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The problem of designing double-sided printed circuit boards in the form of synthesis of flat structures of electronic circuit diagrams at the design stage is considered. The aim of the work is to arrange the connections on two sides of the printed circuit board without jumpers, which facilitates the conditions for routes to any tracer of modern design programs. The main drawback of all the algorithms used is the principle of sequential and fragmented viewing of the commutation space incorporated in them. To solve this problem, it is necessary to use the graph theoretical method, rather than the topographic method, where priority is given to the metric aspect of the problem. The graph theoretical method involves preliminary stratification of the graph on two sides of the printed circuit board and analysis of the planarity of the graph circuit with subsequent elimination of jumpers, assigning a conflict link of the route to the back of the circuit board.

Theoretical and experimental studies established relationships between the main variables in the heat-mass transfer for the freezing of drops and the generation, growth and melting of hail. The test data were parameterized according to analytical studies and dimensionless and dimensional formulas are presented for general use.