Search

Long and short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are thought to arise from different and unrelated astrophysical progenitors. The association of long GRBs with supernovae (SNe) and the difference in the distributions of galactocentric offsets of long and short GRBs within their host galaxies have often been considered strong evidence of their unrelated origins. Long GRBs have been thought to result from the collapse of single massive stars, while short GRBs come from mergers of compact object binaries. Our present study challenges this conventional view. We demonstrate that the observational properties, such as the association with SNe and the different galactic offsets, are naturally explained within the framework of the binary-driven hypernova model, suggesting an evolutionary connection between long and short GRBs., Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D

Botnets could autonomously infect, propagate, communicate and coordinate with other members in the botnet, enabling cybercriminals to exploit the cumulative computing and bandwidth of its bots to facilitate cybercrime. Traditional detection methods are becoming increasingly unsuitable against various network-based detection evasion methods. These techniques ultimately render signature-based fingerprinting detection infeasible and thus this research explores the application of network flow-based behavioural modelling to facilitate the binary classification of bot network activity, whereby the detection is independent of underlying communications architectures, ports, protocols and payload-based detection evasion mechanisms. A comparative evaluation of various machine learning classification methods is conducted, to precisely determine the average accuracy of each classifier on bot datasets like CTU-13, ISOT 2010 and ISCX 2014. Additionally, hyperparameter tuning using Genetic Algorithm (GA), aiming to efficiently converge to the fittest hyperparameter set for each dataset was done. The bioinspired optimisation of Random Forest (RF) with GA achieved an average accuracy of 99.85% when it was tested against the three datasets. The model was then developed into a software product. The YouTube link of the project and demo of the software developed: https://youtu.be/gNQjC91VtOI, Comment: 24 pages

Detecting gamma-ray emission from radioactive decay in r-process-enriched kilonova and supernova remnants offers a direct method for probing heavy element synthesis in the Milky Way. We assess the feasibility of such detections through an all-sky survey using mock instruments similar to the COmpton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) and targeted observations with sensitive, low field-of-view instruments similar to the High Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P). By modeling the spatial distribution of potential remnants and generating synthetic time-evolving gamma-ray spectra, we compare predicted fluxes to the sensitivity limits of each instrument. Our findings suggest that the likelihood of detecting kilonova remnants with COSI-like instruments over a 24-month observing cycle is extremely low (~1%), highlighting the need for instruments with at least ten times greater sensitivity to make such detections more probable. The superior sensitivity of a HEX-P-like instrument offers higher chances of detection, provided suitable targets are identified. We propose methods for optimizing target selection and outline the observational advancements needed to improve detectability prospects. Both detections and non-detections carry important implications for our understanding of galactic r-process nucleosynthesis, influencing future observational strategies.

We give an overview of the science objectives and mission design of the Spectroscopic Time-Resolving Observatory for Broadband Energy X-rays (STROBE-X) observatory, which has been proposed as a NASA probe-class (~$1.5B) mission in response to the Astro2020 recommendation for an X-ray probe., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in JATIS

JWST observations of the young Galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A revealed an unexpected structure seen as a green emission feature in colored composite MIRI F1130W and F1280W images - hence dubbed the Green Monster - that stretches across the central parts of the remnant in projection. Combining the kinematic information from NIRSpec and MIRI MRS with the multi-wavelength imaging from NIRCam and MIRI, we associate the Green Monster with circumstellar material that was lost during an asymmetric mass-loss phase. MIRI images are dominated by dust emission but its spectra show emission lines from Ne, H and Fe with low radial velocities indicative of a CSM nature. An X-ray analysis of this feature in a companion paper (Vink et al. 2024) supports its CSM nature and detects significant blue shifting, thereby placing the Green Monster on the near side, in front of the Cas A SN remnant. The most striking features of the Green Monster are dozens of almost perfectly circular 1" - 3" sized holes, most likely created by interaction between high-velocity SN ejecta material and the CSM. Further investigation is needed to understand whether these holes were formed by small 8000-10500 km/s N-rich ejecta knots that penetrated and advanced out ahead of the remnant's 5000 - 6000 km/s outer blastwave, or by narrow ejecta fingers that protrude into the forward-shocked CSM. The detection of the Green Monster provides further evidence of the highly asymmetric mass-loss that Cas A's progenitor star underwent prior to explosion., Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures, resubmitted to ApJL after minor revision, comments welcome

