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Agriculture has a great influence on the economy of Rondônia, but the sector generates residues that can have different destinations. And a promising alternative for the final destination of these residues is their use as substrates, thus minimizing social, economic and environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the substrates obtained from different concentrations of agro-industrial residues, in the germination of Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. O. Grose. The design used was a randomized blocks, five treatments and four replications. The treatments resulted in different combinations of sand and agroindustrial residue: T1 – 0%:100% (control); T2 - 75%:25%; T3 - 50%:50%; T4 - 25%: 75%; and T5 - 0%:100%. The germination percentage (G%) was evaluated daily and, after germination stabilization at 27 days, the germination speed index (IVG), mean germination time (TMG) and mean germination speed (VMG) were calculated of seeds and germination means were submitted to normality tests, homogeneity at 5% significance and analysis of variance to Tukey test (P ≥ 0.95). The germination percentage ranged from 9% to 71%, and 100% seed health and absence of abnormal seedlings were verified. It was found that treatment 2 showed a significant difference between the other treatments, the substrate with the best results was T2 (G% = 71%; IVG =11; TMG = 17 days; VMG = 0.0606 seeds.day-1 ). The substrate with 25% residues + 75% sand stood out from the other treatments, resulting in the best ones, resulting in better germination., A Agricultura tem grande influência na economia rondoniense, mas o setor gera resíduos que podem ter diferentes destinações. E uma alternativa promissora para o destino final desses resíduos é o seu uso como substratos, minimizando assim impactos social, econômico e ambiental. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os substratos obtidos a partir de diferentes concentrações resíduos agroindustriais, na germinação de Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. O. Grose. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram em diferentes combinações de areia e resíduo agroindustrial: T1 – 0%:100% (testemunha); T2 – 75%:25%; T3 – 50%:50 %; T4 – 25%:75%; e T5 – 0%:100%. Diariamente, foi avaliada a porcentagem de germinação (G%) e, após a estabilização da germinação aos 27 dias, foram calculados o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), tempo médio de germinação (TMG) e velocidade média de germinação (VMG) das sementes e as médias de germinação foram submetidas aos testes normalidade, homogeneidade a 5% de significância e análise de variância ao teste de Tukey (P ≥ 0,95). A porcentagem de germinação variou de 9% a 71%, e foi verificado 100% de sanidade das sementes e ausência de plântulas anormais. Verificou-se que o tratamento 2 apresentou diferença significativa entre os demais tratamentos, o substrato com os melhores resultados foi o T2 (G% = 71%; IVG =11; TMG = 17 dias; VMG = 0,0606 sementes.dia-1). O substrato com 25% resíduos + 75% areia destacou-se dos demais tratamentos, resultando nos melhores resultando na melhor germinação.

The need to source for alternative use of pigs dung to reduce environmental challenges arising from its application as farm manure prompted the study into the physico-chemical attributes of both the fresh and old pig dung in three pig farms(A,R,U) in Port-Harcourt metropolis. The study examined the pH levels, exchangeable nitrate, extractable phosphate, the total organic carbon and the sulphate using methods described by the pH meter, APHA-4500-O3-B, ASTM D515, Walkley black and ASTM D516 respectively. The results indicated that the dung were alkaline ranging from pH 9-12, the nitrate content was high in fresh dung (16.03-19.40) but considerably low in the dry dung (2.36-2.92), the phosphate values were between 7.59-20.81, the sulphate level falls within 1.84-3.79 whereas the total organic carbon were between 2.36-2.92. The result obtained have showed that the fresh dung could be supplemented with other organic substrate to initiate bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil due to its high nitrate content and the dry dung used as feedstuffs for animal nutrients or feedstock for bioenergy generation because of its high fibre content which will help in reducing the ecosystem contamination by pig waste through recycling.

