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bjective: The objective of the study is to analyze the microscopic, macroscopic, and physicochemical standards of the leaves of the Acacia etbaica subspecies uncinata. Methods: Pharamacognostic studies (macroscopic, microscopic, and powder microscopy) were carried out. Physicochemical standards (ash values, extractives values, and moisture content by loss on drying) were determined. Fluorescence analysis of powdered drug was also performed. Results: The macroscopic study showed that the leaves were bipinnate with 3–11 pairs of pinnae, each containing 7–25 pairs of leaflets. The leaflet was linear with parallel margins and a rounded at the apex, color was dark green, odor was characteristic and the taste was astringent. The characteristic microscopy of leaves showed the presence of polygonal and rectangular epidermal cells in the center of the lamina and rectangular at the edges, paracytic stomata, non-glandular trichomes, and reticulate venations. The microscopic study of petiole, rachis, and rachilla revealed the presence of elongate, swollen conical-shaped, flagelliform, and wavy trichomes. The powder microscopy also revealed paracytic stomata, trichomes with pedestals, and annular vessels. Physiochemical analysis of dried leaf powder showed total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, water extractive value, ethanol extractive value, and moisture content as 6.11%, 2.50%, 4.57%, 32.50%, 14.10%, and 7.26% w/w respectively. The fluorescence analysis of leaf powder was established. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and fluorescence parameters observed in this study will help in the identification and standardization of the leaves of A. etbaica subspecies uncinata.

Socio-economic progress of a specific nation determined by the amended energy facilities. Electricity produced from Eritrea majorly relies on imported fossil fuels. In the global scenario, recently bioethanol derived from lignocellulosic biomass sources has become a significant renewable energy form as a blended fuel for the transportation sector.Woodland forest covers totally 60% of the total land in Eritrea. Acacia etbaica, a bushy wood plant native to Eritrea was selected as a feedstock for bioethanol production. Two stage fermentation of aerobic followed by anaerobic in the presence of yeast made potential to generate 3.9% (v/v) bioethanol from Acacia etbaica (Seraw) via multistage dilute H2SO4 pretreatment. Bioethanol was purified by a simple batch distillation and the first stage distillate was identified with 13 % of ethanol by UV spectrophotometer. With a dedication of50,000 ha of land, Eritrea can harvest 45000 ton/year of Acacia etbaica biomass and subsequently produce 15620 lit/year of bioethanol for a 5 year crop rotation.

Acacia etbaica Schweinf belongs to the family Fabaceae widely distributed in Africa and various parts of this plant such as bark, leaves, flowers and roots are widely used as a folk medicine for curing of various ailments.This study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf extract of A. etbaica against selected multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae family. Leaves of A. etbaica were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol by sequential soxhlet extraction. Phytochemical screening of organic leaf extract of A.etbaica was carried out for the detection of phytoconstituents accountable for antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activities of A.etbaica leaf extracts against selected Enterobacteriaceae family gram‑positive bacteria such as (B.subtilis, E.faecalis,S.aureus)and gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumonia, V. cholera) were evaluated by agar well diffusion. The antibacterial potential of acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of A.etbaica were determined by 96 well plate broth dilution assay. Among the tested organic leaf extracts, both acetone and ethanolic leaf extract of A.etbaica showed a potentially broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against tested multiple drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae family gram-positive pathogens such as B.subtilis, E. faecalis , and S.aureus and gram-negative bacterial strains E. coli, K. Pneumonia and V. Cholera with significant MIC values. The significant antibacterial activity of both acetone and ethanolic leaf extracts of A.etbaica was due to the subsistence of secondary metabolites phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

The aim of this study was to determine the energy properties of fuelwood samples which are preferred and used by local communities. The study used both cross-sectional survey of households and field survey. Systematic household sampling was used for household and random sampling for tree species. The chosen sample sizes for households in the study were 134. The cross-sectional survey of the local community on orderly preference of fuelwood consumption listed Acacia nilotica, Acacia etbaica, Olea africana, Acacia seyal, and Acokanthera schimperi. However, for the laboratory result and detail principal component analysis (PCA) of tree species in their density and moisture, ash, volatile, and fixed carbon contents, Olea africana was strongly recommended for fuelwood preference followed by Acacia nilotica, Acacia etbaica, Acacia seyal, and Acokanthera schimperi. The identification of community preference and scientific assessment on fuelwood consumption on different tree species will enhance the expansion of their plantation program in the region.

In the north Ethiopian highlands, gully erosion is a significant land degradation process.Although the protective role of vegetation has been demonstrated in many studies, efforts previously made in using woody species for erosion control in the research area are limited, and when applied, survival of the planted seedlings was very low. Lack of experience and fundamental knowledge on species autecology and traits are two important bottlenecks. This study therefore aims at better understanding seedling stablishment and growth in a context of tree plantings, with the view to further control gully erosion in a semi-arid environment. To this end survival, growth and evelopment of seedlings of Acacia etbaica Schweinf., Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. and Dodonaea angustifolia L.f. were monitored during 26 months in a field trial under different site conditions and treatments. The experiment was established at two sites characterized by topographic and edaphic conditions (Vertisol and sandy colluvium) epresentative for the study area. At each site, seedlings were subjected to different treatments of watering, sheltering and planting position (gully floor, sidewall and shoulder), and a large set of plant growth variables was regularly monitored. Height and biomass growth was fastest for Sesbania, even if affected by different pests. Regardless of the species, plants growing in the (nutrient-rich) Vertisol site had a higher survival rate and an overall better development. Shelter protection ignificantly increased survival and resulted in taller seedlings. Notwithstanding these general trends, treatment effects were often varying over time and strongly influenced by specific edaphic conditions. Generally, Acacia performed best on gully shoulder and wall, Sesbania on the gully floor and Dodonaea on shoulder positions. Recommendations for planting practice and follow-up research are discussed. ispartof: Plant and Soil vol:324 issue:1 pages:131-156 status: published