The binary-driven hypernova (BdHN) model proposes long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate in binaries composed of a carbon-oxygen (CO) star and a neutron star (NS) companion. The CO core collapse generates a newborn NS and a supernova that triggers the GRB by accreting onto the NSs, rapidly transferring mass and angular momentum to them. This article aims to determine the conditions under which a black hole (BH) forms from NS collapse induced by the accretion and the impact on the GRB observational properties and taxonomy. We perform three-dimensional, smoothed-particle-hydrodynamics simulations of BdHNe using up-to-date NS nuclear equations of state (EOS), with and without hyperons, and calculate the structure evolution in full general relativity. We assess the binary parameters leading either NS in the binary to the critical mass for gravitational collapse into a BH and its occurrence time, $t_{\rm col}$. We include a non-zero angular momentum of the NSs and find that $t_{\rm col}$ ranges from a few tens of seconds to hours for decreasing NS initial angular momentum values. BdHNe I are the most compact (about five minutes orbital period), promptly form a BH and release $\gtrsim 10^{52}$ erg. They form NS-BH binaries with tens of kyr merger timescale by gravitational-wave emission. BdHNe II and III do not form BHs, release $\sim 10^{50}$-$10^{52}$ erg and $\lesssim 10^{50}$ erg. They form NS-NS binaries with a range of merger timescales larger than for NS-BH binaries. In some compact BdHNe II, either NS can become supramassive, i.e., above the critical mass of a non-rotating NS. Magnetic braking by a $10^{13}$ G field can delay BH formation, leading to BH-BH or NS-BH of tens of kyr merger timescale., Comment: Version accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Companies are facing a persistent and growing skills gap, which has been exacerbated by the tight labor market. Employers use industry certifications, college degrees, boot camps, and badges to measure job skills, but until recently it was impossible to compare certifications or degree attainment. This paper describes credential transparency and its benefits--how it provides specific details on a credential program's length, cost, competencies, skills provided, level of mastery targeted, earnings potential, and employment outcomes, and allows individuals to compare credentials to see which is more likely to result in a preferred career or higher wages. The federal government has taken steps to promote the use of credential transparency and currently 26 states are engaged in important work around its use, allowing them to measure return on investment, align credential offerings with economic needs, and support the creation of digital transcripts and learning and employment records.

We present JWST NIRCam (F356W and F444W filters) and MIRI (F770W) images and NIRSpec- IFU spectroscopy of the young supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A). We obtained the data as part of a JWST survey of Cas A. The NIRCam and MIRI images map the spatial distributions of synchrotron radiation, Ar-rich ejecta, and CO on both large and small scales, revealing remarkably complex structures. The CO emission is stronger at the outer layers than the Ar ejecta, which indicates the reformation of CO molecules behind the reverse shock. NIRSpec-IFU spectra (3 - 5.5 microns) were obtained toward two representative knots in the NE and S fields. Both regions are dominated by the bright fundamental rovibrational band of CO in the two R and P branches, with strong [Ar VI] and relatively weaker, variable strength ejecta lines of [Si IX], [Ca IV], [Ca V] and [Mg IV]. The NIRSpec-IFU data resolve individual ejecta knots and filaments spatially and in velocity space. The fundamental CO band in the JWST spectra reveals unique shapes of CO, showing a few tens of sinusoidal patterns of rovibrational lines with pseudo-continuum underneath, which is attributed to the high-velocity widths of CO lines. The CO also shows high J lines at different vibrational transitions. Our results with LTE modeling of CO emission indicate a temperature of 1080 K and provide unique insight into the correlations between dust, molecules, and highly ionized ejecta in supernovae, and have strong ramifications for modeling dust formation that is led by CO cooling in the early Universe., Comment: accepted for the ApJ letter (17 pages and 10 figures)

