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Abstract Aluminum alloys have become vital in industries such as aerospace and automotive due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and versatility. This study examines traditional joining methods like welding, brazing, and mechanical fastening, alongside modern innovations such as friction stir welding (FSW), laser beam welding (LBW), and hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW). These techniques enhance aluminium alloys' mechanical performance and structural integrity, addressing challenges like hydrogen embrittlement and environmental concerns associated with hexavalent chromium. It discusses recent efforts to improve fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, and thermal stability, emphasizing the role of advanced alloys in meeting industry demands. The study concludes by identifying future research directions in alloy design, sustainable manufacturing practices, and the integration of emerging technologies to optimize aluminum alloys for next-generation applications.

Purpose – Motivated by the negative effect of external shocks on the domestic economy, this study explores the role of financial sector development in absorbing the effect of external shocks on macroeconomic volatility in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – Autoregressive distributed lag and fully modify ordinary least square are used to examine the moderating effect of financial development in the link between external shocks and macroeconomic volatilities in Nigeria between 1986Q1 and 2019Q4. External shock is proxy using oil price shock, and financial development is proxy by domestic credit to the private sector and market capitalisation. At the same time, macroeconomic volatility is proxy by output and inflation volatilities. Macroeconomic volatilities are generated using generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH 1,1). Findings – The results indicate that domestic credit to the private sector significantly reduces output and inflation volatilities in Nigeria in the short and long run. However, market capitalisation promotes macroeconomic volatility. More specifically, financial development indicators play different roles in curtaining macroeconomic volatilities. The results also reveal that external shocks stimulate macroeconomic volatility in Nigeria in the short and long run. Nevertheless, the effects of external shocks on macroeconomic volatilities are reduced when the role of financial development is incorporated. Practical implications – This study, therefore, concludes that strong financial sector development serves as a significant shock absorber in reducing the adverse effect of external shock on the domestic economy. Originality/value – This study contributes to the extant studies by introducing a country-specific analysis into the empirical examination of how financial development can moderate the influence of external shock on macroeconomic volatilities.

In this study, we present and analyze the first continuous time series of relevant aerosol precursor vapors from the central Arctic (north of 80° N) during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. These precursor vapors include sulfuric acid (SA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and iodic acid (IA). We use FLEXPART simulations, inverse modeling, sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios, and chlorophyll a (chl a) observations to interpret the seasonal variability in the vapor concentrations and identify dominant sources. Our results show that both natural and anthropogenic sources are relevant for the concentrations of SA in the Arctic, but anthropogenic sources associated with Arctic haze are the most prevalent. MSA concentrations are an order of magnitude higher during polar day than during polar night due to seasonal changes in biological activity. Peak MSA concentrations were observed in May, which corresponds with the timing of the annual peak in chl a concentrations north of 75° N. IA concentrations exhibit two distinct peaks during the year, namely a dominant peak in spring and a secondary peak in autumn, suggesting that seasonal IA concentrations depend on both solar radiation and sea ice conditions. In general, the seasonal cycles of SA, MSA, and IA in the central Arctic Ocean are related to sea ice conditions, and we expect that changes in the Arctic environment will affect the concentrations of these vapors in the future. The magnitude of these changes and the subsequent influence on aerosol processes remains uncertain, highlighting the need for continued observations of these precursor vapors in the Arctic.

Abstract Across the United Kingdom, medical schools are acknowledging the need to respond to inequalities experienced by minority groups, racism within healthcare, and the need to decolonise medical curricula. Understanding the impact of structural racism is increasingly recognised as part of health professionals’ training. In this paper we report the delivery of a new lecture and workshop on racism to first year medical students at Hull York Medical School, aimed to teach students about structural racism and the impact it has on health and healthcare services. Whereas comparable training programmes focus on personal values of inclusivity and diversity, these sessions encourage students to consider the reality of racism as part of health and healthcare experiences. The session includes conceptual content alongside applied examples of microaggression experienced by a healthcare professional. We report the results of student feedback attained through surveys using Likert scales and free text. We conclude by discussing the benefits of teaching medical students about racism, and its impact on patients and staff, rather than just inclusive practice.