By-products like sawdust and straw are applied in compost bedded-pack barns (CBP) for cattle. These materials, which are gradually mixed with excreta and undergo a composting process, serve as a lying bed for the cattle. This study aims to assess the perception of consumers and farmers regarding the use of CBP during the grazing season of cattle for raising other animals or for growing food crops. This was examined by combining surveys with consumers from eight European countries and cattle farmers, focus groups with consumers, and in-depth interviews with individual farmers who implemented alternative uses of compost. The results showed that farmers preferred the compost bedded-pack system to the cubicle system in terms of sustainability and market aspects, although the cost of the bedding material required for CBP was seen as a significant negative aspect. Around half of all consumers indicated that the compost can be used for non-edible products and 26% indicated the compost can be used for raising other animals. Furthermore, 5% of consumers felt that compost should not be used for any other purpose. There were statistically significant differences between countries, therefore, regional specificities should be taken into account when marketing products from compost in CBP barns.

Often, water after use is all too often seen as a burden to be disposed of or a nuisance to be ignored, although wastewater is one of the main components of the rational water use cycle. The result of this attitude is the degradation of aquatic ecosystems, the increase in the number of diseases transmitted through water from contaminated freshwater sources Часто вода після використання занадто часто сприймається як тягар для утилізації або неприємність, яку слід ігнорувати, хоча стічні води є одними з основних компоненти раціонального циклу водокористування. Результатом такого ставлення є деградація водних екосистем, збільшення кількості захворювань передається через воду із забруднених джерел прісної води

El potencial de uso de la harina de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) (HCG). como alternativa en el desarrollo de productos con valor agregado es relevante. Sin embargo hace falta conocer los elementos químicos que la conforman. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la composición química de la harina de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) procedente de Guaymas, Sonora, México y su posible alternativa para el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales. Los resultados indicaron un alto contenido de proteína (77,7%), sobresaliendo lisina y ácido glutámico (10,16 y 14,53 g aa/100g proteína respectivamente), aminoácidos azufrados y aminoácidos hidrofóbicos. El contenido de la fracción grasa (6,3%) fue bajo así como el de fibra cruda (2,7%), reportada como quitina, reflejándose en el bajo aporte calórico (4 kcal/g). La relación entre ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados fue de 1,66:1:1,08 y de n6:n3 fue de 1:1,35. Se concluye que HCG es un ingrediente con posibilidades de uso en panificación, galletas saladas, sazonadores, aderezos, a los que les podría dar un valor agregado. Sin embargo el factor limitante para su uso está en el olor y sabor a pescado, por lo que su aplicación se sugiere dirigir la aplicación hacia el desarrollo de nuevos productos vinculados con preparaciones típicas que incluyan pescados y derivados. Chemical composition of giant squid Dosidicus gigas meal. The potential use of giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) meal (GSM) as an alternative in the development of value-added foods may be relevant. However one must know the chemical elements that constitute it. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of giant squid Dosidicus gigas meal from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico and its possible alternative for the development of functional foods. The data indicated a high protein content (77,7%), lysine and glutamic acid (10,16 and 14,53 g aa/100g protein respectively), sulfur amino acids and hydrophobic amino acids. The content of fat fraction (6,3%) was low and crude fiber (2,7%) reported as chitin, reflected in the low calorie (4 kcal/g). The ratio of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was 1,66: 1: 1,08 and n6: n3 was 1: 1,35. It is concluded that GSM is an ingredient with potential for use in bread, crackers, seasonings, dressings, which could give them added value. However the limiting factor for use is in the smell and taste of fish, so that its application would be directed at the development of new products related with typical preparations that include fish and derivatives.

This paper provides new empirical insights on the joint distribution of consumption, income, and wealth in three of the poorest countries in the world — Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda — all located in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The first finding is that while income inequality is similar to that of the United States (US), wealth inequality is barely one-third that of the US. Similarly, while the top of the income distribution (1 and 10 percent) earns a similar share of total income in SSA as in the US, the share of total wealth accumulated by the income-rich in SSA is one-fifth of its US counterpart. The main contributions of the paper are to document: (i) this dwarfed transmission from income to wealth, which suggests that SSA households face a larger inability to save and accumulate wealth compared with US households; and (ii) a lower transmission from income to consumption inequality, which suggests the presence of powerful institutions that favor consumption insurance to the detriment of saving. These features are more relevant for rural areas, which represent roughly four-fifths of the total population. The paper identifies the few successful pockets of the SSA population that are able to accumulate wealth by exploring sources of inequality such as age, education, migration, borrowing ability, and societal systems.