The $\gamma$-process in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) can produce a number of neutron-deficient stable isotopes heavier than iron (p-nuclei). However, current model predictions do to not fully reproduce the solar abundances. We investigate the impact of different explosion energies and parameters on the nucleosynthesis of p-nuclei, by studying stellar models with different initial masses and CCSN explosions. We find that the total p-nuclei yields are only marginally affected by the CCSN explosion prescriptions if the $\gamma$-process production is already efficient in the stellar progenitors due to a C-O shell merger. In most of CCSN explosions from progenitors without C-O shell merger, the $\gamma$-process yields increase with the explosion energy up to an order of magnitude, depending on the progenitor structure and the CCSN prescriptions. The trend of the p-nuclei production with the explosion energy is more complicated if we look at the production of single p-nuclei. The light p-nuclei tend to be the most enhanced with increasing the explosion energy. In particular, for the CCSN models where the $\alpha$-rich freeze-out component is ejected, the yields of the lightest p-nuclei increase by up to three orders of magnitude. We provide the first extensive study using different sets of massive stars of the impact of varying CCSN explosion prescriptions on the production of the p-nuclei. Unlike previous expectations and recent results in the literature, we find that the average production of p-nuclei tends to increase with the explosion energy. We also confirm that the pre-explosive production of p-nuclei in C-O shell mergers is a robust result, independently from the subsequent explosive nucleosynthesis. A realistic range of variations in the evolution of stellar progenitors and in the CCSN explosions might boost the CCSN contribution to the galactic chemical evolution of p-nuclei., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Kilonovae are the electromagnetic transients created by the radioactive decay of freshly synthesized elements in the environment surrounding a neutron star merger. To study the fundamental physics in these complex environments, kilonova modeling requires, in part, the use of radiative transfer simulations. The microphysics involved in these simulations results in high computational cost, prompting the use of emulators for parameter inference applications. Utilizing a training set of 22248 high-fidelity simulations (composed of 412 unique ejecta parameter combinations evaluated at 54 viewing angles), we use a neural network to efficiently train on existing radiative transfer simulations and predict light curves for new parameters in a fast and computationally efficient manner. Our neural network can generate millions of new light curves in under a minute. We discuss our emulator's degree of off-sample reliability and parameter inference of the AT2017gfo observational data. Finally, we discuss tension introduced by multi-band inference in the parameter inference results, particularly with regard to the neural network's recovery of viewing angle., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures

We present smoothed-particle-hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of the binary-driven hypernova (BdHN) scenario of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), focusing on the binary stability during the supernova (SN) explosion. The BdHN progenitor is a binary comprised of a carbon-oxygen (CO) star and a neutron star (NS) companion. The core collapse of the CO leads to an SN explosion and a newborn NS ($\nu$NS) at its center. Ejected material accretes onto the NS and the $\nu$NS. BdHNe of type I have compact orbits of a few minutes, the NS reaches the critical mass, forming a black hole (BH), and the energy release is $\gtrsim 10^{52}$ erg. BdHNe II have longer periods of tens of minutes to hours; the NS becomes more massive, remains stable, and the system releases $\sim 10^{50}$-$10^{52}$ erg. BdHN III have longer periods, even days, where the accretion is negligible, and the energy released is $\lesssim 10^{50}$ erg. We assess whether the system remains gravitationally bound after the SN explosion, leading to an NS-BH in BdHN I, an NS-NS in BdHN II and III, or if the SN explosion disrupts the system. The existence of bound systems predicts an evolutionary connection between the long and short GRB populations. We determine the binary parameters for which the binary remains bound after the BdHN event. For these binaries, we derive fitting formulas of the numerical results for the main parameters, e.g., the mass loss, the SN explosion energy, orbital period, eccentricity, center-of-mass velocity, and the relation between the initial and final binary parameters, which are useful for outlined astrophysical applications., Comment: Submitted

Machine learning model bias can arise from dataset composition: correlated sensitive features can disturb the downstream classification model's decision boundary and lead to performance differences along these features. Existing de-biasing works tackle most prominent bias features, like colors of digits or background of animals. However, a real-world dataset often includes a large number of feature correlations, that manifest intrinsically in the data as common sense information. Such spurious visual cues can further reduce model robustness. Thus, practitioners desire the whole picture of correlations and flexibility to treat concerned bias for specific domain tasks. With this goal, we propose a novel framework to extract comprehensive bias information in image datasets based on textual descriptions, a common sense-rich modality. Specifically, features are constructed by clustering noun phrase embeddings of similar semantics. Each feature's appearance across a dataset is inferred and their co-occurrence statistics are measured, with spurious correlations optionally examined by a human-in-the-loop interface. Downstream experiments show that our method discovers novel model biases on multiple image benchmark datasets. Furthermore, the discovered bias can be mitigated by a simple data re-weighting strategy that de-correlates the features, and outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised bias mitigation methods., Comment: Accepted for AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)

The interaction of $\beta$-particles with the weakly ionized plasma background is an important mechanism for powering the kilonova transient signal from neutron star mergers. For this purpose, we present an implementation of the approximate fast-particle collision kernel, described by Inokuti (1971) following the seminal formulation of Bethe (1930), in a spectral solver of the Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann equations. In particular, we expand the fast-particle plane-wave atomic excitation kernel into coefficients of the Hermite basis, and derive the relevant discrete spectral system. In this fast-particle limit, the approach permits the direct use of atomic data, including optical oscillator strengths, normally applied to photon-matter interaction. The resulting spectral matrix is implemented in the MASS-APP spectral solver framework, in a way that avoids full matrix storage per spatial zone. We numerically verify aspects of the matrix construction, and present a proof-of-principle 3D simulation of a 2D axisymmetric kilonova ejecta snapshot. Our preliminary numerical results indicate that a reasonable choice of Hermite basis parameters for $\beta$-particles in the kilonova are a bulk velocity parameter $\vec{u}=0$, a thermal velocity parameter $\vec{\alpha}=0.5c$, and a 9x9x9 mode velocity basis set (Hermite orders 0 to 8 in each dimension). For ejecta-interior sample zones, we estimate the ratio of thermalization from large-angle ($\gtrsim2.5^{\circ}$) bound excitation scattering to total thermalization is $\sim$0.002-0.003., Comment: Accepted to ApJ, 26 pages, 8 figures

