Design: Descriptive cohort laboratory study using healthy subjects., Methods: In sixteen active healthy volunteers, surface and fine-wire EMG activity was measured in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and anterior, middle and posterior deltoid muscles during eight common ROM exercises. Mean %MVIC values and 95% confidence intervals were used to rank exercises from the least to the most amount of muscular activity generated during the exercises., Results: Standard pendulum exercises generated low levels of EMG activity in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus (≤15% MVIC), while active-assisted table slides, and the upright wall slide generated low levels of EMG activity in only the supraspinatus. No exercises were found to generate low levels of muscular activation (≤15% MVIC) in the subscapularis., Conclusion: This study found no clear distinctions between the EMG activity of the supraspinatus or the infraspinatus occurring during common passive and active-assisted ROM exercises. Subdividing ROM exercises based on muscle activity, may not be necessary to guide progression of exercises prior to commencing active motion after rotator cuff repair., Level of Evidence: Level 3b., Competing Interests: No other authors have any conflicts of interest.
- Published
- 2021
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35. A supervised exercise intervention during cancer treatment for adolescents and young adults-FiGHTING F!T: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial.
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Munsie C, Ebert J, Collins J, Plaster M, Joske D, and Ackland T
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Exercise, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Physical Fitness, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult, Neoplasms therapy, Quality of Life
- Abstract
Background: High-quality evidence supports the integration of exercise to mitigate treatment-related side effects in a wide range of paediatric and adult cancer cohorts. However, the implementation of exercise in adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients is yet to be explored in depth. FiGHTINGF!T is a randomised controlled cross over trial designed to determine if a supervised, structured, and progressive exercise programme can reduce the decline in physical fitness (V0
2peak ) associated with cancer treatment in AYAs from diagnosis., Methods/design: A total of 40 AYAs recently diagnosed and due to commence systemic treatment (± 2 weeks) for a primary haematological malignancy or solid tumour will be recruited and randomised to either an immediate exercise intervention or usual care (delayed exercise) for 10 weeks. This randomised controlled crossover trial will see both groups engage in a supervised exercise intervention from either diagnosis (baseline assessment) for 10 weeks (0-10 weeks) or following an interim assessment to 20 weeks (10-20 weeks). The bi-weekly tailored exercise programme will combine aerobic and resistance exercises and be supervised by an Accredited Exercise Physiologist. Participants will complete a range of assessments at 0, 10, and 20 weeks including cardiopulmonary exercise tests, 1 repetition maximum strength measures, physical functioning, and self-reported quality of life measurements. Patient-reported treatment-related toxicities will be recorded on a weekly basis., Discussion: The FiGHTINGF!T trial will provide insight into the potential benefits of a supervised exercise programme in AYAs undergoing cancer treatment. This trial will contribute to the evidence supporting the necessary integration of exercise during cancer treatment, specifically in the under-reported AYA cohort., Trial Registration: This trial was registered retrospectively with the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial registry ( ACTRN12620000663954 ). Registered on 10 June 2020., (© 2021. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2021
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36. A randomised trial comparing two rehabilitation approaches following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
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Edwards PK, Ebert JR, Joss B, Ackland T, and Wang A
- Abstract
Background: Rehabilitation contributes to post-operative success following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty; however, randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of rehabilitation following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are lacking. This study sought to determine if early, active mobilisation targeting the deltoid and the external rotator muscles, would exhibit greater improvements in post-operative outcomes compared to a delayed and deltoid-focused mobilisation programme., Methods: Patients scheduled for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty were randomly assigned to either an early active or delayed active rehabilitation group. Patient-reported outcomes for pain and function were assessed pre-surgery and at 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery. Objective measures (Constant Score, range of motion, isometric strength) were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery., Results: Sixty-one patients (63 shoulders) underwent reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. There were no significant interaction effects or between-group differences for any patient-reported outcomes or objective measures at 3, 6 or 12 months post-surgery. However, significantly better ( p = 0.019) active arm flexion was observed in the early active group at three months post-surgery. Significantly more patients in the early active group reported improvement in patient-reported function that reached minimal clinically important difference from three to six months post-surgery ( p = 0.016)., Conclusion: Early, active rehabilitation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is safe and effective, and may have early clinical benefits over a conservative, delayed mobilisation programme., Level of Evidence: Therapy, level 1b. Trial registered 15 June 2016 at www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12616000779471)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: AW holds stock options and receives institutional research support from Exactech, Inc; Gainesville, FL. No other authors have any conflicts of interest., (© 2020 The British Elbow & Shoulder Society.)
