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In the current work, aluminum dross from the aluminum industry and fired-clay brick waste (Homra) were combined with alkaline activators (Na2SiO3/NaOH) with varying molarities of NaOH to create insulating geopolymer bricks. An alkaline activator with an (S/L) ratio of 3/1 was combined with Homra to replace it partly. The mixture was then molded into 50 × 50 × 50 mm3 stainless steel molds. Water absorption, compressive strength, bulk density, and apparent porosity of the produced geopolymer were measured at various curing durations and NaOH molarities. The findings showed that adding more aluminum dross waste replacement leads to a decrease in bulk density and compressive strength and an increase in the creation of pores that improve the produced bricks' ability to insulate against heat. Using 8 M of NaOH after 28 days, the findings revealed that 3% aluminum dross waste replacement has a compressive strength of about 8.6 MPa, water absorption of 14.6%, bulk density of 1.307 g/cm3, and thermal conductivity of 0.32 W/m·K. The Egyptian standard, ASTM C62, satisfies these outcomes. Using DesignBuilder energy simulation software version 6.1.06, the constructed insulating brick under ideal circumstances was utilized to calculate its contribution performance in energy consumption. The annual energy consumption was reduced by about 21% compared to traditional hollow cement bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We face significant environmental pollution problems due to various industries, such as the aluminum industry, which generates large amounts of red mud (RM) waste, or agriculture, in which case the use of pesticides creates huge water pollution problems. In this context, the present study offers a better perspective to originally solve both environmental issues. Thus, the main target of the study referred to using RM waste as a filler for preparing composite copolymer beads. Thereafter, this can achieve significant removal of water pollutants due to their adsorption/oxidation characteristics. As evidenced by the changes in chemical structure and composition, thermal stability, morphology, and porosity, RM was homogenously incorporated in poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) beads prepared by wet phase inversion. The final assessment for the removal of pesticides by adsorption and oxidation processes was proven successful. In this regard, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was chosen as a model pollutant, for which an adsorption capacity of 16.08 mg/g composite beads was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings in occupational medicine have demonstrated that common pathology is one of the main factors determining poor health of workers in hazardous industries. Non-occupational pathology also has a significant effect on timing of occupational disease onset. Our objective was to conduct a comparative analysis of comorbidities in patients with different occupational diseases. The study was conducted retrospectively. We created a database of medical records of aluminum and refractory workers and analyzed all diagnoses and systemic disorders identified during the clinical examination of these patients using SPSS Statistics 23. The comorbidity index was used to determine the degree of somatic burden of the subjects. We assessed transnosological and transsystemic multimorbidity, as well as the relationship between multimorbidity and the diagnosed occupational disease. The hypothesis for normality of the indicators under study was tested by carrying out calculations using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, which allowed the use of parametric sample estimates, Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance for data analysis. We established comorbidities that were significantly more frequent among the patients suffering from fluorosis or silicosis. Exposure to occupational hazards in different industries affects the profile of comorbidity. We observed a pronounced polysystemic nature of lesions in aluminum production workers and the predominance of comorbid diseases of the respiratory system in refractory workers. The level of multimorbidity among the workers of the refractory industry was significantly lower than that in the aluminum production, which allows a conclusion on a more pronounced negative impact of a combination of hazards in the latter on workers’ health.