We present initial results from a JWST survey of the youngest Galactic core-collapse supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A), made up of NIRCam and MIRI imaging mosaics that map emission from the main shell, interior, and surrounding circumstellar/interstellar material (CSM/ISM). We also present four exploratory positions of MIRI/MRS IFU spectroscopy that sample ejecta, CSM, and associated dust from representative shocked and unshocked regions. Surprising discoveries include: 1) a web-like network of unshocked ejecta filaments resolved to 0.01 pc scales exhibiting an overall morphology consistent with turbulent mixing of cool, low-entropy matter from the progenitor's oxygen layer with hot, high-entropy matter heated by neutrino interactions and radioactivity, 2) a thick sheet of dust-dominated emission from shocked CSM seen in projection toward the remnant's interior pockmarked with small (approximately one arcsecond) round holes formed by knots of high-velocity ejecta that have pierced through the CSM and driven expanding tangential shocks, 3) dozens of light echoes with angular sizes between 0.1 arcsecond to 1 arcminute reflecting previously unseen fine-scale structure in the ISM. NIRCam observations place new upper limits on infrared emission from the neutron star in Cas A's center and tightly constrain scenarios involving a possible fallback disk. These JWST survey data and initial findings help address unresolved questions about massive star explosions that have broad implications for the formation and evolution of stellar populations, the metal and dust enrichment of galaxies, and the origin of compact remnant objects., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures, now published in ApJL

HEX-P is a probe-class mission concept that will combine high spatial resolution X-ray imaging ($<10"$ full width at half maximum) and broad spectral coverage (0.2--80 keV) with an effective area far superior to current facilities (including XMM-Newton and NuSTAR) to enable revolutionary new insights into a variety of important astrophysical problems. HEX-P is ideally suited to address important problems in the physics and astrophysics of supernova remnants (SNRs) and pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe). For shell SNRs, HEX-P can greatly improve our understanding via more accurate spectral characterization and localization of non-thermal X-ray emission from both non-thermal-dominated SNRs and those containing both thermal and non-thermal components, and can discover previously unknown non-thermal components in SNRs. Multi-epoch HEX-P observations of several young SNRs (e.g., Cas A and Tycho) are expected to detect year-scale variabilities of X-ray filaments and knots, thus enabling us to determine fundamental parameters related to diffusive shock acceleration, such as local magnetic field strengths and maximum electron energies. For PWNe, HEX-P will provide spatially-resolved, broadband X-ray spectral data separately from their pulsar emission, allowing us to study how particle acceleration, cooling, and propagation operate in different evolution stages of PWNe. HEX-P is also poised to make unique and significant contributions to nuclear astrophysics of Galactic radioactive sources by improving detections of, or limits on, $^{44}$Ti in the youngest SNRs and by potentially discovering rare nuclear lines as evidence of double neutron star mergers. Throughout the paper, we present simulations of each class of objects, demonstrating the power of both the imaging and spectral capabilities of HEX-P to advance our knowledge of SNRs, PWNe, and nuclear astrophysics., Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures; part of a suite of papers describing the HEX-P hard X-ray mission concept

HEX-P is a probe-class mission concept that will combine high spatial resolution X-ray imaging (<10" FWHM) and broad spectral coverage (0.2-80 keV) with an effective area far superior to current facilities (including XMM-Newton and NuSTAR) to enable revolutionary new insights into a variety of important astrophysical problems. With the recent discoveries of over 40 ultra-high-energy gamma-ray sources (detected above 100 TeV) and neutrino emission in the Galactic Plane, we have entered a new era of multi-messenger astrophysics facing the exciting reality of Galactic PeVatrons. In the next decade, as more Galactic PeVatrons and TeV gamma-ray sources are expected to be discovered, the identification of their acceleration and emission mechanisms will be the most pressing issue in both particle and high-energy astrophysics. In this paper, along with its companion papers (Reynolds et al. 2023, Mori et al. 2023), we will present that HEX-P is uniquely suited to address important problems in various cosmic-ray accelerators, including Galactic PeVatrons, through investigating synchrotron X-ray emission of TeV-PeV electrons produced by both leptonic and hadronic processes., Comment: 31 pages, 12 figures, submitted to FrASS

LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, will usher in a new era in gravitational-wave astronomy. As the first anticipated space-based gravitational-wave detector, it will expand our view to the millihertz gravitational-wave sky, where a spectacular variety of interesting new sources abound: from millions of ultra-compact binaries in our Galaxy, to mergers of massive black holes at cosmological distances; from the beginnings of inspirals that will venture into the ground-based detectors' view to the death spiral of compact objects into massive black holes, and many sources in between. Central to realising LISA's discovery potential are waveform models, the theoretical and phenomenological predictions of the pattern of gravitational waves that these sources emit. This white paper is presented on behalf of the Waveform Working Group for the LISA Consortium. It provides a review of the current state of waveform models for LISA sources, and describes the significant challenges that must yet be overcome., Comment: 239 pages, 11 figures, white paper from the LISA Consortium Waveform Working Group, invited for submission to Living Reviews in Relativity, updated with comments from community

Core-collapse explosions of massive stars leave behind neutron stars, with a known diversity that includes the "Central Compact Objects" (CCOs). Typified by the neutron star discovered near the centre of the Cas A supernova remnant (SNR), CCOs have been observed to shine only in X-rays. To address their supernova progenitors, we perform a systematic study of SNRs that contain a CCO and display X-ray emission from their shock-heated ejecta. We make use of X-ray data primarily using the Chandra X-ray observatory, complemented with XMM-Newton. This study uses a systematic approach to the analysis of each SNR aimed at addressing the supernova progenitor as well as the explosion properties (energy and ambient density). After fitting for the ejecta abundances estimated from a spatially resolved spectroscopic study, we compare the data to six nucleosynthesis models making predictions on supernova ejecta yields in core-collapse explosions. We find that the explosion models commonly used by the astrophysics community do not match the ejecta yields for any of the SNRs, suggesting additional physics, e.g. multi-dimensional explosion models or updated progenitor structures, are required. Overall we find low-mass ($\leq$25 solar masses) progenitors among the massive stars population and low-energy explosions ($<$10$^{51}$ ergs). We discuss degeneracies in our model fitting, particularly how altering the explosion energy affects the estimate of the progenitor mass. Our systematic study highlights the need for improving on the theoretical models for nucleosynthesis predictions as well as for sensitive, high-resolution spectroscopy observations to be acquired with next-generation X-ray missions., Comment: 29 pages, 64 figures, 17 Tables; to appear in MNRAS

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) satellite mission in development with a planned launch in 2027. COSI is a wide-field gamma-ray telescope designed to survey the entire sky at 0.2-5 MeV. It provides imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry of astrophysical sources, and its germanium detectors provide excellent energy resolution for emission line measurements. Science goals for COSI include studies of 0.511 MeV emission from antimatter annihilation in the Galaxy, mapping radioactive elements from nucleosynthesis, determining emission mechanisms and source geometries with polarization measurements, and detecting and localizing multimessenger sources. The instantaneous field of view for the germanium detectors is >25% of the sky, and they are surrounded on the sides and bottom by active shields, providing background rejection as well as allowing for detection of gamma-ray bursts and other gamma-ray flares over most of the sky. In the following, we provide an overview of the COSI mission, including the science, the technical design, and the project status., Comment: 8 pages

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a selected Small Explorer (SMEX) mission launching in 2027. It consists of a large field-of-view Compton telescope that will probe with increased sensitivity the under-explored MeV gamma-ray sky (0.2-5 MeV). We will present the current status of cosipy, a Python library that will perform spectral and polarization fits, image deconvolution, and all high-level analysis tasks required by COSI's broad science goals: uncovering the origin of the Galactic positrons, mapping the sites of Galactic nucleosynthesis, improving our models of the jet and emission mechanism of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and detecting and localizing gravitational wave and neutrino sources. The cosipy library builds on the experience gained during the COSI balloon campaigns and will bring the analysis of data in the Compton regime to a modern open-source likelihood-based code, capable of performing coherent joint fits with other instruments using the Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework (3ML). In this contribution, we will also discuss our plans to receive feedback from the community by having yearly software releases accompanied by publicly-available data challenges.

