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Algorithmic self-assembly occurs when components in a disorganized collection autonomously combine to form structures and, by their design and the dynamics of the system, are forced to intrinsically follow the execution of algorithms. Motivated by applications in DNA-nanotechnology, theoretical investigations in algorithmic tile-based self-assembly have blossomed into a mature theory with research strongly leveraging tools from computability theory, complexity theory, information theory, and graph theory to develop a wide range of models and to show that many are computationally universal, while also exposing a wide variety of powers and limitations of each. In addition to computational universality, the abstract Tile-Assembly Model (aTAM) was shown to be intrinsically universal (FOCS 2012), a strong notion of completeness where a single tile set is capable of simulating the full dynamics of all systems within the model; however, this result fundamentally required non-deterministic tile attachments. This was later confirmed necessary when it was shown that the class of directed aTAM systems, those in which all possible sequences of tile attachments eventually result in the same terminal assembly, is not intrinsically universal (FOCS 2016). Furthermore, it was shown that the non-cooperative aTAM, where tiles only need to match on 1 side to bind rather than 2 or more, is not intrinsically universal (SODA 2014) nor computationally universal (STOC 2017). Building on these results to further investigate the impacts of other dynamics, Hader et al. examined several tile-assembly models which varied across (1) the numbers of dimensions used, (2) restrictions imposed on the diffusion of tiles through space, and (3) whether each system is directed, and determined which models exhibited intrinsic universality (SODA 2020). Such results have shed much light on the roles of various aspects of the dynamics of tile-assembly and their effects on the universality of each model. In this paper we extend that previous work to provide direct comparisons of the various models against each other by considering intrinsic simulations between models. Our results show that in some cases, one model is strictly more powerful than another, and in others, pairs of models have mutually exclusive capabilities. This direct comparison of models helps expose the impacts of these three important aspects of self-assembling systems, and further helps to define a hierarchy of tile-assembly models analogous to the hierarchies studied in traditional models of computation., LIPIcs, Vol. 261, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023), pages 71:1-71:19

Para resolver una problemática de trazabilidad y monitoreo de unidades de datos en un proceso de negocio, se condujo un ejercicio completo de arquitectura de software que cuenta con una especificación de requerimientos, un método de diseño iterativo definido por el Attribute-Driven Design, una validación de dicha estructura de software con Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method e implementación de un prototipo para un Producto Mínimo Viable. La arquitectura final es un ejemplo de un sistema de 4 capas que maximiza la modularidad y extensibilidad, proveyendo una arquitectura de referencia fácilmente replicable a operaciones similares de la compañía. To solve a traceability and data units monitoring problem, a complete software architecture procedure was conducted to account for the use of requirements specification, an iterative design method defined by Attribute-Driven Design, validation of said software structure with the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method and prototype implementation for a Minium Viable Product. The concluding architecture is an example of a 4-layered system which maximizes modularity and extensibility, providing a reference architecture which can be easily redeveloped for similar business operations of the study case company. Magíster en Ingeniería de Sistemas y Computación Maestría