To enhance the slagging efficiency of the lime-based slag system during the pre-treatment stage of hot metal, a composite calcium ferrite flux based on aluminum industry solid waste was developed in this study. The melting characteristics of the flux and its application in the pre-treatment of hot metal were investigated. The results indicated that the main phases of the composite calcium ferrite were CaFe2O4, Ca2Fe2O5, and Ca2(Fe,Al)2O4. It exhibited high oxidation, high alkalinity, and a low melting point, thereby achieving excellent melting performance. Simulations of various dephosphorization fluxes in the pre-treatment of high-phosphorus hot metal, ordinary hot metal, and kilogram-scale dephosphorization experiment processes were conducted. Under the same experimental conditions, the composite calcium ferrite flux was able to achieve a dephosphorization rate of over 90% and a final phosphorus content of less than 0.02 wt% under high carbon content ([%C] = 3.2 wt%). In the application of hot metal pre-dephosphorization, this flux was able to achieve efficient melting and rapid slagging of lime at a lower temperature, and its slagging time was 50% faster than that of calcium ferrite flux. In addition, this flux enhanced the utilization efficiency of lime during the steelmaking process, effectively prevented the agglomeration of slag, and achieved efficient slag–metal separation. These characteristics were significantly better than the application effect of calcium ferrite flux. This flux has significant implications for the industrial application of deep dephosphorization in the pre-treatment stage of hot metal or the early stage of converter steelmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonisation of the Nordic power sector entails substantial variable renewable energy (VRE) adoption. While Nordic hydropower reservoirs can mitigate VRE output's intermittency, strategic hydro producers may leverage increased flexibility requirements to exert market power. Using a Nash-Cournot model, we find that even the current Nordic power system could yield modest gains from strategic reservoir operations regardless of a prohibition on 'spilling' water to increase prices. Instead, strategic hydro producers could shift generation from peak to offpeak seasons. Such temporal arbitrage becomes more attractive under a climate package with a [euro] 100/t C[O.sub.2] price and doubled VRE capacity. Since the package increases generation variability, lowers average prices, and makes fossil-fuelled plants unprofitable, strategic hydro producers face lower opportunity costs in shifting output from peak to off-peak seasons and encounter muted responses from price-taking fossil-fuelled plants. Hence, a climate package that curtails C[O.sub.2] emissions may also bolster strategic hydro producers' leverage. Keywords: Electricity markets, Equilibrium modelling, Hydropower, Market power, Carbon policy, 1. INTRODUCTION Future climate packages in OECD countries envisage deep decarbonisation of the power sector by relying upon variable renewable energy (VRE) sources, viz., wind and solar power. For example, [...]

The global aluminium industry faces a serious challenge in reducing greenhouse gas emissions as the demand for aluminium continues to increase. The aluminium industry has a responsibility to streamline its energy consumption, especially in the production process. There have been many studies discussing energy consumption performance in the industry. However, most of them only discuss energy saving partially, without involving energy consumption with various items produced. This paper proposes an energy savings measurement in the manufacturing industry. An energy baseline consumed per unit volume has been developed using the equivalent volume method with an energy management control system (EMCS). The study takes a case example from the automotive--aluminium component industry. The steps taken in the study are: examining the production process, converting the production volume to equivalent, calculating the energy consumption ratio, developing an energy baseline, simulating the savings performance, and then proposing an EMCS with key performance indicators (KPI) for sustainability. The results show that the development of a baseline using the ratio of energy and an equivalent volume of production gives a better data correlation with an R² value close to one. From the baseline, the bestdemonstrated performance (BDP) can be used as a reference to set energy goals. Furthermore, the data and the deviant deleted have the same baseline value. They differ in energy reduction goal percentages. The practical application of this study is not only in the manufacturing industry but in other industries as well, such as building management. This study contributes to energy savings achieved with EMCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing green production management (GPM) practices has become increasingly vital for ensuring a sustainable future. Integrating green scientific research into the aluminum industry is imperative for achieving economic and environmental benefits. Despite being touted as a "green metal," the aluminum production process presents significant sustainability challenges. Notably, the industry contributes a substantial 3% to global carbon emissions, with the production of one metric ton of primary aluminum releasing 10-20 metric tons of CO2. Thus, reducing these emissions is critical to promoting environmental sustainability within the industry. This article meticulously examines this pressing issue and analyzes potential strategies to foster a greener aluminum production process. The intrinsic value of this study lies in its capacity to make substantive contributions towards environmentally sustainable practices in this specific industrial domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the possibilities of using alkali silicate based inorganic binders for automotive industry aluminium castings production. In recent years, inorganic binders are coming back to the foreground and their manufacturers are developing new processes, which are starting to progressively supersede organic binder systems. Paper describes known knowledge about classic alkali silicate binders with focus on hardening processes and on improving their technological properties. Trends from the area of development and the use new alkali silicate based inorganic binders are also shortly described. As part of the experimental work, specific methods of producing samples were developed, with the help of which properties such as disintegration were subsequently evaluated by measuring abrasion and residual strengths. Characteristics such as residual compressive strength or shear strength at different thermal loads were also evaluated. When comparing the laboratory results with the results of de-coring in real conditions, a high degree of correlation was achieved, which makes it possible to determine the optimal recipe/procedure for the production of geometrically complex cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased recycling in aluminum production has raised the impurity content in the industry, thus increasing its effect on mechanical characteristics and making it difficult for recycled products to meet the properties' goals as their effect is not yet sufficiently known. Therefore, the two main impurities (Fe and Si) in standard aluminum rolling mill products of alloy 5754 were investigated to determine their effects on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS). After analyzing the composition, mechanical properties, and microstructure, the relationship of both impurities with the UTS in fully annealed products was estimated by statistical analysis, obtaining a strong influence of Si and Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azerbaijan is the main oil and gas exporting country in Eastern Europe and one of the main energy suppliers in Europe. Azerbaijan, whose economy is based on the oil industry, has recently seen a certain revival in the non-oil sector. Azerbaijan is also one of the main producers of aluminum in Eastern Europe, and there are partnerships with Europe in the development of this industry as well as in the energy sector. The development of the non-oil sector in Azerbaijan is essential for the country's economy. This sector is heavily dominated by the aluminum industry. As part of the research, an economic analysis review of the Azerbaijani aluminum industry in the non-oil sector is implemented. In 2022, $3 billion worth of non-oil sector products were exported from Azerbaijan to the global market; the aluminum industry accounted for more than 5% of this total. Azeraluminium LLC, the Caucasus region's sole primary aluminum producer, exports 98% of its products to countries around the world. The general platform and development of the Azerbaijani aluminum industry, the brief technological structure of the Ganja Aluminum Complex, and the future strategy and goals of this field have all been demonstrated in a concise scientific article. The main aim of this research is to analyze the Azerbaijani aluminum industry.