The Interplanetary Network (IPN) is a detection, localization and alert system that utilizes the arrival time of transient signals in gamma-ray detectors on spacecraft separated by planetary baselines to geometrically locate the origin of these transients. Due to the changing astrophysical landscape and the new emphasis on time domain and multi-messenger astrophysics (TDAMM) from the Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s, this Gamma-ray Transient Network Science Analysis Group was tasked to understand the role of the IPN and high-energy monitors in this new era. The charge includes describing the science made possible with these facilities, tracing the corresponding requirements and capabilities, and highlighting where improved operations of existing instruments and the IPN would enhance TDAMM science. While this study considers the full multiwavelength and multimessenger context, the findings are specific to space-based high-energy monitors. These facilities are important both for full characterization of these transients as well as facilitating follow-up observations through discovery and localization. The full document reports a brief history of this field, followed by our detailed analyses and findings in some 68 pages, providing a holistic overview of the role of the IPN and high-energy monitors in the coming decades., Comment: Terms of Reference and additional information on the Science Analysis Group are available at https://pcos.gsfc.nasa.gov/sags/gtn-sag.php

Kilonovae are a rare class of astrophysical transients powered by the radioactive decay of nuclei heavier than iron, synthesized in the merger of two compact objects. Over the first few days, the kilonova evolution is dominated by a large number of radioactive isotopes contributing to the heating rate. On timescales of weeks to months, its behavior is predicted to differ depending on the ejecta composition and merger remnant. However, late-time observations of known kilonovae are either missing or limited. Here we report observations of a luminous red transient with a quasi-thermal spectrum, following an unusual gamma-ray burst of long duration. We classify this thermal emission as a kilonova and track its evolution up to two months after the burst. At these late times, the recession of the photospheric radius and the rapidly-decaying bolometric luminosity ($L_{\rm bol}\propto t^{-2.7\pm 0.4}$) support the recombination of lanthanide-rich ejecta as they cool., Comment: 47 pages, 14 figures, 9 tables; submitted; a minor typo fixed

Kilonovae are a novel class of astrophysical transients, and the only observationally-confirmed site of rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis (the r-process) in the Universe. To date, only a handful of kilonovae have been detected, with just a single spectroscopically-observed event (AT 2017gfo). Spectra of AT 2017gfo provided evidence for the formation of elements heavier than iron; however, these spectra were collected during the first ~ 10 days, when emission from light r-process elements dominates the observations. Heavier elements, if synthesised, are expected to shape the late-time evolution of the kilonova, beyond the phases for which we have spectral observations. Here we present spectroscopic observations of a rapidly-reddening thermal transient, following the gamma-ray burst, GRB 230307A. Early (2.4 day) optical spectroscopy identifies the presence of a hot (T ~ 6700 K) thermal continuum. By 29 days, this component has expanded and cooled significantly (T ~ 640 K), yet it remains optically thick, indicating the presence of high-opacity ejecta. We show that these properties can only be explained by the merger of compact objects, and further, leads us to infer the production of the heavy lanthanide elements. We identify several spectral features (in both absorption and emission), whose cause can be explained by newly-synthesised heavy elements. This event marks only the second recorded spectroscopic evidence for the synthesis of r-process elements, and the first to be observed at such late times., Comment: 41 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables. Submitted - comments welcome!

The binary-driven hypernova (BdHN) model explains long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with supernovae (SNe) Ic through physical episodes that occur in a binary composed of a carbon-oxygen (CO) star and a neutron star (NS) companion in close orbit. The CO core collapse triggers the cataclysmic event, originating the SN and a newborn NS (hereafter $\nu$NS) at its center. The $\nu$NS and the NS accrete SN matter. BdHNe are classified based on the NS companion fate and the GRB energetics, mainly determined by the orbital period. In BdHNe I, the orbital period is of a few minutes, so the accretion causes the NS to collapse into a Kerr black hole (BH), explaining GRBs of energies $>10^{52}$ erg. BdHN II, with longer periods of tens of minutes, yields a more massive but stable NS, accounting for GRBs of $10^{50}$--$10^{52}$ erg. BdHNe III have still longer orbital periods (e.g., hours), so the NS companion has a negligible role, which explains GRBs with a lower energy release of $<10^{50}$ erg. BdHN I and II might remain bound after the SN, so they could form NS-BH and binary NS (BNS), respectively. In BdHN III, the SN likely disrupts the system. We perform numerical simulations of BdHN II to compute the characteristic parameters of the BNS left by them, their mergers, and the associated short GRBs. We obtain the mass of the central remnant, whether it is likely to be a massive NS or a BH, the conditions for disk formation and its mass, and the event's energy release. The role of the NS nuclear equation of state is outlined., Comment: Published in Universe in the Special Issue Remo Ruffini Festschrift