Outra Machine learning is a term linked to data science, a multidisciplinary area that encom- passes knowledge of computer science, mathematics, and domain experience. Given this multidisciplinary nature, a wide variety of challenges are presented to its practitioners, as a wide range of skills is required to train models and put them into production. Part of these challenges can be solved with the help of machine learning tools and platforms. In this context, the Apache Marvin-AI is an open-source machine learning platform that offers a standardized way to develop and put machine learning models into production. While Apache Marvin-AI has a lot to offer for novices and data scientists who do not have the software engineering skills to deal with the aforementioned issues, it lacks features desired by more advanced users. To solve this problem, an architectural evolution and evaluation was carried out. The process was guided by a simplified version of ATAM (Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method), adapted to work on a distributed open-source development en- vironment. The results of this process were analyzed in four different ways: (i) source code static analysis; (ii) feedback from stakeholders; (iii) taxonomy analysis to assess the ma- turity of the developed solutions; and (iv) an assessment of the new monitoring features. Overall, the process of designing, implementing, and evaluating the new architecture was deemed successful by all four independent evaluations, and the lessons learned are impor- tant contributions from this work. Aprendizado de máquina é um termo vinculado à ciência de dados, uma área multidis- ciplinar que engloba conhecimentos da ciência da computação, matemática e experiência em um domínio. Dada esta natureza multidisciplinar, uma grande variedade de desafios se apresenta para seus praticantes, visto que uma vasta gama de habilidades é necessária para treinar modelos e colocá-los em produção. Parte desses desafios pode ser resolvida com a ajuda de ferramentas e plataformas de aprendizado de máquina. Nesse contexto, a plataforma de aprendizado de máquina de código aberto Apache Marvin-AI oferece uma maneira padronizada de desenvolver e colocar modelos de aprendizado de máquina em pro- dução. Embora o Apache Marvin-AI tenha muito a oferecer para iniciantes e cientistas de dados que não possuem as habilidades de engenharia de software para lidar com os prob- lemas mencionados anteriormente, faltam recursos desejados por usuários mais avançados. Para resolver este problema, foi realizada a evolução e avaliação arquitetural do Marvin- AI. O processo foi guiado por uma versão simplificada do ATAM (Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method), que foi adaptada para funcionar em um ambiente de desenvolvimento distribuído de código aberto. O resultado do processo foi avaliado de quatro formas distin- tas: (i) análise estática de código-fonte; (ii) feedback das partes interessadas; (iii) a análise de taxonomia para avaliar a maturidade das soluções desenvolvidas; e (iv) uma avaliação das novas features de monitoramento. No geral, o processo de concepção, implementação e avaliação da nova arquitetura foi considerado bem-sucedido por todas as quatro avaliações independentes, e as lições aprendidas constituem importantes contribuições deste trabalho. B2W Digital: 23112.000186/2020-97

Governmental and local authorities are facing many new information and communication technologies challenges. The amount of data is rapidly increasing. The data sets are published in different formats. New services are based on linking and processing differently structured data from various sources. Users expect openness of public data, fast processing, and intuitive visualisation. The article addresses the challenges and proposes a new government enterprise architecture framework. The following partial architectures are included: big and open linked data storage, processing, and publishing using cloud computing. At first, the key concepts are defined. Next, the basic architectural roles and components are specified. The components result from the decomposition of related frameworks. The main part of the article deals with the detailed proposal of the architecture framework and partial views on architecture (sub-architectures). A methodology, including a proposal of appropriate steps, solutions and responsibilities for them, is described in the next step - after the verification and validation of the new framework with respect to the attributes of quality. The new framework responds to emerging ICT trends in order to evolve government enterprise architecture continually and represent current architectural components and their relationships. Vládní a místní autority čelí v oblasti informačních a komunikačních technologií mnoha novým výzvám. Množství dat rychle narůstá. Datové sady jsou publikovány v různých formátech. Nové služby jsou založeny na propojení a zpracování různě strukturovaných dat z různých zdrojů. Uživatelé očekávají otevřenost dat veřejné správy, rychlé zpracování a intuitivní vizualizaci. Tento článek se zabývá těmito výzvami a navrhuje nový rámec podnikové architektury veřejné správy. Zahrnuty jsou následující dílčí architektury: ukládání, zpracování a zveřejňování big a open linked dat s využitím cloud computingu. Nejprve jsou definovány klíčové pojmy. Dále jsou specifikovány základní architektonické role a komponenty. Identifikované komponenty vycházejí z dekompozice souvisejících rámců. Hlavní část článku řeší podrobný návrh architektonického rámce a dílčí pohledy na architekturu (sub-architektury). Metodika, včetně návrhu potřebných kroků, řešení a odpovědností za ně, je popsána v další části - po verifikaci a validaci nového rámce s ohledem na atributy kvality. Nový rámec reaguje na aktuální trendy v oblasti ICT s cílem neustále rozvíjet a přizpůsobovat podnikovou architekturu veřejné správy a zahrnovat do ní relevantní architektonické komponenty a jejich vztahy.