Purpose: Futurology of the aluminum industry, as a strategic industry and one of the sustainable development pillars, is contemplated by the government strategists in order to know future against unpredictable elements. The purpose is to identify and analyze the upcoming scenarios of the aluminum industry and, finally, its market analysis, to draw a correct vision of the future and choose the appropriate strategy in this industry. Methodology: Firstly, the key variables affecting the development of the aluminum industry are identified through interviews with experts and specialists in the industry, and the probability of variables is determined by completing a questionnaire; and then based on the extracted variables, specific scenarios are developed. The interactions of the variables will be determined using the fuzzy DEMATEL method and the matrix obtained from this method will be part of the supermatrix of the analysis network process. Game theory will be used in two forms, considering competition and or cooperation among players to analyze the aluminum industry market, such that one can find balancing points among existing situations of players' strategic options and scenarios of this industry. Findings: The results indicate that the possibility of "increasing inflation" is the most likely and "increasing investment in the country" is the least likely variable, and "lifting sanctions" is the most influential variable and "production and export" is the most impressive variable. Five scenarios as "Iran's difficult scenario in the ordinary world", "Iran's catastrophic scenario in the ordinary world space", "disaster scenario for Iran in the difficult global space", "Iran's developing scenario in the ordinary world space", and "Iran's favorable space scenario in the difficult world space "were ranked. Three main players, namely policymakers, smalters and downstream, were identified and 13 strategic options in the form of investment, pricing, exports, and energy rates in different directions and shapes were extracted. Players' preferences in different scenarios are explained in the form of 12 modes and, selected modes are extracted for each scenario based on different equilibrium points. Originality/Value: Futurology has been the main subject of this paper, which, by analyzing the aluminum industry and the activities of the main players active in this industry, paints a picture of the future of this industry, including the entire value chain in a five-year horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researching the aluminum molten salt system has always been challenging because of the high temperature and significant corrosion seen in the aluminum electrolysis industry. This paper employs ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the ionic structure and transport features of the K3AlF6-2.2NaF-AlF3 molten system. The findings indicate that the primary Al-F complex ion species present in K-rich molten salts are [AlF4]−, [AlF5]2−, and [AlF6]3−. The fluorine atom located at the bridge site constitutes around 3% of the overall composition, suggesting a rather modest degree of polymerization for the ionic structure. The relative diffusion rates of the ions in the system are as follows: sodium (Na) has the highest diffusion ability, followed by potassium (K), fluoride (F), and aluminum (Al). With the increase in K3AlF6 concentration, the distribution and diffusion coefficient of complex ions in the melt change, resulting in a decrease in the transport performance of the entire system. These fundamental research findings can contribute to the optimization of the aluminum electrolysis industry in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorides contained waste electrolyte (WE) from the electrolytic aluminum industry can be used as a substitution of fluorite (CaF 2) in the newly designed mold flux. In this study, the influence of B 2 O 3 on viscosity and structure of CaO–Al 2 O 3 -WE based melt was investigated. Results show that the viscosity of mold flux melt decreases with both increasing temperature and B 2 O 3 content. The apparent activation energy (E a) also reduces from 78.96 ± 1.75 to 55.26 ± 2.79 kJ/mol with the addition of B 2 O 3 from 0 to 7 wt%. The analyses of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies suggest that the lower symmetry of the original aluminate and silicate structure due to the insertion of [BO 4 ]-tetrahedral and [BO 3 ]-triangular, and the formation of more non-bridging oxygen (O−) and 2D structural units in the network with the addition of B 2 O 3 , deceases the viscosity and E a of the CaO–Al 2 O 3 -WE Based Melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid development of the domestic alumina industry has greatly accelerated the consumption of high-alumina–silica-ratio bauxite resources in China. The development of an efficient and clean utilization technology applicable to low-grade bauxite in China is not only a requirement for resource and environmental protection, but also a powerful guarantee to maintain the sustainable development of China's aluminum industry. Based on this, the authors' team proposed a new process for the treatment of low-grade bauxite ore via a calcification–carbonization method from the perspective of equilibrium solid-phase reconstruction and achieved the first industrial-scale trial run on the basis of existing laboratory research. The results show that the mass fraction of Na2O in bauxite residue can be reduced to 0.95% in the treatment of typical diaspore bauxite, the A/S in the bauxite residue can be reduced to 0.85 after two-time carbonization–alumina dissolution, and the actual alumina dissolution rate can reach 81.32%. The relevant results verified the feasibility and advantages of the calcification–carbonization method in industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The techniques employed to manage an industrial project are based on tools that aim to achieve the objectives set by an organization. Most of these techniques consider the development of operative and predictive models. The difficulty in developing project planning models relies on estimating large sets of parameters