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The Two-component system (TCS) consists of Histidine kinases (HKs), Phosphotransfers (HPs), and response regulator (RR) proteins. It has an important role in signal transduction to respond to a wide variety of abiotic stresses and hence in plant development. Brassica oleracea (cabbage) is a leafy vegetable, which is used for food and medicinal purposes. Although this system was identified in several plants, it had not been identified in Brassica oleracea yet. This genome-wide study identified 80 BoTCS genes consisting of 21 HKs, 8 HPs, 39 RRs, and 12 PRRs. This classification was done based on conserved domains and motif structure. Phylogenetic relationships of BoTCS genes with Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Glycine max, and Cicer arietinum showed conservation in TCS genes. Gene structure analysis revealed that each subfamily had conserved introns and exons. Both tandem and segmental duplication led to the expansion of this gene family. Almost all of the HPs and RRs were expanded through segmental duplication. Chromosomal analysis showed that BoTCS genes were dispersed across all nine chromosomes. The promoter regions of these genes were found to contain a variety of cis-regulatory elements. The 3D structure prediction of proteins also confirmed the conservation of structure within subfamilies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the regulation of BoTCSs were also predicted and their regulatory roles were also evaluated. Moreover, BoTCSs were docked with abscisic acid to evaluate their binding. RNA-seq-based expression analysis and validation by qRT-PCR showed significant variation of expression for BoPHYs, BoERS1.1, BoERS2.1, BoERS2.2, BoRR10.2, and BoRR7.1 suggesting their importance in stress response. These genes showing unique expression can be further used in manipulating the plant’s genome to make the plant more resistant the environmental stresses which will ultimately help in the increase of plant’s yield. More specifically, these genes have altered expression in shade stress which clearly indicates their importance in biological functions. These findings are important for future functional characterization of TCS genes in generating stress-responsive cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline and drought conditions are the biggest threats to plant species around the world. The rice crop is one of the most important crops worldwide. Therefore, the Giza 179 rice variety was released in the 2013 season as an earlymaturing, high-yielding variety that is adapted and mitigated to drought and saline soils. This new variety was produced by crossbreeding between GZ6296-12-1-2-1-1 and GZ 1368-5-S-4 in the 2001 season. The first generation, "F1," of this cross was evaluated in the 2002 season and planted as the F2 generation in the 2003 season. Sequentially, the next generations from F3 to F6 were evaluated in the pedigree trails during the 2004-2007 seasons under code number GZ 9057. Two promising sister lines, GZ 9057-6-1-3-1 and GZ 9057-6-1-3-2, were selected and evaluated in a preliminary yield trail at the Experimental Farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The results revealed that the promising line GZ 9057-6-1-3-2 (Giza 179) surpassed all selected lines. Accordingly, the line GZ 9057-6-1-3-2 was evaluated from 2009 to 2011 and used as a check variety up to the 2022 seasons in multi-location yield trails at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Zarzoura as normal conditions and El-Sirw as saline conditions in regional, final, and verification yield trails. The GZ 9057-6-1-3-2 (Giza 179) recorded 10.47 t/ha for grain yield with a total duration of 122-125 days under normal conditions and 7.000-7.200 t/ha under saline conditions at El-Sirw Agricultural Research Station, while Giza 178 recorded 9.75 t/ha during the same seasons under normal conditions with a total duration of 135 days. Furthermore, the Giza 179 variety showed a high level of blast resistance in blast nursery and trap varieties in the field and artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. The results from PCR analysis for the Giza 179 with their parents showed that the proximity matrix was 89.8% between Giza 179 and GZ6296 and 71.1% between Giza 179 and GZ1368. Finally, it is an excellent new cultivar to be released and recommended for cultivation in the different rice-growing governorates, particularly in areas suffering from water shortages and saline soils in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the biggest threats to plant species around the world. As one of the most important crops worldwide, rice is an awfully climate-sensitive agro-ecosystem. Therefore, Giza 183 will be released in 2023 as a high-yielding variety that has been adapted to mitigate climate change. This new variety is the product of cross-breeding between Giza 178 and SKC 23893 in 2010. The first generation, "F1," of this cross was evaluated in 2011 and planted as the F2 generation in 2012. Sequentially, the next generations from F3 to F6 were evaluated in the pedigree trails from 2013 to 2016, under cross number "GZ 10848." Five promising sister lines of GZ 10848 were selected and evaluated in the preliminary yield trail (GZ 10848-1-2-2-1, GZ 10848-1-2-2-2, GZ 10848-1-2-4-5, GZ 10848-1-2-5-3, and GZ 10848-1-2-5-6). The results revealed that the promising line GZ 10848-1-2-2-1 "Giza 183" surpassed all selected lines. Accordingly, Giza 183 was evaluated from 2017 to 2022 in multi-location yield trails at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Zarzoura as normal conditions and El-Sirw as saline conditions, as well as in regional, final, and verification yield trails. The evaluation resulted in a significant superiority of the yield of Giza 183 over Giza 178, with shorter growth duration and blast resistance. The new variety grain yield recorded 10.88, 10.47, 11.30, 10.60, and 10.70 t/ha during the 2017 to 2022 seasons under normal conditions, respectively, with a total duration of 122 days. while the grain yield for Giza 178 was recoded at 10.50, 10.54, 9.90, 10.00, 9.80, and 10.30 t/ha during the same seasons and conditions, with a total duration of 135 days. Furthermore, Giza 183 exhibited a higher yield than Giza 178 as a salt tolerance check variety at a rate of 0.800-0.160 t/ha under saline conditions at El-Sirw Agricultural Research Station in different years of evaluation. Giza 183 showed a high level of blast resistance in blast nursery and trap varieties in the field and artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Finally, the new rice variety Giza 183 is resistant to stem borer and has high grain quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)