El concepto de líneas de producto de software se asocia con el conjunto de sistemas de software que comparte entre sí una serie de características en común. En este orden, en la presente investigación se evalúan diferentes metodologías enfocadas en los procesos de validación de software, siendo estas centralizadas en las líneas de producto de software, para lo cual se analizan algunas de las principales metodologías principales, determinándose aspectos como el campo de aplicación, los atributos de calidad abordados y los criterios de validación, las fases del proyecto, los modelos y artefactos sobre el que se valida, las entradas y salidas consideradas, entre otros elementos. De acuerdo con los resultados del proceso investigativo, se selecciona la metodología ATAM (Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method), considerando el hecho de que es en esencia una herramienta que posibilita el reuso de información, considera la evaluación de varios atributos y se centraliza en el modelado de objetivos. Esta herramienta fue aplicada al diseño de un software de cajero automático, en la que se analizó la priorización de los escenarios, encontrándose que se requiere de una prioridad alta en los módulos de validación de tarjeta y retiro de dinero., The concept of software product lines is associated with the set of software systems that share a series of characteristics in common. In this order, in this research different methodologies focused on software validation processes are evaluated, being centralized in the software product lines, for which some of the main methodologies are analyzed, determining aspects such as the field of application, the attributes of quality addressed and the validation criteria, the phases of the project, the models and artifacts on which it is validated, the inputs and outputs considered, among other elements. According to the results of the research process, the ATAM methodology is selected, considering the fact that it is in essence a tool that enables the reuse of information, considers the evaluation of several attributes and is centralized in the modeling of objectives. This tool was applied to the design of an ATM software, in which the prioritization of the scenarios was analyzed, finding that a high priority is required in the modules of card validation and withdrawal of money.

Sistemas de informação têm se tornado cada vez mais robustos, trabalhando com altos volumes de dados, objetos e, consequentemente, processos. No contexto do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), foi desenvolvido um sistema próprio para atender a todas as atividades administrativas e acadêmicas da instituição: o SUAP, Sistema Unificado de Administração Pública. Ao longo de 11 anos, a aplicação evoluiu de apenas um módulo para mais de 40, além do crescimento vertiginoso de usuários – que hoje permeia o número de 35 mil. Esses aspectos muitas vezes impactam diretamente no desempenho de sistemas, levando os arquitetos de software a buscarem alternativas para melhor escalar suas aplicações. No caso do IFRN, mesmo após altos investimentos realizados em infraestrutura, os problemas de desempenho do SUAP persistem. Buscando um melhor aproveitamento da estrutura de hardware disponível, faz-se necessário compreender as razões destes problemas de desempenho, a fim de que estes recursos computacionais sejam utilizados de forma dinâmica e crescente, geridos de forma mais eficiente e capazes de suportar cargas excedentes sem prejuízo de desempenho da aplicação. Surge, assim, a necessidade de se avaliar aspectos mais abrangentes da arquitetura atual da aplicação, para que possam ser conhecidos elementos que prejudiquem seu desempenho. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar uma análise sistematizada de desempenho do SUAP através da aplicação do método de avaliação arquitetural ATAM (Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method) e da execução de um conjunto de testes de desempenho que possibilitem a identificação de seus principais pontos de lentidão. Com isso, espera-se contribuir para a definição de uma estratégia para testes de desempenho que possam ser incorporados ao processo de desenvolvimento do SUAP. Information systems have become increasingly robust, working with high data volumes, objects and processes. In the context of the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), a system was developed to attend all the administrative and academic activities of the institution: the SUAP, Unified System of Public Administration. Over the course of 11 years, the application has evolved from just one module to over 40, in addition to the dizzying growth of users – which today permeates the number of 35 thousand. These aspects often impact directly and negatively on systems performance, leading software architects to seek alternatives to scale better their applications. In the case of the IFRN, even after high investments in infrastructure, SUAP performance problems persist. In order to make better use of the available hardware structure, it is necessary to understand the reasons for these performance problems, so that these computational resources are used dynamically and incrementally, managed more efficiently and able to withstand surplus loads without prejudice to application performance. Thus, the need to evaluate more comprehensive aspects of the current architecture of the application is presented, so that elements that impair it’s performance can be known. This work aims to perform a systemized SUAP’s performance analysis through the application of the Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method (ATAM) and the execution of a set of performance tests that allow the identification of it’s main points of slowness. With this, it is hoped to contribute to the definition of a strategy for performance tests that can be incorporated into the SUAP’s development process.