- Published
- 2021
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37. Effectiveness of formal physical therapy following total shoulder arthroplasty: A systematic review.
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Edwards PK, Ebert JR, Littlewood C, Ackland T, and Wang A
- Abstract
Background: Physical therapy is considered routine practice following total shoulder arthroplasty. To date, current regimens are based on clinical opinion, with evidence-based recommendations. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of total shoulder arthroplasty physical therapy programmes with a view to inform current clinical practice, as well as to develop a platform upon which future research might be conducted., Methods: An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library to March 2018 was complemented by hand and citation-searching. Studies were selected in relation to pre-defined criteria. A narrative synthesis was undertaken., Results: A total of 506 papers were identified in the electronic database search, with only one study showing moderate evidence of early physical therapy promoting a more rapid return of short-term improvement in function and pain. No studies evaluated the effectiveness of physical therapy programmes in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty procedures., Discussion: Restoring range of motion and strength following total shoulder arthroplasty is considered important for patients to obtain a good outcome post-surgery and, when applied early, may offer more rapid recovery. Given the rising incidence of total shoulder arthroplasties, especially reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, there is an urgent need for high-quality, adequately powered randomised controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes following these surgeries., (© 2018 The British Elbow & Shoulder Society.)
- Published
- 2020
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38. Patient Characteristics and Predictors of Return to Sport at 12 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: The Importance of Patient Age and Postoperative Rehabilitation.
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Edwards PK, Ebert JR, Joss B, Ackland T, Annear P, Buelow JU, and Hewitt B
- Abstract
Background: Preventing and mitigating the risk of reinjury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) rest on variables including age, surgical restoration of knee stability, adequate physical function, and thorough and complete postoperative rehabilitation, but to what degree these factors influence return to sport is unclear., Purpose: To investigate factors predictive of return to sport 12 months after ACLR. The factors specifically evaluated were strength, hop function, self-reported knee function, patient age, and quality of postoperative rehabilitation., Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3., Methods: This study evaluated 113 patients approximately 12 months after ACLR using a rehabilitation grading tool, the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form, and a return-to-sport battery consisting of maximal isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring strength and 4 functional hop tests. Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-square analyses were used to determine differences between patients who had or had not returned to sport. A subsequent binary logistic hierarchical regression determined the factors predictive of a patient's return to sport. In those patients who had returned to sport, relationships between either age or level of rehabilitation and passing the return-to-sport battery were also investigated., Results: Complete rehabilitation (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.95; P = .009), age ≤25 years (adjusted OR, 3.84; P = .024), and higher IKDC scores ( P < .001) were predictive of return to sport at 12 months. In participants who had returned to sport, 21% passed the return-to-sport battery compared with only 5% who did not. Of those who had returned to sport, 37% who underwent complete rehabilitation passed the return-to-sport battery as opposed to 5% who underwent incomplete rehabilitation. In patients aged ≤25 years, only 48% underwent complete rehabilitation, despite having returned to sport. Additionally, in this group of patients, 40% underwent complete rehabilitation and passed the physical performance battery as opposed to only 4% who did not undergo complete rehabilitation., Conclusion: Younger patients and higher subjective IKDC scores were predictive of return to sport. Patients who completed 6 months of rehabilitation incorporating jumping and agility tasks had a higher rate of return to sport, suggesting that postoperative rehabilitation is important in predicting return to sport. Specialists and physical therapists alike should stress the importance of thorough postoperative rehabilitation and adequate neuromuscular strength and function to patients whose goals are to return to sport., Competing Interests: The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.
- Published
- 2018
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39. COMPARISON OF THE 'BACK IN ACTION' TEST BATTERY TO STANDARD HOP TESTS AND ISOKINETIC KNEE DYNAMOMETRY IN PATIENTS FOLLOWING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION.