Nepal depends entirely on imports for meeting its demand for petroleum products, which account for the largest share in total import volume. Diesel is the main petroleum product consumed in the country and accounts for 38 percent of the total national CO2 emissions from fuel consumption. There is a general perception that the country would economically benefit if part of imported diesel is substituted with domestically produced jatropha-based biodiesel. This study finds that the economics of jatropha-based biodiesel depend on several factors, such as diesel price, yield of jatropha seeds per hectare, and availability of markets for production byproducts, such as glycerol and jatropha cake. Under the scenarios considered, jatropha biodiesel is unlikely to be economically competitive in Nepal unless seed yields per hectare are implausibly large and high returns can be obtained from byproduct markets that do not yet exist. In the absence of byproduct markets, even earnings from a carbon credit do not help jatropha biodiesel to compete with diesel unless the credit value exceeds US$50/tCO2 (which is well above current values) and jatropha seed yield is at or above the midrange of the scenarios considered. Declines in diesel prices from the levels observed in 2009–13 only compound the economic competitiveness issue.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior No-tillage was only possible with the development of machines to work on specific seeding soils with straw on the surface, equipped with a plow blade and to facilitate the deposition of seed in the soil depths in uniform and with reduced tillage in furrow, in conditions conducive to germination / seedling emergence and root growth good for the crop. However, with the expansion of no-tillage and increasing crop areas, some of subterranean insects that spend at least one phase of its life cycle within the soil as larvae and Sternechus subsignatus and Diloboderus abderus passed the condition of plague, mainly due to the untilled soil. Another important aspect is the low efficiency of insecticides applied as seed treatment, caused these soil pests to increase in number each year in agriculture. On this basis, the general objective of this study was: (1) evaluate the performance (tensile strength, fuel consumption and slippage of the drive wheels of the tractor) to pull a planter adapted for application of liquid insecticides and lump in the groove sowing and, (2) compare three alternatives for the application of insecticides (seed treatment (ST), application of granular insecticides at sowing (GR) and application of liquid insecticides at sowing (LS) for the control of the main soil insect pests of soybean, wheat and rice led to tillage. Carbofuran had a phytotoxic effect of the seed and soybean seedlings, regardless of the position of application of carbofuran in the furrow, however, the closer the seed greater its phytotoxic effect. The demand of the traction force increases with increasing velocity of the tractor-planter. There was an increase of 12.31% in demand for heavy load, when the forward speed increased from 5.0 to 7.0 km.h-1. The average traction force applied by the seed line was 1.35 kN. Fuel consumption has not increased with increasing velocity of the tractor-planter. When we increased the forward speed of 5.0 to 7.0 km.h-1 produced a reduction in fuel consumption per hectare in the order of 29.3%. The slip of the drive wheels of the tractor was larger, the deeper the performance of furrow fertilizer. Among the three alternatives for the application of insecticides (TS, LS and GR), had no control efficiencies greater than 80% over Diloboderus abderus in wheat. In rice control and the three alternatives Oryzophagus oryzae control (TS, LS and GR) were effective. O plantio direto somente foi possível com o desenvolvimento de máquinas semeadoras específicas para trabalho em solos com palha na superfície, equipadas com disco de corte e sulcador que facilitam a deposição da semente no solo em profundidades uniforme e com reduzido revolvimento no sulco de semeadura, em condições que favoreçam a germinação/emergência das plântulas e bom crescimento radicular para a cultura. Entretanto, com a expansão do sistema de plantio direto e do aumento das áreas de cultivo, alguns insetos de hábito subterrâneo, que passam pelo menos uma fase do seu ciclo de vida no interior do solo, como as larvas de Sternechus subsignatus e Diloboderus abderus passaram a condição de praga, devido principalmente ao não revolvimento do solo. Outro aspecto importante é a baixa eficiência dos inseticidas aplicados via tratamento de sementes, fez com que essas pragas de solo aumentassem em número a cada ano agrícola. Com base nisso, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi: (1) avaliar o desempenho (força de tração; consumo de combustível e patinagem das rodas motrizes do trator) para tracionar uma semeadora-adubadora adaptada para aplicação de inseticidas líquidos e granulados no sulco de semeadura e; (2) comparar três alternativas de aplicação de inseticidas (tratamento de sementes (TS); aplicação de inseticidas granulados no sulco de semeadura (GR) e aplicação de inseticidas líquidos no sulco de semeadura (LS), para o controle dos principais insetos-praga de solo das culturas da soja, trigo e arroz irrigado conduzido em sistema plantio direto. Carbofurano apresentou efeito fitotóxico as semente e plântulas de soja, independente da posição de aplicação de carbofurano no sulco de semeadura, entretanto, quanto mais próximo da semente maior é seu efeito fitotóxico. A demanda de força de tração aumenta com o aumento da velocidade de deslocamento do conjunto trator-semeadora. Houve um incremento de 12,31 % na demanda de força de tração, quando a velocidade de deslocamento passou de 5,0 para 7,0 km.h-1. A força de tração média requerida por linha de semeadura foi de 1,35 kN. O consumo de combustível não aumentou com o aumento da velocidade de deslocamento do conjunto tratorsemeadora. Quando se aumentou a velocidade de deslocamento de 5,0 para 7,0 km.h-1 houve uma redução no consumo de combustível por hectare na ordem de 29,3%. A patinagem das rodas motrizes do trator foi maior, quanto mais profundo de atuação do sulcador de adubo. Dentre as três alternativas de aplicação de inseticidas (TS, GR e LS), nenhuma apresentou eficiência de controle superior a 80% sobre Diloboderus abderus em trigo. Em arroz irrigado o controle e Oryzophagus oryzae nas três alternativas de controle (TS, GR e LS) apresentaram-se eficientes.