Abstract Background Thyroid gland is the largest and most vascular structure among the endocrine glands. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve are closely related to the thyroid gland; these nerves control voice and are vital in breathing. Anatomical preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is the gold standard in thyroid surgery. Visual identification of RLN has decreased the rates of permanent RLN palsy during thyroid and parathyroid operations. Prior knowledge about the branching patterns will help in predicting and preventing injury to the nerve during thyroid surgery. Aim and objectives The aim of the study is to observe the terminal branching pattern of recurrent laryngeal nerve before its entry into the larynx. Methods An observational study with 50 participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. After a complete evaluation and pre-anaesthetic checkup, the patients were operated and intraoperative findings of RLN branching were recorded and compared for the study. Results In our study, out of the 50 patients who underwent thyroid surgery during the course of the study, right-sided RLN branching was demonstrated in 25 patients (21 right hemithyroidectomy and 4 total thyroidectomy). Ten patients had RLN bifurcation, 7 had trifurcation, 5 had numerous branches, and 3 with no branching pattern were noted. Similarly, out of 29 patients (25 left hemithyroidectomy and 4 total thyroidectomy) in whom left-sided RLN branching was studied, bifurcation was seen in 10 patients, trifurcation in 12 patients, and multiple branching was observed in 7. Conclusion The anatomical variations seen in RLN may increase the risk of vocal cord palsy due to its injury. Anatomical variations are categorized according to the original direction of the RLN and the number of terminal branches in the larynx. This classification aids in the identification and preservation of its branches, hence facilitating a safer thyroidectomy.

Malaria-associated pathogenesis such as parasite invasion, egress, host cell remodelling and antigenic variation requires concerted action by many proteins, but the molecular regulation is poorly understood. Here we have characterized an essential Plasmodium-specific Apicomplexan AP2 transcription factor in Plasmodium falciparum (PfAP2-P; pathogenesis) during the blood-stage development with two peaks of expression. An inducible knockout of gene function showed that PfAP2-P is essential for trophozoite development, and critical for var gene regulation, merozoite development and parasite egress. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data collected at timepoints matching the two peaks of pfap2-p expression demonstrate PfAP2-P binding to promoters of genes controlling trophozoite development, host cell remodelling, antigenic variation and pathogenicity. Single-cell RNA sequencing and fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed de-repression of most var genes in Δpfap2-p parasites. Δpfap2-p parasites also overexpress early gametocyte marker genes, indicating a regulatory role in sexual stage conversion. We conclude that PfAP2-P is an essential upstream transcriptional regulator at two distinct stages of the intra-erythrocytic development cycle.

Abstract Background Serine proteases represent over 1% of all proteins in humans. This family of proteins is found on cell surfaces, subcellular organelles like lysosomes or mitochondria, within the nucleus and the protoplasm. Main body of the abstract Among them, trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase have aroused great interest because of their numerous functions in pathophysiological processes. Altered expression of these enzymes in experimental animal models and humans has been related to various pathologies, like developmental defects, metabolic dysfunctions, cancer, peripheral vascular diseases and infectious diseases. Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like proteases activate, or less oftentimes inactivate, numerous substrates, together with growth factors, receptors, adhesion molecules, angiogenic factors and metalloproteases. Among these substrates, a number of them are key factors in cancer progression, metastasis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease. Elastin-degrading enzyme- elastase, slowly damages elastin over the lifetime of an organism. The physiological processes triggered by elastase leads to the progression of different conditions such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, pulmonary emphysema, atherosclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These serine proteases are currently considered to be targets for the development of new potent therapeutics. Short conclusion The cumulative knowledge that outlined the physiological functions and pathological implications of these proteases and the proposed strategies to regulate a number of their activities and their targeting for therapeutic application and validation in selected disease states are highlighted. These should enhance our appreciation of their roles in aetiology of some diseases as well as the chemotherapeutic benefits of their inhibition or modulation.