- Author
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Ebert JR, Edwards P, Currie J, Smith A, Joss B, Ackland T, Buelow JU, and Hewitt B
- Abstract
Background: Limb symmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may be evaluated using maximal strength and hop tests, which are typically reported using Limb Symmetry Indices (LSIs) which may overestimate function., Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the Back in Action (BIA) test battery to standard hop and muscle strength tests used to determine readiness to return to sport (RTS)., Study Design: Prospective cohort., Methods: Over two test sessions, 40 ACLR patients were assessed at a mean 11.3 months post-surgery. Initially, participants completed the 6 m timed hop and the single, triple and triple crossover hops for distance, and isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength assessment. The second session involved completion of the BIA battery, including stability tests, single and double leg countermovement jumps (CMJ), and plyometric, speedy jump, and quick feet tests. Pass rates for test batteries were statistically compared, including the BIA, a four-hop battery (≥90% LSI in every one of the four hop tests) and a combined 4-hop and strength battery (≥90% LSI in every one of the four hop tests, as well as ≥90% for both peak knee extensor and flexor strength). LSI differences between the four standard hop tests and the BIA single limb functional tests (the single limb CMJ and the speedy jump test) were evaluated., Results: Significantly less participants passed the BIA battery (n = 1, 2.5%), compared with the four-hop test battery (n = 27, 67.5%) (p<0.001) and the four-hop test and isokinetic strength battery (n = 17, 42.5%) (p<0.001). Collectively, LSI's for the standard hop tests were significantly higher than the BIA functional single limb tests (difference = 12.9%, 95% CI: 11.1% to 14.6%, p<0.001)., Conclusion: The BIA test battery appears to include some single limb functional tests that are more physically challenging than standard hop and isokinetic strength tests, highlighted by the significantly lower mean LSI's during the single limb BIA tests and the lower pass rate when employing the BIA protocol., Level of Evidence: Level 4, case series.
- Published
- 2018
40. The Anatomy of the Articularis Genus Muscle and Its Relation to the Extensor Apparatus of the Knee.
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Grob K, Gilbey H, Manestar M, Ackland T, and Kuster MS
- Abstract
Background: The anatomy of the articularis genus muscle has prompted speculation that it elevates the suprapatellar bursa during extension of the knee joint. However, its architectural parameters indicate that this muscle is not capable of generating enough force to fulfill this function. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anatomy of the articularis genus, with special emphasis on its relationship with the adjacent vastus intermedius and vastus medialis muscles., Methods: The articularis genus muscle was investigated in 18 human cadaveric lower limbs with use of macrodissection techniques. All components of the quadriceps muscle group were traced from origin to insertion, and their affiliations were determined. Six limbs were cut transversely in the middle third of the thigh. The modes of origin and insertion of the articularis genus, its nerve supply, and its connections with the vastus intermedius and vastus medialis were studied., Results: The muscle bundles of the articularis genus were organized into 3 main layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. The bundles of the superficial layer and, in 60% of the specimens, the bundles of the intermediate layer originated from both the vastus intermedius and the anterior and anterolateral surfaces of the femur. The bundles of the deep layer and, in 40% of the specimens, the bundles of the intermediate layer arose solely from the anterior surface of the femur. The distal insertion sites included different levels of the suprapatellar bursa and the joint capsule. A number of connections between the articularis genus and the vastus intermedius were found. While the vastus medialis inserted into the whole length of the vastus intermedius aponeurosis, it included muscle fibers of the articularis genus, building an intricate muscle system supplied by nerve branches of the same medial deep division of the femoral nerve., Conclusions: The articularis genus, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius have a complex, interacting architecture, suggesting that the articularis genus most likely does not act as an independent muscle. With support of the vastus intermedius and vastus medialis, the articularis genus might be able to function as a retractor of the suprapatellar bursa. The finding of likely interplay between the articularis genus, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis is supported by their concurrent innervation., Clinical Relevance: The association between the articularis genus, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius may be more complex than previously believed, and this close anatomical connection could have functional implications for knee surgery. Dysfunction, scarring, or postoperative arthrofibrosis of the sophisticated interactive mechanism needs further investigation.
- Published
- 2017
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41. New insight in the architecture of the quadriceps tendon.