and the need to include model sections of poorly identifiable, that increase costs and time. This work develops a hybrid forecasting model for all the phases that make up die-casting projects through a series of parameters and sub-models that contemplate the particularities of each case, thereby achieving greater precision in the forecast. The model identifies the cost and time factors that affect project planning, specifically in the die-casting industry, and intends to predict their future behaviour when certain initially given conditions are modified. To estimate the parameters of the hybrid model, several factors in the processes were considered that interact in this industry, such as primary matter costs and activities associated to the process. The considered processes that have a substantial economic impact on the implementation of the project were selected. The criteria for this selection considered identifying the relevant parts of the design and manufacturing in the diecasting industry. Process factors such as the Cost of aluminium and its related activities, whose processes will be grouped into cost and time entities to build a set of metrics that allow better control over them. Finally, the proposed model is based on analytical, parametric, and analog methods that achieve accuracy greater than 85 % in predicting the time and Cost of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved prediction algorithm of the hidden semi-markov model (HSMM) is proposed to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of aluminum reduction cells (ARC). First, the degradation process of the ARC is analyzed, and the parameters that could characterize its degradation process are determined. Second, to facilitate the prediction of HSMM, exponential distribution, in which form the dwell time in the traditional HSMM is distributed, is replaced with the Erlang distribution based on the queuing theory. Third, an improved forward recursion algorithm that introduced dwell time has not only simplified the calculation of useful life predictions but also further facilitated HSMM in the prediction of the RUL. Finally, verification is carried out using the actual data of an aluminum electrolytic industry, and the results showed that the improved HSMM performed better in the prediction and is more accurate than the existing prediction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the friction stir welding (FSW) process as a relatively new solid-state welding technology in the aerospace industry has pushed forward several developments in different related aspects of this strategic industry. In terms of the FSW process itself, due to the geometric limitations involved in the conventional FSW process, many variants have been required over time to suit the different types of geometries and structures, which has resulted in the development of numerous variants such as refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), stationary shoulder friction stir welding (SSFSW), and bobbin tool friction stir welding (BTFSW). In terms of FSW machines, significant development has occurred in the new design and adaptation of the existing machining equipment through the use of their structures or the new and specially designed FSW heads. In terms of the most used materials in the aerospace industry, there has been development of new high strength-to-weight ratios such as the 3rd generation aluminum–lithium alloys that have become successfully weldable by FSW with fewer welding defects and a significant improvement in the weld quality and geometric accuracy. The purpose of this article is to summarize the state of knowledge regarding the application of the FSW process to join materials used in the aerospace industry and to identify gaps in the state of the art. This work describes the fundamental techniques and tools necessary to make soundly welded joints. Typical applications of FSW processes are surveyed, including friction stir spot welding, RFSSW, SSFSW, BTFSW, and underwater FSW. Conclusions and suggestions for future development are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aluminum electrolysis industry continually and unavoidably produces hazardous solid waste in the form of carbon anode slag. Carbon anode slag poses a serious environmental pollution risk, and it must be disposed of in a harmless manner. On the other hand, it contains a few valuable resources, as well. In order for the aluminum electrolysis industry to develop in an environmentally friendly and high-quality manner, the harmless disposal of carbon anode slag and its resourceful utilization are of considerable importance. The selective comminution of carbon and cryolite particles in carbon anode slag can be effectively achieved with grinding pretreatment. However, the optimization study of grinding process parameters has yet to be investigated. Therefore, firstly, the mineralogical characteristics and existing mode of carbon anode slag from the perspective of mineralogical properties are analyzed in this study. Then, the effects of grinding time, grinding concentration, and steel ball diameter on the particle size of the ground product (γ−0.074 mm) are investigated using response surface analysis. The results showed that the effect of grinding time was the most significant, followed by grinding concentration and steel ball diameter. In addition, the performance of the multi-stage flotation process for separating the −0.074 mm ground product was analyzed. Cryolite with a purity of 93.12% and a carbon product with an ash content of 10.67% could be simultaneously obtained through multi-stage flotation. It should be pointed out that the deep dissociation and efficient recovery of fine undissociated particles still need to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confused from Quality Control (QC) writes, 'Doctor, Doctor, give me the news! Originally, it was just ALCOA criteria for data integrity, then a plus was added, but now its ALCOA++. What should I do? Help me please!', Well, Confused, the good news is that the doctor is in and can help you unravel the delights and joys of ALCOA and its two offspring. We will trace the [...]

