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A dense plasma focus (DPF) is a relatively compact coaxial plasma gun, which completes its discharge as a Z-pinch. These devices are designed to operate at a variety of scales to produce short (

For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum , an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compared it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (e.g., monocots and Nelumbo ). This revealed lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA , which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also found the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent loss of vascular cambium reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent events of trait loss. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness—one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.

Generating cold single component electron plasmas, below 20K, is of interest to many experiments that require low temperatures for optimizing recombination rates or producing monoenergetic beams. Here, we report on the demonstration of a technique that allows for rapid cooling of a single-component electron plasma confined in a Penning trap. Electrons are confined in an electromagnetic cavity, allowing use of the Purcell effect to enhance spontaneous emission of cyclotron radiation in the cavity. This allows for faster passive thermalization of the confined plasma to the temperature of electrodes that constitute the cavity.

The ALPHA collaboration has successfully demonstrated the production and the confinement of cold antihydrogen, $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$. An analysis of trapping data allowed a stringent limit to be placed on the electric charge of the simplest antiatom. Charge neutrality of matter is known to a very high precision, hence a neutrality limit of $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ provides a test of CPT invariance. The experimental technique is based on the measurement of the deflection of putatively charged $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ in an electric field. The tendency for trapped $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ atoms to be displaced by electrostatic fields is measured and compared to the results of a detailed simulation of $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ dynamics in the trap. An extensive survey of the systematic errors is performed, with particular attention to those due to the silicon vertex detector, which is the device used to determine the $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ annihilation position. The limit obtained on the charge of the $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ atom is \mbox{$ Q = (-1.3\pm1.8\pm0.4)\times10^{-8}$}, representing the first precision measurement with $\overline{\mathrm{H}}$., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures

Studies of gene expression during seed development have been performed for a growing collection of species from a phylogenetically broad sampling of flowering plants (angiosperms). However, attention has mostly been focused on crop species or a small number of ‘model’ systems. Information on gene expression during seed development is minimal for those angiosperm lineages whose origins predate the divergence of monocots and eudicots. In order to provide a new perspective on the early evolution of seed development in flowering plants, we sequenced transcriptomes of whole ovules and seeds from three key stages of reproductive development in the waterlily Nymphaea thermarum, an experimentally-tractable member of the Nymphaeales. We first explore general patterns of gene expression, beginning with mature ovules and continuing through fertilization into early- and mid-seed development. We then examine the expression of genes associated with DNA and histone methylation – processes known to be essential for development in distantly-related and structurally-divergent monocots and eudicots. Around 60% of transcripts putatively homologous to DNA and histone methylation modifiers are differentially expressed during seed development in N. thermarum, suggesting that the importance of dynamic epigenetic patterning during seed development dates to the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution. However, genes involved in establishing, maintaining, and removing methylation marks associated with genetic imprinting show a mix of conserved and unique expression patterns between N. thermarum and other flowering plants. Our data suggests that the regulation of imprinting has likely changed throughout angiosperm evolution, and furthermore identifies genes that merit further characterization in any angiosperm system.

Seeds are a key life cycle stage for many plants. Seeds are also the basis of agriculture and the primary source of calories consumed by humans1. Here, we employ single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to generate a transcriptional atlas of developing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, with a focus on endosperm. Endosperm, the primary site of gene imprinting in flowering plants, mediates the relationship between the maternal parent and the embryo2. We identify transcriptionally uncharacterized nuclei types in the chalazal endosperm, which interfaces with maternal tissue for nutrient unloading3,4. We demonstrate that the extent of parental bias of maternally expressed imprinted genes varies with cell-cycle phase, and that imprinting of paternally expressed imprinted genes is strongest in chalazal endosperm. Thus, imprinting is spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Increased paternal expression in the chalazal region suggests that parental conflict, which is proposed to drive imprinting evolution, is fiercest at the boundary between filial and maternal tissues. This study generated a transcriptional atlas of developing Arabidopsis seeds with single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, reporting transcriptionally uncharacterized nuclei types in the chalazal endosperm and spatially and temporally heterogenous imprinting in the seeds.

Seeds are the basis of agriculture, yet their full transcriptional complexity has remained unknown. Here, we employ single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to characterize developing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, with a focus on endosperm. Endosperm, the site of gene imprinting in plants, mediates the relationship between the maternal parent and embryo. We identify new cell types in the chalazal endosperm region, which interfaces with maternal tissue for nutrient unloading. We further demonstrate that the extent of parental bias of maternally expressed imprinted genes varies with cell cycle phase, and that imprinting of paternally expressed imprinted genes is strongest in chalazal endosperm. These data indicate imprinting in endosperm is heterogeneous and suggest that parental conflict, which is proposed to drive the evolution of imprinting, is fiercest at the boundary between filial and maternal tissues.

For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily

The temperature of a nonneutral plasma confined in a Penning-Malmberg trap can be determined by slowly lowering one side of the trap's electrostatic axial confinement barrier; the temperature is inferred from the rate at which particles escape the trap as a function of the barrier height. In many experiments, the escaping particles are directed toward a microchannel plate, and the resulting amplified charge is collected on a phosphor screen. The screen is used for imaging the plasma but can also be used as a Faraday cup (FC) for a temperature measurement. The sensitivity limit is then set by microphonic noise enhanced by the screen's high-voltage bias. Alternately, a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) can be employed to measure the charge via the light emitted from the phosphor screen. This decouples the signal from the microphonic noise and allows the temperature of colder and smaller plasmas to be measured than could be measured previously; this paper focuses on the advantages of a SiPM over a FC.