- Author
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Grob K, Manestar M, Filgueira L, Ackland T, Gilbey H, and Kuster MS
- Abstract
Background: Published data regarding the structure of the quadriceps tendon are diverse. Dissection of the quadriceps muscle group revealed that beside the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis a fifth muscle component- named the tensor vastus intermedius consistently fused into quadriceps tendon. It can be hypothesized that all these elements of the extensor apparatus of the knee joint must also be represented in the quadriceps tendon. This study investigated the multi-layered quadriceps tendon with special emphasis on all components of the quadriceps muscle group including the newly discovered tensor vastus intermedius., Methods: Ten cadaveric lower limbs were dissected. All muscle bellies of the extensor apparatus of the knee joint were identified and traced distally until they merged into the quadriceps tendon. Connections between the different aponeurotic layers of each muscle were studied from origin to insertion. The fusing points of each layer were marked. Their distance to the patella and the distances between the fusing points were measured., Results: Six elements of the quadriceps muscle group form a tri-laminar structure of the quadriceps tendon. The intermediate layer could be further sub-divided. The elements of the quadriceps tendon are 1. lateral aponeurosis of the vastus intermedius, 2. deep and 3. superficial medial aponeurosis of the vastus intermedius, 4. vastus lateralis, 5. tensor vastus intermedius and 6. rectus femoris. Even with differences in fiber direction - these elements join each other a certain distance proximal to the patella. All elements were fused over a region measuring 13 to 90 mm proximal to the patella. Lateral parts of the vastus intermedius formed the deepest layer of the quadriceps tendon. The superficial and deep layer of the medial vastus intermedius aponeurosis fused 56 mm (range, 30 to 90 mm) and 33 mm (range, 13 to 53 mm) above the patella with the aponeurosis of the tensor vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis respectively. Together they built the two-layered intermediate layer of the quadriceps tendon. The tendon of the rectus femoris forms the superficial layer. The vastus medialis inserts medially in all layers of the quadriceps tendon. Fibers of the lateral muscle components were oriented towards the medial, and fibers of the medial muscle components were oriented towards the lateral femoral condyle., Conclusions: The three-layered quadriceps tendon is formed by six elements. These are 1. lateral aponeurosis of the vastus intermedius, 2. deep and 3. superficial medial aponeurosis of the vastus intermedius, 4. vastus lateralis, 5. tensor vastus intermedius and 6. rectus femoris. These elements of the extensor apparatus join each other proximal to the patella in a complex onion-like architecture. Its two-layered intermediate layer shows variable fusions points. The vastus medialis contributes to the quadriceps tendon with its medial insertion into all layers of the quadriceps tendon.
- Published
- 2016
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42. EXERCISE REHABILITATION IN THE NON-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ROTATOR CUFF TEARS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
- Author
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Edwards P, Ebert J, Joss B, Bhabra G, Ackland T, and Wang A
- Abstract
Unlabelled: The incidence of rotator cuff tears increases with age, with full-thickness rotator cuff tears present in approximately 25% of individuals in their sixties, and more than 50% of those in their eighties. While surgery is considered an effective treatment, recurrent tears at the insertion site are common, especially with degenerative tears, which are frequent in the older population. More recently, there has been increasing interest in exercise rehabilitation and physical therapy as a means to manage partial and full thickness tears of the rotator cuff by addressing weakness and functional deficits. Recent studies have suggested that patients opting for physical therapy have demonstrated high satisfaction, an improvement in function, and success in avoiding surgery. When considering the increasing rate of shoulder surgery and the associated economic and social burden rotator cuff surgery places on both the patient and the health care system, non-surgical management such as physical therapy and exercise may, in selected cases, be a treatment alternative to surgical repair. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to provide an overview of rotator cuff pathology and pathogenesis, and to present an evidence-based case for the role of conservative rehabilitation in the management of rotator cuff injuries., Level of Evidence: Level 5.
- Published
- 2016
43. Effects of lupin-enriched foods on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a 12-month randomized controlled weight loss trial.