Abstract Even though accurate detection of dangerous malignancies from mammogram images is mostly dependent on radiologists' experience, specialists occasionally differ in their assessments. Computer-aided diagnosis provides a better solution for image diagnosis that can help experts make more reliable decisions. In medical applications for diagnosing cancerous growths from mammogram images, computerized and accurate classification of breast cancer mammogram images is critical. The deep learning approach has been widely applied in medical image processing and has had considerable success in biological image classification. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Inception, and EfficientNet are proposed in this paper. The proposed models attain better performance compared to the conventional CNN. The models are used to automatically classify breast cancer mammogram images from Kaggle into benign and malignant. Simulation results demonstrated that EfficientNet, with an accuracy between 97.13 and 99.27%, and overall accuracy of 98.29%, perform better than the other models in this paper.

Abstract Academic achievement is a multifaceted outcome influenced by a multitude of factors spanning across educational, socioeconomic, and individual characteristics. Understanding the key determinants of students’ academic performance is paramount for educators, policymakers, and institutions to enhance learning outcomes and facilitate targeted interventions. The absence of a cohesive framework for understanding academic achievement poses a barrier to effective interventions and policies, hindering educators and policymakers from implementing targeted strategies for student improvement. To address this challenge, it is crucial to conduct a thorough examination of the factors influencing academic performance, prioritizing their identification, exploring interactions, and examining their relative impact. Through this research, educational stakeholders can gain insights to develop evidence-based strategies that foster equitable learning outcomes and pave the way for academic success for all students. In this research, linear regression is chosen as the primary model due to its ability to model relationships between variables, making it suitable for assessing the impact of multiple factors on academic performance. Simulation results show that the proposed model achieved 98% accuracy in predicting the factors that are affecting students’ academic performance. The findings derived from the linear regression analysis offer statistical insights into the key factors influencing students’ academic performance. It also incorporates visual aids to enhance the clarity and interpretability of the results. This research interprets the implications of these key factors and discusses their broader significance in the context of students’ academic performance.

Contract farming (CF) is a sort of vertical integration in agricultural commodity chains that provides a business with strong control over several operational processes, including the production process, the features of the items, quantity, quality, and timeliness of project execution. Birds were first domesticated by humans as farm animals, and as a result, many years ago, the contemporary practice of raising birds began with the harvesting of their eggs and young from their natural habitat. The Nigerian poultry industry falls into three main categories: small-, medium-, and large-scale, which are also referred to as backyard, semi-commercial, and commercial respectively. Contract farming emerged as an alternative to traditional or spot marketbased agricultural production and was introduced into Nigeria under a variety of business names, including CHI, AMO, ANIMAL CARE, and ZARTECH, among others. Nigeria consumes 192.69 MT of poultry meat and egg products annually, resulting in enormous environmental impacts that have not been adequately addressed because of the growing use of contract farming. Contract farming has always received a lot of attention from academics and policymakers. Even though contract farming acknowledges the transfer of technology, prospects for increased revenue, and improved access to inputs, a great deal of research has focused on the risks that smallholder farmers face. In recent years, debate has erupted regarding the benefits and dangers of factory poultry production considering rising awareness of the challenges it poses to public health and the environment. This review reveals that backyard flocks of chickens can thrive independently of large-scale poultry operations. Survival traits including tiny size, hardiness, sluggish growth, low mature body weight, tolerance, or resistance to common local disease organisms and parasites define local chickens.

Scrotoliths, or “scrotal pearls,” are calcified fibrous loose bodies found within the tunica vaginalis, often seen during radiological evaluation or autopsies. Chronic inflammation due to trauma, parasitic infestations, and torsion and subsequent detachment of the appendices of the testis or epididymis are postulated mechanisms suggested for their formation. They are benign but can mimic a tumor. Scrotoliths can be diagnosed with high-resolution ultrasonography. Here, we report a case in which, during routine dissection, two scrotoliths were found within the tunica vaginalis of the left testis in an elderly male cadaver. Histologically, the central portion of the scrotoliths exhibited concentric collagen lamellae that enclosed calcified remains of tissue debris. There were no arterioles, venules, or microfilarial larvae seen within them. Awareness about the histological findings can help understand the mechanism that led to their formation.