Chiara Lubich possessed “an almost prophetic capacity to intuit and actualise beforehand ‘the thought of the Pope’.” These significant words of Benedict XVI appear in a letter, read out by the Secretary of State, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, at Chiara Lubich’s funeral Mass in 2008, following the Pope’s mention of her uninterrupted bond with his predecessors from John XXIII to John Paul II. Saint John Paul II, born in the same year as Chiara and whose papacy was the longest to run in parallel with her action as Founder and President of the Focolare Movement, would surely have agreed on several counts. In his 1984 visit to the International Centre of the Focolare in Rocca di Papa, he had put his finger on one example recognising “the radicalism of love of Chiara, of the Focolarini,” – a “Gospel radicalism of love” – as an answer to what had long been his concern for a hate-dominated world. He saw it as a source of renewal in the direction of the vision of Church outlined in the Vatican Constitutions Lumen gentium and Gaudium et spes. [excerpt], peer-reviewed

For more than 225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines (1–4). Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ~135 million years ago (MYA) (5), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium (6), the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem (7–9), which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here we sequence and assemble a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compare it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (like monocots and Nelumbo). This reveals lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also find the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent vascular cambium loss reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent trait loss events. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness – one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.Significance StatementFor ~225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of flowering plants ~135 million years ago, Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first seed plant lineages to become herbaceous through loss of the meristematic cell population known as the vascular cambium. We sequence and assemble the draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, and compare it to genomes of other plants that have retained or lost the vascular cambium. By using both genome-wide and candidate-gene analysis, we find lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence associated with cambium loss. Our reveal divergent genomic signatures of convergent trait loss in a system characterized by complex gene-trait relationships.

* Doutora em Educação pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe com estágio de doutorado sanduíche no Istituto Universitario Sophia, Itália (2012). Professora das Faculdades Integradas de Sergipe - FISE e da Faculdade Jardins (2014). Membro da Sociedade Brasileira de História da Educação.** Doutora em Teologia Dogmática pela Pontificia Università Lateranense, Roma. Professora do Istituto UniversitarioUSophia. Coordenadora do Programa de Doutorado em Pesquisa Transdisciplinar "Fondamenti e Prospettive di una Cultura dell'Unità ", Istituto Universitario Sophia."Escrever-te-ei sem demora"! O epistolario de Chiara Lubich: estratégias e práticasResumo: Este artigo ressalta o debate acerca dos usos das correspondências como fonte para os estudos de História da Educação e, sobretudo, da História da Educação religiosa católica. Chiara Lubich, professora italiana, adotou as cartas como um recurso de formação capaz de chegar a pessoas e lugares onde não poderia estar fisicamente e, ao longo de sua vida, criou uma abordagem educativa por meio epistolar que, pela notoriedade em âmbito religioso e social, pode ser considerada uma perspectiva diferenciada de pedagogia católica. O estudo visa identificar por meio da análise de um de seus epistolários, o enfoque pedagógico contido em seus escritos. A reflexão apresenta como subsídios teóricos os conceitos de materialidade de Roger Chartier; carisma, campo religioso e relações simbólicas de Pierre Bourdieu, além de estratégia e tática de Michel de Certeau.Palavras-chave: Correspondências. Chiara Lubich. Pedagogia. História da Educação."I will write immediately"! The Chiara Lubich's epitolary: strategies and practicesAbstract: This article emphasizes the debate about the use of written correspondence as a source for the study of the History of Education and especially the history of Catholic religious education. Chiara Lubich, an Italian Catholic school teacher who, used letters as a privileged way to keep in touch with the people. She took letters as a resource able to reach people and places where she could not be physically present and, created an educational approach epistolary, who can be considered as a different perspective in Catholic pedagogy. The research aims to identify and analyze how Chiara's teaching activity through epistolary medium was configured and, specifically, what formative approach is contained in these writings. The theoretical foundation of the research is based on the concepts of materiality, by Roger Chartier; charisma, religious field and symbolic relations of Pierre Bourdieu; in addition, Michel de Certeau's strategy and tactic were used.Keywords: Chiara Lubich. Correspondence. History of Education. Pedagogy."Ti scriverò presto"! Lo epistolà rio di Chiara Lubich: strategia e praticheSommario:Obiettivo di questo lavoro è l'analisi della valenza formativa della scrittura epistolare nella storia dell'educazione, soprattutto nella storia dell'educazione cattolica. Chiara Lubich, un'insegnante italiana, ha utilizzato la "corrispondenza" come "metodo" di formazione e "mezzo" privilegiato per raggiungere e rimanere in contatto con le persone anche in luoghi in cui non poteva essere fisicamente presente. L'epistolario di Chiara, anche per la sua notorietà in ambito religioso e sociale, può essere considerato come un particolare approccio educativo nell'ambito della pedagogia Cattolica. Lo studio si propone di individuare attraverso l'analisi di uno dei suoi epistolari, l'approccio pedagogico contenute nei suoi scritti. La riflessione presenta come supporto teorico i concetti di materialità di Roger Chartier; carisma, campo religioso e relazioni simboliche di Pierre Bourdieu; strategia e tattica di Michel de Certeau.Parole chiave: Chiara Lubich. Pedagogia. Scrittura epistolare. Storia dell Educazione.Data de registro: 17/11/2015Data de aceite: 18/01/2016Referências:ANNUARIO della R. Scuola Complementare "N. E p.Bronzetti" di Trento. Per l'anno scolastico 1927-1928. Anno VI dell'era fascista. Trento: Tipografia - Libreria Ed. G. B. Monauni, 1928.ANNUARIO della R. Scuola di avviamento al lavoro "N. E p.Bronzetti" classe I e della R. Scuola Complementare classe II e III di Trento. 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