With the development of the electrolytic aluminum industry, a large number of waste cathode carbons (WCC) of electrolytic aluminum remain, which are typical harmful solid wastes and cause serious harm to the environment. The harmless treatment of WCC is extremely important. Conventional heating and steaming is a good treatment method for WCC blocks. Fluoride has good selective heating characteristics, which promote the transformation of fluoride to escape in the form of gas, and realizes the separation of carbon and fluorine in the WCC of electrolytic aluminum. The characterization of WCC under steam high-temperature calcination was compared with that under traditional high-temperature calcination and chemical leaching. Tests show that, under the condition of water vapor, the carbon layer of WCC is larger, which is more conducive to the separation of carbon and fluorine. In this paper, the effects of different temperatures, heating times, and water flow rates on the defluorination rate were studied. The results showed that, when the WCC was heated at 950°C for 3 h, and the flow rate was 3.5 g/min, the defluorination effect of cathode carbon was the best, reaching 93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal casting has become increasingly significant in the manufacture of industrial components. Aluminium alloys have become a typical metal casting material due to their lightweight, excellent corrosion resistance, improved mechanical properties, and excellent electrical conductivity. Grain refinement is a preferred method for improving the strength and flexibility of metallic materials by modifying the size of the grain structure using various processes. As a result, aluminium grain refinement is regarded an essential method in the aluminium processing industry. Grain refinement involves severe plastic deformation, quick solidification, and the addition of an inoculant. This paper discusses semi-solid metal processing (SSMP) research that enhances material properties using the grain refinement technique. The effect of different grain refinement techniques to the microstructure formation is also highlighted. The importance of the fine equiaxed globular microstructure in SSMP areas is explained. This study is expected to help the researcher establish the most effective grain refining technique in SSMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult for the commonly used Class G oil well cement to withstand the high-temperature environment of geothermal wells, and it is easy to deteriorate the mechanical properties and damage the integrity of the cement sheath. Industrial solid waste red mud can be used as supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) to improve its mechanical properties at high temperatures. In addition, compared to Class G oil well cement, high belite cement (HBC) has lower energy consumption and better mechanical properties at high temperatures. In this study, the mechanical properties of HBC as a gel material and quartz sand and red mud as SCMs were studied at high temperatures. The ratio of HBC to SCMs and the ratio of quartz sand to red mud in SCMs were optimized using the response surface method (RSM). The response surface was established using the three-level factorial design model, which fit well with the experimental data. The optimization results show that the best mass ratio of SCMs/HBC is 37.5% and that the best quality ratio of quartz sand/red mud is 9 under the curing conditions of 180 °C. However, the best mass ratio of SCMs/HBC is 49.3%, and the best quality ratio of quartz sand/red mud is 7 under 220 °C. With the addition of SCMs, the silicon-to-calcium ratio of HBC hydration products decreases, and high-temperature-stable xonotlite and tobermorite can be formed. After adding SCMs, the cement sample is denser without obvious cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job satisfaction of the employees is a concerning issue, accelerates the productivity of any organization. Higher job satisfaction among the employees means the higher chance of profitability of the employers. An effective understanding of factors associated with job satisfaction of the employees is precious to push organizational development. This study based on the data collected from three aluminum industries inRajshahi cityofBangladesh during January 21, 2016 to March 20, 2016 to identify the determinants of job satisfaction among the employees. In this study, age, sex, education, work experience, satisfaction with salary, workplace environment and workplace management system are revealed as the determinants of job satisfaction. For instance, higher aged respondents in more likely to satisfy with job than lower aged (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.30 [0.48-3.57]). Female are more likely (OR: 1.90 [1.03-3.51]) to satisfy with their job than the male. Higher educated employees are less likely (OR: 0.97 [0.56-1.70]) to satisfy with their job than the lower educated employees. Respondents