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of bent ab interno needle goniectomy (BANG) in moderate to severe primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes undergoing phacoemulsification (phaco). Design: Single-arm, prospective, interventional study. Methods: POAG patients with medically uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP), >15 mmHg for moderate and >12 mmHg for severe POAG, with visually significant cataract were recruited. All patients underwent BANG using a 26-gauge needle to excise 30° of the trabecular meshwork, along with phaco. Primary outcome was IOP. Secondary outcomes were success rate, percentage reduction in IOP/antiglaucoma medications (AGMs), and intraoperative complications. Success at 12 months was defined as: criterion A: IOP 1. Results: Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients underwent BANG + phaco. Mean age of the participants was 62.7 ± 8.4 years and there were 25 males and seven females. At 12 months, a significant decrease was noted in both IOP (from 17.6 ± 3.6 to 12 ± 1.6 mmHg, 31.8%; P < 0.001) and AGMs (from 3.7 ± 0.9 to 2.8 ± 0.8, 24.3%; P < 0.001). Twenty percent or more reduction in IOP was achieved in 62.5% (20/32) of eyes. Overall success (meeting either of the criteria A or B) at 12 months was achieved in 87.5% eyes. Mild postoperative hyphema was noted in 10 (31.2%) eyes, and two eyes (6.2%) required additional filtration surgery at 7 months. Conclusion: A 30-degree BANG with phaco in patients of POAG appears to be a safe, effective and affordable MIGS for developing countries.

Abstract Vitamin D has shown antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to explore the antiviral effects of vitamin D3 on saliva samples collected from patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and compare saliva and swab results to aid in policy development. Saliva and swab samples were collected from adult patients with a positive test for COVID-19 at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah. Patients who were immunocompromised and pregnant and aged

Abstract Introduction Intracranial fungal infections’ (IcFIs) varying clinical manifestations lead to difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. African populations are disproportionately affected by the high burden of the disease. There is a lack of clarity as to the diagnostic and treatment modalities employed across the continent. In this review, we aim to detail the management, and outcome of IcFIs across Africa. Methods This scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online were searched for relevant articles from database inception to August 10th, 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines were used to report the findings of the review. Results Of the 5,779 records identified, 131 articles were included. The mean age was 35.6 years, and the majority (56.4%) were males. The majority (n = 8,433/8,693, 97.0%) of IcFIs presented as a meningitis, the most common communicable predisposing factor of IcFIs was HIV/AIDS (n = 7,815/8,693, 89.9%), and the most common non-communicable risk factor was diabetes mellitus (n = 32/8,693, 0.4%). Cryptococcus species was the most common (n = 8,428/8,693, 97.0%) causative organism. The most commonly used diagnostic modality was cerebrospinal (CSF) cultures (n = 4,390/6,830, 64.3%) for diffuse IcFIs, and MRI imaging (n = 12/30, 40%) for focal IcFIs. The most common treatment modality was medical management with antifungals only (n = 4,481/8,693, 51.6%). The most commonly used antifungal agent in paediatric, and adult patients was amphotericin B and fluconazole dual therapy (51.5% vs 44.9%). The overall mortality rate was high (n = 3,475/7,493, 46.3%), and similar for both adult and paediatric patients (47.8% vs 42.1%). Conclusion Most IcFIs occurred in immunosuppressed individuals, and despite the new diagnostic techniques, CSF culture was mostly used in Africa. Antifungals regimens used was similar between children and adults. The outcome of IcFIs in Africa was poor for both paediatric and adult patients.