The mergers of binary compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes are of central interest to several areas of astrophysics, including as the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), sources of high-frequency gravitational waves and likely production sites for heavy element nucleosynthesis via rapid neutron capture (the r-process). These heavy elements include some of great geophysical, biological and cultural importance, such as thorium, iodine and gold. Here we present observations of the exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst GRB 230307A. We show that GRB 230307A belongs to the class of long-duration gamma-ray bursts associated with compact object mergers, and contains a kilonova similar to AT2017gfo, associated with the gravitational-wave merger GW170817. We obtained James Webb Space Telescope mid-infrared (mid-IR) imaging and spectroscopy 29 and 61 days after the burst. The spectroscopy shows an emission line at 2.15 microns which we interpret as tellurium (atomic mass A=130), and a very red source, emitting most of its light in the mid-IR due to the production of lanthanides. These observations demonstrate that nucleosynthesis in GRBs can create r-process elements across a broad atomic mass range and play a central role in heavy element nucleosynthesis across the Universe., Comment: Submitted. Comments welcome! Nature (2023)

The LIGO HET Response (LIGHETR) project is an enterprise to follow up optical transients (OT) discovered as gravitational wave merger sources by the LIGO/Virgo collaboration (LVC). Early spectroscopy has the potential to constrain crucial parameters such as the aspect angle. The LIGHETR collaboration also includes the capacity to model the spectroscopic evolution of mergers to facilitate a real-time direct comparison of models with our data. The principal facility is the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. LIGHETR uses the massively-replicated VIRUS array of spectrographs to search for associated OTs and obtain early blue spectra and in a complementary role, the low-resolution LRS-2 spectrograph is used to obtain spectra of viable candidates as well as a densely-sampled series of spectra of true counterparts. Once an OT is identified, the anticipated cadence of spectra would match or considerably exceed anything achieved for GW170817 = AT2017gfo for which there were no spectra in the first 12 hours and thereafter only roughly once daily. We describe special HET-specific software written to facilitate the program and attempts to determine the flux limits to undetected sources. We also describe our campaign to follow up OT candidates during the third observational campaign of the LIGO and Virgo Scientific Collaborations. We obtained VIRUS spectroscopy of candidate galaxy hosts for 5 LVC gravitational wave events and LRS-2 spectra of one candidate for the OT associated with S190901ap. We identified that candidate, ZTF19abvionh = AT2019pip, as a possible Wolf-Rayet star in an otherwise unrecognized nearby dwarf galaxy., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures

The electromagnetic emission from neutron star mergers is comprised of multiple components. Synchrotron emission from the disk-powered jet as well as thermal emission from the merger ejecta (powered by a variety of sources) are among the most studied sources. The low masses and high velocities of the merger ejecta quickly develop conditions where emission from collisionless shocks becomes critical and synchrotron emission from the merger ejecta constitutes a third component to the observed signal. The aim of this project is to examine shock development, magnetic field generation and particle acceleration in the case of mildly relativistic shocks, which are expected when the tidal ejecta of neutron star mergers drive a shock into the external medium. Using LANL's VPIC (vector particle-in-cell) code, we have run simulations of such mildly-relativistic, collisionless, weakly-magnetized plasmas and compute the resultant magnetic fields and particle energy spectra. We show the effects of varying plasma conditions, as well as explore the validity of using different proton to electron mass ratios in VPIC. Our results have implications for observing late-time electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave detections of neutron star mergers., Comment: Submitted To ApJ

In this work, we present a simple interpolation methodology for spectroscopic time series, based on conventional interpolation techniques (random forests) implemented in widely-available libraries. We demonstrate that our existing library of simulations is sufficient for training, producing interpolated spectra that respond sensitively to varied ejecta parameter, post-merger time, and viewing angle inputs. We compare our interpolated spectra to the AT2017gfo spectral data, and find parameters similar to our previous inferences using broadband light curves. However, the spectral observations have significant systematic short-wavelength residuals relative to our models, which we cannot explain within our existing framework. Similar to previous studies, we argue that an additional blue component is required. We consider a radioactive heating source as a third component characterized by light, slow-moving, lanthanide-free ejecta with $M_{\rm th} = 0.003~M_\odot$, $v_{\rm th} = 0.05$c, and $\kappa_{\rm th} = 1$ cm$^2$/g. When included as part of our radiative transfer simulations, our choice of third component reprocesses blue photons into lower energies, having the opposite effect and further accentuating the blue-underluminosity disparity in our simulations. As such, we are unable to overcome short-wavelength deficits at later times using an additional radioactive heating component, indicating the need for a more sophisticated modeling treatment., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Research, presented at April APS session F13.00006