with 15 & above years of experience are more likely (OR: 1.05 [0.33-2.15]) to satisfy with their job than those have less than 5 years of experience. Satisfaction with salary (OR: 1.97 [1.14-3.41]), workplace environment (OR: 1.62 [0.59-6.51]), management system (OR: 1.24 [1.25-3.98]) are significantly associated with job satisfaction of the employees. As the first study, it provides the determinants of job satisfaction among the employees in aluminum industries in Rajshahi city of Bangladesh. Relevant authorities are suggested to consider the study's findings and recommendations to create new policies regarding job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world the number of scrapped lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are rich in valuable elements worthy of recycling, is increasing. In this study, a method using cryolite-based electrolyte to recycle cathode materials from spent lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (LNCM) batteries is proposed. Firstly, a molten cryolite-based electrolyte is used to decompose the microstructure of spent LIB cathode material, releasing valuable lithium element into the electrolyte, which can be used in aluminum electrolysis industry. As nickel-cobalt-manganese oxides have low solubilities in the cryolite-based electrolyte, they sink to the bottom of the molten electrolyte, which is then cooled down, forming an upper and lower layer. Lithium element can be quickly and conveniently separated from nickel-cobalt-manganese oxides, which are enriched in the lower layer of the electrolyte. Then, a hydrochloric acid solution is used to leach nickel-cobalt-manganese components from the lower layer of the cryolite-based electrolyte. The effects of acid concentration, liquid-solid ratio, and temperature on the leaching process are investigated through single factor experiments. The highest leaching rates of nickel, cobalt, and manganese elements reach 99.47%, 98.94%, and 98.27%, respectively. By using NaOH + NH 3 ·H 2 O to adjust the pH of the leaching solution, coprecipitation of nickel, cobalt, and manganese elements occur, producing a hydroxide precursor and resulting in recovery rates of over 99%. The recycled hydroxide precursor and new lithium source are then roasted to regenerate an LNCM811 cathode material, which has a layered microstructure and is assembled into a battery. Test results show that the battery has a discharge capacity of 200.8 mAh·g−1 initially and 170.4 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles. [Display omitted] • A novel process for recovering LNCM battery cathode material is proposed. • The lithium-containing electrolyte produced can be used for practical production in the aluminum electrolysis industry. • Nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide precursor products can be used to synthesize new cathode materials. • The synthesized LNCM811 cathode material exhibits good battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum is a widely used energy-intensive material and the second largest source of carbon emissions from metal after steel. Global demand for aluminum has grown rapidly since 1970 and has shown a high correlation with population and economic growth. These factors have posed challenges to carbon reduction of aluminum industry. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate global aluminum demand and emissions to develop low carbon pathways. However, few studies have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the global aluminum industry. We develop different scenarios of joint abatement measures to explore pathways for the aluminum industry to significantly reduce carbon emissions by 2050. Three scenarios are considered, namely, moderate mitigation scenario (MMS), enhanced mitigation scenario (EMS), and deep mitigation scenario (DMS). The results show that: 1) Aluminum industry has a high potential for carbon emission reduction. The emissions in the three scenarios will be reduced by 33%, 77% and 85% by 2050 compared to 2020, respectively. 2) The carbon emission reduction effect of energy structure optimization and low carbon technology application is significant, with the use of clean energy playing a decisive role. 3) There is an inverse U-shaped curve relationship between per capita primary aluminum demand and per capita GDP. The aluminum demand in China and India is still growing at a high rate, and carbon emissions are always at the top. This study will effectively support the development of a low-carbon transition path for the global aluminum industry. • Global aluminum industry has a relatively large potential to reduce carbon emissions by 2050. • Developing countries have not yet reached the inflection point of primary aluminum demand. • China and India are the two largest carbon emitters of aluminum industry. • Energy restructuring and low-carbon technology applications provide pathways for transformation of aluminum industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]