Context: Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) was developed as a novel stroke prevention alternative for patients with atrial fibrillation, particularly for those not suitable for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Traditionally, general anesthesia (GA) has been more commonly used primarily due to the necessity of transesophageal echocardiography. Aims: Compare trends of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) versus GA for percutaneous transcatheter LAAC with endocardial implant and assess for independent variables associated with primary anesthetic choice. Settings and Design: Multi-institutional data collected from across the United States using the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. Material and Methods: Retrospective data analysis from 2017–2021. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent-sample t tests or Mann–Whitney U tests were used for continuous variables and Chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess patient and hospital characteristics. Results: A total of 19,395 patients underwent the procedure, and 352 patients (1.8%) received MAC. MAC usage trended upward from 2017–2021 (P < 0.0001). MAC patients were more likely to have an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of≥ 4 (33.6% vs 22.89%) and to have been treated at centers in the South (67.7% vs 44.2%), in rural locations (71% vs 39.5%), and with lower median annual percutaneous transcatheter LAAC volume (102 vs 153 procedures) (all P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, patients treated in the West had 85% lower odds of receiving MAC compared to those in the Northeast (AOR: 0.15; 95% CI 0.03–0.80, P = 0.0261). Conclusions: While GA is the most common anesthetic technique for percutaneous transcatheter closure of the left atrial appendage, a small, statistically significant increase in MAC occurred from 2017–2021. Anesthetic management for LAAC varies with geographic location.

Abstract Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are the main methods used to control mosquito populations for malaria prevention. The efficacy of these strategies is threatened by the spread of insecticide resistance (IR), limiting the success of malaria control. Studies of the genetic evolution leading to insecticide resistance could enable the identification of molecular markers that can be used for IR surveillance and an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with IR. This study used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm, a systems biology approach, to identify genes with similar co-expression patterns (modules) and hub genes that are potential molecular markers for insecticide resistance surveillance in Kenya and Benin. A total of 20 and 26 gene co-expression modules were identified via average linkage hierarchical clustering from Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae, respectively, and hub genes (highly connected genes) were identified within each module. Three specific genes stood out: serine protease, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, and cuticular proteins, which were top hub genes in both species and could serve as potential markers and targets for monitoring IR in these malaria vectors. In addition to the identified markers, we explored molecular mechanisms using enrichment maps that revealed a complex process involving multiple steps, from odorant binding and neuronal signaling to cellular responses, immune modulation, cellular metabolism, and gene regulation. Incorporation of these dynamics into the development of new insecticides and the tracking of insecticide resistance could improve the sustainable and cost-effective deployment of interventions.

Background One of the main goals of the government is to ensure a development that would enhance the living standard of the people in the society. In this regard, capital expenditure that would promote infrastructure is most desired. However, in Nigeria, the government spends more on administrative cost (recurrent expenditure) than capital expenditure. Under such condition, contributions to economic growth and national development become an illusion. Methods This study employed Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) with Bound testing procedure, time series data that covers the period from 1990 to 2020 in Nigeria were used. Results The result from the analysis showed that governmental expenditure has a significant effect on the national development of Nigeria. All the variables have a long-run relationship with economic growth (RGDP), according to the ARDL model’s results. If the government poor policies on education, health services, and infrastructure etc. are addressed, in the long-run, Nigeria will achieve monumental development. Conclusion The study adopted indices such as expenditure on Social and Community Services, Economic Services and Administrative Services to reflect the dynamics of government expenditure coupled with the yearly data garnered from the Central Bank of Nigeria spanning from 1990 to 2020.