Along with the development of systems for natural language understanding and generation, dialog systems have been widely adopted for language learning and practicing. Many current educational dialog systems perform chitchat, where the generated content and vocabulary are not constrained. However, for learners in a school setting, practice through dialog is more effective if it aligns with students' curriculum and focuses on textbook vocabulary. Therefore, we adapt lexically constrained decoding to a dialog system, which urges the dialog system to include curriculum-aligned words and phrases in its generated utterances. We adopt a generative dialog system, BlenderBot3, as our backbone model and evaluate our curriculum-based dialog system with middle school students learning English as their second language. The constrained words and phrases are derived from their textbooks, suggested by their English teachers. The evaluation result demonstrates that the dialog system with curriculum infusion improves students' understanding of target words and increases their interest in practicing English.

We report the discovery of GRB 221009A, the highest flux gamma-ray burst ever observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM). This GRB has continuous prompt emission lasting more than 600 seconds which smoothly transitions to afterglow visible in the GBM energy range (8 keV--40 MeV), and total energetics higher than any other burst in the GBM sample. By using a variety of new and existing analysis techniques we probe the spectral and temporal evolution of GRB 221009A. We find no emission prior to the GBM trigger time (t0; 2022 October 9 at 13:16:59.99 UTC), indicating that this is the time of prompt emission onset. The triggering pulse exhibits distinct spectral and temporal properties suggestive of the thermal, photospheric emission of shock-breakout, with significant emission up to $\sim$15 MeV. We characterize the onset of external shock at t0+600 s and find evidence of a plateau region in the early-afterglow phase which transitions to a slope consistent with Swift-XRT afterglow measurements. We place the total energetics of GRB 221009A in context with the rest of the GBM sample and find that this GRB has the highest total isotropic-equivalent energy ($\textrm{E}_{\gamma,\textrm{iso}}=1.0\times10^{55}$ erg) and second highest isotropic-equivalent luminosity ($\textrm{L}_{\gamma,\textrm{iso}}=9.9\times10^{53}$ erg/s) based on redshift of z = 0.151. These extreme energetics are what allowed us to observe the continuously emitting central engine of GBM from the beginning of the prompt emission phase through the onset of early afterglow., Comment: 26 pages 7 figures - accepted for publication in ApJL

Core collapse supernovae are thought to be one of the main sources in the galaxy of elements heavier than iron. Understanding the origin of the elements is thus tightly linked to our understanding of the explosion mechanism of supernovae and supernova nucleosynthesis. X-ray and gamma-ray observations of young supernova remnants, combined with improved theoretical modeling, have resulted in enormous improvements in our knowledge of these events. The isotope ${}^{44}$Ti is one of the most sensitive probes of the innermost regions of the core collapse engine, and its spatial and velocity distribution are key observables. Hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) has provided new insights into the structure of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A), establishing the convective nature of the supernova engine. However, many questions about the details of this engine remain. We present here the concept for a balloon-borne follow-up mission called ASCENT (A SuperConducting ENergetic x-ray Telescope). ASCENT uses transition edge sensor gamma-ray microcalorimeter detectors with a demonstrated 55 eV Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) energy resolution at 97 keV. This 8--16-fold improvement in energy resolution over NuSTAR will allow high resolution imaging and spectroscopy of the ${}^{44}$Ti emission. This will allow a detailed reconstruction of gamma-ray line redshifts, widths, and shapes, allowing us to address questions such as: What is the source of the neutron star "kicks"? What is the dominant production pathway for ${}^{44}$Ti? Is the engine of Cas A unique?, Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures

The electromagnetic emission resulting from neutron star mergers have been shown to encode properties of the ejected material in their light curves. The ejecta properties inferred from the kilonova emission has been in tension with those calculated based on the gravitational wave signal and numerical relativity models. Motivated by this tension, we construct a broad set of surrogate light curve models derived for kilonova ejecta. The four-parameter family of two-dimensional anisotropic simulations and its associated surrogate explore different assumptions about the wind outflow morphology and outflow composition, keeping the dynamical ejecta component consistent. We present the capabilities of these surrogate models in interpolating kilonova light curves across various ejecta parameters and perform parameter estimation for AT2017gfo both without any assumptions on the outflow and under the assumption that the outflow must be representative of solar r-process abundance patterns. Our parameter estimation for AT2017gfo shows these surrogate models help alleviate the ejecta property discrepancy while also illustrating the impact of systematic modeling uncertainties on these properties, urging further investigation., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, data available in Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/7335961) and GitHub (https://github.com/markoris/surrogate_kne)