The theoretical case for industrial policy is a strong one. The market failures that industrial policies target in markets for credit, labor, products, and knowledge have long been at the core of what development economists study. The conventional case against industrial policy rests on practical difficulties with its implementation. Even though the issues could in principle be settled by empirical evidence, the evidence to date remains uninformative. Moreover, the conceptual difficulties involved in statistical inference in this area are so great that it is hard to see how statistical evidence could ever yield a convincing verdict. A review of industrial policy in three non-Asian settings El Salvador, Uruguay, and South Africa highlights the extensive amount of industrial policy that is already being carried out and frames the need for industrial policy in the specific circumstances of individual countries. The traditional informational and bureaucratic constraints on the exercise of industrial policy are not givens; they can be molded and rendered less binding through appropriate institutional design. Three key design attributes that industrial policy must possess are embeddedness, carrots-and-sticks, and accountability.

Rapporten sammanfattar hur man tar hand om olika typer av avfall i svensk skogsindustri idag. Hanteringen har påverkats av den införda deponeringsskatten, förbudet att deponera brännbart avfall från 2002, och kommande förbud att deponera organiskt material. Den innehåller också en sammanfattning av läget beträffande återföring av aska till skogsmark. De avfallsslag som tas upp är askor, grönlutsslam, mesa, sodastoft, bioslam, kemslam, fiberslam, avsvärtningsslam, smetrester och renseri- och vedgårdsavfall. Trenden för oorganiska produkter går mot konstruktionsmaterial, medan organiska slam i allt högre grad blir bränsle eller jordprodukter. Viktigt för den fortsatta hanteringen av många avfallsslag blir hur man kommer att definiera organiskt avfall inför deponeringsförbudet år 2005 Rapporten sammanfattar hur man tar hand om olika typer av avfall i svensk skogsindustri idag. Hanteringen har påverkats av den införda deponeringsskatten, förbudet att deponera brännbart avfall från 2002, och kommande förbud att deponera organiskt material. Den innehåller också en sammanfattning av läget beträffande återföring av aska till skogsmark. De avfallsslag som tas upp är askor, grönlutsslam, mesa, sodastoft, bioslam, kemslam, fiberslam, avsvärtningsslam, smetrester och renseri- och vedgårdsavfall. Trenden för oorganiska produkter går mot konstruktionsmaterial, medan organiska slam i allt högre grad blir bränsle eller jordprodukter. Viktigt för den fortsatta hanteringen av många avfallsslag blir hur man kommer att definiera organiskt avfall inför deponeringsförbudet år 2005