IntroductionThe valorization of agricultural waste from indigenous sub-Saharan African food processes remains underexplored. By-products from the processing of Parkia biglobosa seeds into condiments are often regarded as pollutants. This research assessed their potential for development in various industrial applications.Materials and methodsThis study employed a standardized protocol adopted in the processing of P. biglobosa seed into condiments, enabling the quantification of food and by-products generated as a percentage. A comparative analysis of the proximate and mineral constituents of the dried food condiment and seed coat (testa) was conducted. Furthermore, the phytochemical constituent of effluents from the two stages of processing was characterized using qualitative and quantitative methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS).Results and discussionThe results showed that 66.27% of each 100 g processed P. biglobosa seed used could be considered waste, with 23.19% in seed coat and 29.47% in effluent(s). The seed coat has moisture absorption potential and is fibrous in nature, as confirmed by proximate fiber analysis—15.03 ± 0.13% compared to 9.07 ± 0.10% in the dried condiment. Both the condiments and seed coat contained considerable amounts of sustenance minerals. Effluents from the boiling process exhibited a characteristic starchy effect on textiles. The concentrated effluent from the first stage of boiling had a chocolate-like aroma, sticky texture, and dark-brown color compared to the effluent from the second boiling stage. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of alcohols, alkenes, aromatic rings, carboxylic acids, and amines in the effluent samples. GCMS characterization reported the presence of specific fatty acids with known health benefits. When premised on the waste-to-wealth initiative, the quantified and characterized by-products of P. biglobosa seed processing, as reported in this study, have potential applications across various industrial processes, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and agriculture, among others.

This study compared board information disclosures of 19 Nigerian and Ghanaian deposit money banks, focusing on board meeting attendance records, performance, demographics, education, roles, ethics, anticorruption, code of conduct, policy, and shareholding disclosure, highlighting the importance of transparency for trust and informed decision-making.The sample size was 19 banks, comprising 12 banks from Nigeria and 7 banks from Ghana, and the analysis included independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. The study compared board disclosure of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria and Ghana. It found that Ghanaian banks disclosed more board demographic information, while Nigerian banks disclosed more board education and training processes. However, there was no significant difference in the disclosures of board roles, functions, chairman’s roles, CEO’s roles, board members’ age, appointment dates, board change, performance, ethics, anti-corruption, code of conduct, policy, and board shareholding between the two countries. The study reveals that listed deposit banks on the Nigerian exchange group disclose similar information to their counterparts on the Ghanaian stock exchange, except for certain aspects like board demographics and board education and training processes. Nigerian and Ghanaian banks should improve disclosure of board change/re-election information, board ethics, anti-corruption, code of conduct, policy, and board members’ age.

The focal point of legislative efforts in addressing structural violence within a democratic framework lies in its duty to promulgate laws promoting good governance, advocating for citizens’ interests in public policy formulation, and executing oversight functions to ensure equitable distribution and access to public goods and services. In Nigeria, the elimination of poverty has remained a major focus of every successive government; however, more than half of its population still lives in poverty and continues to battle challenges emanating from inequality in societal structures. This study uses a secondary source to gather data and analyze the legislature’s impact on poverty alleviation in Nigeria’s fourth republic. The study reveals the extent of legislative intervention in alleviating poverty in Nigeria, the effectiveness of those actions and finally identifies ways through which the menace of poverty could be eliminated in Nigeria.

Saponins, the primary components of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE), are known to influence microbial activity in the rumen, which can affect various fermentation parameters. Moreover, encapsulating YSE with chitosan (CS) at varying carbohydrate levels (CHO) adds another layer of complexity that can provide valuable insights into the use of additives in mitigating greenhouse gases. This study investigated the impact of both crude and encapsulated forms of YSE on the production of ruminal anaerobic gases in cattle fed different levels of CHO-based diets. Ruminal contents were obtained from four slaughtered, crossbreed bulls (Charollais × Limousin) with a live weight of 400 ± 25 kg. The experimental design followed a completely randomized factorial arrangement, with factors including CHO level (25 %, 45 %, and 55 % DM), YSE forms (without extract, CS, crude, and nano-capsules), and dose of extract (0-, 0.25-, 0.5- and 1.0- mL/g of DM). Results showed that the type of extract significantly affected asymptotic total gas production, methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), and dry matter digestibility. Nano-chitosan increased gas production and exhibited greater efficiency in reducing CH4 production by up to 61.4 %. While crude YSE reduced CH4 production by 38 %, nano-capsules increased production by 17.7 %–42.8 %. Furthermore, a significant interaction effect among CHO levels, type of extract, and extract dose was observed, particularly impacting H2S and CH4 production after 48 h of incubation, alongside an increase of about 25.3 % in metabolizable energy compared to the control. The use of CS and YSE improved (p