- Author
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Belski R, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Woodman RJ, Ackland TR, Beilin LJ, Dove ER, Carlyon NB, Jayaseena V, and Hodgson JM
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure physiology, Cardiovascular Diseases blood, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage, Dietary Fiber metabolism, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Double-Blind Method, Energy Intake physiology, Female, Humans, Insulin blood, Lupinus metabolism, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Body Composition physiology, Caloric Restriction methods, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Dietary Fiber administration & dosage, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Lupinus physiology, Weight Loss physiology
- Abstract
Background: Regular consumption of diets with increased protein or fibre intakes may benefit body weight and composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lupin flour is a novel food ingredient high in protein and fibre., Objective: To investigate the effects of a lupin-enriched diet, during and following energy restriction, on body weight and composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight individuals., Design: Participants (n = 131) were recruited to a 12-month parallel-design trial. They were randomly assigned to consume lupin-enriched foods or matching high-carbohydrate control foods. All participants underwent 3 months of weight loss, 1 month of weight stabilization and 8 months of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed at baseline, 4 and 12 months., Results: Lupin, relative to control, did not significantly influence (mean difference (95% CI)) weight loss at 4 months (0.1 kg (-1.2, 1.4)) and 12 months (-0.6 kg (-2.0, 0.8)), maintenance of weight loss from 4 to 12 months (-0.7 kg (-1.83, 0.48)) or measures of body fat and fat-free mass. Relative to control, 24-h ambulatory systolic (-1.3 mm Hg (-2.4, -0.3), P = 0.016) and diastolic (-1.0 mm Hg (-1.9, -0.2), P = 0.021) blood pressures were lower at 12 months but not at 4 months; fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores were significantly lower at 4 months (-1.2 mU l(-1) (-1.3, -1.1), P = 0.004 and -0.6 units (-1.0, -0.19), P = 0.004) and 12 months (-1.3 mU l(-1) (-1.4, -1.1), P < 0.001 and -0.7 units (-1.1, -0.24), P = 0.002)., Conclusions: A diet higher in protein and fibre derived from lupin-enriched foods does not enhance weight loss or improve the maintenance of weight loss. However, such a diet may provide cardiovascular health benefits in terms of insulin sensitivity and blood pressure.
- Published
- 2011
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44. Radiological Assessment of Accelerated versus Traditional Approaches to Postoperative Rehabilitation following Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation.
- Author
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Ebert JR, Fallon M, Robertson WB, Lloyd DG, Zheng MH, Wood DJ, and Ackland T
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of accelerated compared with traditional postoperative weightbearing (WB) rehabilitation following matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) of the knee, using MRI., Methods: A randomized controlled study design was used to assess MRI-based outcomes of MACI grafts in 70 patients (45 men, 25 women) who underwent MACI to the medial or lateral femoral condyle, in combination with either traditional or accelerated approaches to postoperative WB rehabilitation. High-resolution MRI was undertaken and assessed 8 previously defined pertinent parameters of graft repair, as well as a combined MRI composite score at 3, 12, and 24 months postsurgery. The association between clinical and MRI-based outcomes, patient demographics, chondral defect parameters, and injury/surgery history was investigated., Results: Both groups significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the MRI composite score and pertinent descriptors of graft repair throughout the postoperative period until 24 months postsurgery. There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed between the 2 groups. Patient age, body mass index, chondral defect size, and duration of preoperative symptoms were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with several MRI-based outcomes at 24 months, whereas there were no significant pertinent correlations (P > 0.05) observed between clinical and MRI-based outcomes., Conclusion: The accelerated WB approach was not detrimental to graft development at any stage throughout the postoperative assessment timeline from baseline to 24 months postsurgery and may potentially accelerate patient return to normal function, while reducing postoperative muscle loss, intra-articular adhesions, and associated gait abnormalities.
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- 2011
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45. A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Traditional and Accelerated Approaches to Postoperative Rehabilitation following Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: 2-Year Clinical Outcomes.
- Author
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Ebert JR, Robertson WB, Lloyd DG, Zheng MH, Wood DJ, and Ackland T
- Abstract
Objective: To determine the safety and efficacy of "accelerated" postoperative load-bearing rehabilitation following matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI)., Design: A randomized controlled study design was used to investigate clinical outcomes in 70 patients following MACI, in conjunction with either accelerated or traditional approaches to postoperative weight-bearing (WB) rehabilitation. Both interventions sought to protect the implant for an initial period and then incrementally increase WB. Under the accelerated protocol, patients reached full WB at 8 weeks postsurgery, compared to 11 weeks for the traditional group. Clinical outcomes were assessed presurgery and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postsurgery., Results: A significant effect (P < 0.017) for time existed for all clinical measures, demonstrating improvement up to 24 months in both groups. A significant interaction effect (P < 0.017) existed for pain severity and the 6-minute walk test, with accelerated group patients reporting significantly less severe pain and demonstrating superior 6-minute walk distance over the period. Although there was a significant group effect (P < 0.017) for maximal active knee extension range in favor of the accelerated regime, no further significant differences existed. There was no incidence of graft delamination up to 24 months that resulted directly from the 3-month postoperative rehabilitation program., Conclusion: The accelerated load-bearing approach that reduced the length of time spent ambulating on crutches produced comparable if not superior clinical outcomes up to 24 months postsurgery in the accelerated rehabilitation group, without compromising graft integrity. This accelerated regime is safe and effective and demonstrates a faster return to normal function postsurgery.