Context: Software architectures should be evaluated during the early stages of software development in order to verify whether the non-functional requirements (NFRs) of the product can be fulfilled. This activity is even more crucial in software product line (SPL) development, since it is also necessary to identify whether the NFRs of a particular product can be achieved by exercising the variation mechanisms provided by the product line architecture or whether additional transformations are required. These issues have motivated us to propose QuaDAI, a method for the derivation, evaluation and improvement of software architectures in model-driven SPL development. Objective: We present in this paper the results of a family of four experiments carried out to empirically validate the evaluation and improvement strategy of QuaDAI. Method: The family of experiments was carried out by 92 participants: Computer Science Master s and undergraduate students from Spain and Italy. The goal was to compare the effectiveness, efficiency, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and intention to use with regard to participants using the evaluation and improvement strategy of QuaDAI as opposed to the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM). Results: The main result was that the participants produced their best results when applying QuaDAI, signifying that the participants obtained architectures with better values for the NFRs faster, and that they found the method easier to use, more useful and more likely to be used. The results of the meta-analysis carried out to aggregate the results obtained in the individual experiments also confirmed these results. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that QuaDAI would achieve better results than ATAM in the experiments and that QuaDAI can be considered as a promising approach with which to perform architectural evaluations that occur after the product architecture derivation in model-driven SPL development processes when carried out by novice software evaluators., The authors would like to thank all the participants in the experiments for their selfless involvement in this research. This research is supported by the MULTIPLE Project (MICINN TIN2009-13838) and the ValI+D Program (ACIF/2011/235).

We conduct a Systematic Mapping Study to categorize the primary research papers in architectural analysis. Systematic mapping studies can change the research perspective in an area and they can help to find the ignored researched areas. The objective of this study is to investigate the techniques used in papers on architectural analysis, identify the current trends, and provide suggestions for the future research studies. We search for papers published within the last ten years in the following databases: IEEE Explorer, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, and Wiley. We conclude that more validation and evaluation research is needed to provide a better foundation for architectural analysis. Premier Hall Sci & Engn

The thesis work intends to provide architecture for mobile local information search service using Wireless LAN and cellular integration. Search technology has been popular and driving business bodies with increasing e-commerce opportunities. The search technology has been recently brought to portable devices such as mobile phones and PDA devices by extending the research scope. Mobile search revenues are expected to surpass Internet search revenues in near future. Mobile local search on the other hand is getting much popular with growing number of mobile subscribers. Mobile phones have been chosen to provide mobile local search services because of its high possessivity and portable nature. In this thesis work, the author would like to propose a generalized architecture for mobile local information search in a new perspective by involving cellular service provider directly with a minimum co-operation from consumers and retailers. When providing mobile local search services, cellular operator has to maintain a replica of databases of all the existing retailers. Updating the replica at cellular operator at regular intervals has been leading to synchronization problems that produce out-dated results to mobile users. The aspects that have driven the author towards proposing the architecture are solving database synchronization problems and thriving for effective search results. The existing architecture of web search, mobile search and mobile local search are analyzed to identify the domain specific challenges and research gaps. Proposed architecture is designed and evaluated by using an approach called Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM). The architecture is evaluated against its quality attributes and the results are presented. Sridher Rao Sidduri Lindblomsvagen, 97, Rum no 555, 372 33 Ronneby, Sweden E-mail: srsi05@student.bth.se

La Arquitectura de Software condiciona las características del producto final en cuanto a cualidades como desempeño y mantenibilidad. El Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) es una metodología para evaluar Arquitecturas de Software basada en los atributos de calidad especificados para el sistema, desarrollada por el Software Engineering Institute (SEI). El Grupo de Ingeniería de Software (Gris) del Instituto de Computación tiene como eje de sus actividades un programa de construcción y prueba de modelos de proceso, en cuyo contexto se desarrolló una herramienta para especificar modelos de procesos. ATAM se puso en práctica para evaluar el producto obtenido y realizar un segundo ciclo de desarrollo sobre el mismo, mejorando aspectos de riesgo identificados principalmente para el atributo de calidad performance. Se presenta ATAM y el caso de estudio realizado en el marco del programa.

It is not unusual that software systems are redeveloped when the systems environment changes or new requirements to functionality are found. The reason for this is that system evolution is usually not considered during the initial development of a system. In this report we propose a development process focusing on modifiability in security-safety critical systems. The process is based on the standard IEC 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems and the CORAS framework for model-based risk assessment. We focus on integrating modifiability as a non-functionality and extend the development process with an architecture and design phase. Modifiability is addressed using Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) and Attribute Driven Design (ADD). An evaluation of this process is given by redeveloping a prototype for an already existing security-critical system using the approaches given by the process. The main result from the evaluation showed that we where able to obtain a higher level of modifiability than the original prototype, without compromising the functionality and safety level required.