- Published
- 2010
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46. Do skinfolds accurately assess changes in body fat in obese children and adolescents?
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Watts K, Naylor LH, Davis EA, Jones TW, Beeson B, Bettenay F, Siafarikas A, Bell L, Ackland T, and Green DJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Anthropometry methods, Child, Exercise, Female, Humans, Male, Western Australia, Body Composition, Obesity diagnosis, Skinfold Thickness
- Abstract
Purpose: Obesity is epidemic in Western societies, with rapid rates of increase in the young. Various methods exist for the assessment of body composition, but these have not been compared in obese children and adolescents. This study compared methods of body composition assessment in obese young people to determine whether changes in various measures of body composition as a result of exercise training were correlated., Methods: Multiple anthropometric measures (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), skinfolds, waist and hip girths) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were undertaken in 38 obese children and adolescents (12.7 +/- 2.1 yr) at baseline and following 8 wk of exercise training., Results: At baseline, there were strong relationships (all P < 0.01) between DEXA total fat and weight (r = 0.83), BMI (r = 0.86), waist girth (r = 0.81), hip girth (r = 0.88), sum of six skinfolds (sum6, r = 0.79), and percent body fat (percent body fat) calculated using a four-skinfold equation (EQ4; r = 0.69). Similar relationships (all P < 0.001) existed between DEXA abdominal fat and weight (r = 0.79), waist girth (r = 0.83), hip girth (r = 0.69), and height (r = 0.71). Neither skinfold sums, nor percent body fat calculated from skinfold equations, were selected as independent predictors of DEXA total or abdominal fat by stepwise hierarchical linear regression. The reductions in DEXA total and abdominal fat following exercise were not predicted by changes in skinfolds or percent body fat calculated from skinfolds., Conclusion: These data suggest that body fat derived from skinfold measures is poorly predictive of abdominal and total fat derived from DEXA in obese children and adolescents. This finding highlights the limitations of skinfolds in obese subjects and questions the validity of their use to assess changes in body composition with interventions such as exercise training.
- Published
- 2006
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47. Anticipatory effects on knee joint loading during running and cutting maneuvers.
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Besier TF, Lloyd DG, Ackland TR, and Cochrane JL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Knee Injuries physiopathology, Male, Rotation, Soccer physiology, Gait physiology, Knee Joint physiology, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Running physiology, Weight-Bearing physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: To determine how unanticipated performance of cutting maneuvers in sport affects the external loads applied to the knee joint and the potential risk for ligament injury., Methods: A 50-Hz VICON motion analysis system was used to determine the lower limb kinematics of 11 healthy male subjects during running and cutting tasks performed under preplanned (PP) and unanticipated (UN) conditions. Subjects performed the UN tasks in response to a light stimulus on a target board. A kinematic model was then used in conjunction with force place data to calculate the three-dimensional loads at the knee joint., Results: External flexion/extension moments at the knee joint were similar between PP and UN conditions; however, the varus/valgus and internal/external rotation moments during the UN cutting tasks were up to twice the magnitude of the moments measured during the PP condition., Conclusion: Cutting maneuvers performed without adequate planning may increase the risk of noncontact knee ligament injury due to the increased external varus/valgus and internal/external rotation moments applied to the knee. These results are probably due to the small amount of time to make appropriate postural adjustments before performance of the task, such as the position of the foot on the ground relative to the body center of mass. Subsequently, training for the game situation should involve drills that familiarize players with making unanticipated changes of direction. Practice sessions should also incorporate plyometrics and should focus on better interpretation of visual cues to increase the time available to preplan a movement.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers.
- Author
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Besier TF, Lloyd DG, Cochrane JL, and Ackland TR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Knee Injuries physiopathology, Male, Rotation, Soccer physiology, Gait physiology, Knee Joint physiology, Running physiology, Weight-Bearing physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the external loads applied to the knee joint during dynamic cutting tasks and assess the potential for ligament loading., Methods: A 50-Hz VICON motion analysis system was used to determine the lower limb kinematics of 11 healthy male subjects during running, sidestepping, and crossover cut. A kinematic model was used in conjunction with force place data to calculate the three-dimensional loads at the knee joint during stance phase., Results: External flexion/extension loads at the knee joint were similar across tasks; however, the varus/valgus and internal/external rotation moments applied to the knee during sidestepping and crossover cutting were considerably larger than those measured during normal running (P < 0.05). Sidestepping tasks elicited combined loads of flexion, valgus, and internal rotation, whereas crossover cutting tasks elicited combined loads of flexion, varus, and external rotation., Conclusion: Compared with running, the potential for increased ligament loading during sidestepping and crossover cutting maneuvers is a result of the large increase in varus/valgus and internal/external rotation moments rather than any change in the external flexion moment. The combined external moments applied to the knee joint during stance phase of the cutting tasks are believed to place the ACL and collateral ligaments at risk of injury, particularly at knee flexion angles between 0 degrees and 40 degrees, if appropriate muscle activation strategies are not used to counter these moments.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women.
- Author
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Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, and Prince R
- Subjects
- Aged, Anthropometry, Bone and Bones metabolism, Calcium therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal therapy, Postmenopause, Time Factors, Weight-Bearing, Bone Density drug effects, Bone and Bones physiology, Calcium deficiency, Exercise physiology, Weight Lifting physiology
- Abstract
Understanding the stress/strain relationship between exercise and bone is critical to understanding the potential benefit of exercise in preventing postmenopausal bone loss. This study examined the effect of a 2-year exercise intervention and calcium supplementation (600 mg) on bone mineral density (BMD) in 126 postmenopausal women (mean age, 60 +/- 5 years). Assignment was by block randomization to one of three groups: strength (S), fitness (F), or nonexercise control (C). The two exercise groups completed three sets of the same nine exercises, three times a week. The S group increased the loading, while the F group had additional stationary bicycle riding with minimal increase in loading. Retention at 2 years was 71% (59% in the S group, 69% in the F group, and 83% in the C group), while the exercise compliance did not differ between the exercise groups (S group, 74 +/- 13%; F group, 77 +/- 14%). BMD was measured at the hip, lumbar spine, and forearm sites every 6 months using a Hologic 4500. Whole body BMD also was measured every 6 months on a Hologic 2000. There was no difference between the groups at the forearm, lumbar spine, or whole body sites. There was a significant effect of the strength program at the total (0.9 +/- 2.6%; p < 0.05) and intertrochanter hip site (1.1 +/- 3.0%; p < 0.01). There was a significant time and group interaction (p < 0.05) at the intertrochanter site by repeated measures. This study shows the effectiveness of a progressive strength program in increasing bone density at the clinically important hip site. We concluded that a strength program could be recommended as an adjunct lifestyle approach to osteoporosis treatment or used in combination with other therapies.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The elite athlete - assessing body shape, size, proportion and composition.
- Author
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Kerr DA, Ackland TR, and Schreiner AB
- Abstract
In the quest to optimize performance of the elite athlete the sport scientist has sought to determine the ideal physique for a given sport or event. For some sports, specific structural characteristics offer definite performance advantages; for example in rowing, in addition to height, a large arm span has been identified as important. In other sports. such as long distance running, low levels of adiposity or 'fatness' appear to be linked with faster running times. There are four areas where appraisal of the athlete's physique can provide useful information: (1) identification of talented athletes; (2) to assess and monitor the growing athlete; (3) to monitor training and performance; and (4) to determine 'race weight' in weight-category sports. As a research tool a particular method must be reliable and valid. Other considerations include how expensive the method is, if it is suitable for a field situation and if large amounts of data on a number of subjects can be collected quickly. The method should be safe for both the athlete and the tester and provide useful feedback for the athlete or coach. Anthropometry, with training is able to fulfil most of these criteria and is the most widely used method of physique assessment in sports science. Large anthropometric data bases have been collected on elite athletes at Olympic games and world championships according to a standard protocol. Kinanthropometry, which has developed from anthropometry, is concerned with measurement and evaluation of different aspects of human movement and individual variation in body shape, size, proportion and composition. For the assessment of adiposity a sum of skinfolds, usually over six sites, is most commonly used rather than percentage body fat formulae. Muscle mass can be assessed indirectly through girth and corrected girth measurements. Limb lengths and breadths are used to assess skeletal structure and proportional differences in limb size. The anthropometric methods most commonly used to describe the physique of the athlete, which appraise shape, size, proportion and composition, will be discussed.
- Published
- 1995
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