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Current advances and developments in automated mineralogy have made it a crucial key technology in the field of process mineralogy, allowing better understanding and connection between mineralogy and the beneficiation process. The latest developments in X‑ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) have shown a great potential to let it become the next-generation automated mineralogy technique. µCT’s main benefit lies in its capability to allow 3D monitoring of the internal structure of the ore sample at resolutions down to a few hundred nanometers, thus excluding the common stereological error in conventional 2D analysis. Driven by the technological and computational progress, µCT is constantly developing as an analysis tool and successively it will become an essential technique in the field of process mineralogy. This study aims to assess the potential application of µCT systems, for 3D ore characterization through relevant case studies. The opportunities and platforms that µCT 3D ore characterization provides for process design and simulation in mineral processing are presented.

Objectives: Assess the accuracy of 2D cephalograms reconstructed from 3D CBCT by comparing labial alveolar bone thickness over the most forward maxillary incisor (MFMI) in 2 dimensions vs 3 dimensions. Materials and Methods: Sixty cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were coded, and 2-dimensional (2D) cephalograms were constructed using ray sum technique by using the entire volumetric data in the On demand 3DAPP software (version1.0.10.7s10;cybermed, korea). The 2D CBCT reconstructed images were analyzed using audax ceph 2d analysis software. The 2D and 3D MFMI crowns were located using (FH)-A-point line as the vertical reference line and alveolar bone labial to 3 points on the MFMI roots, using Frankfort horizontal FH line as a horizontal reference line, were measured. The 2D and 3D measurements were compared using paired t tests. A 5% significance level was used for all tests. Results: labial alveolar bone thickness over the 3 root points of MFMI and the MFMI distance to (FH)-A-point line were significantly greater in 2 dimensions than in 3 dimensions. Conclusions: Labial alveolar bone thickness over MFMI roots can be overestimated when evaluated using 2D reconstructed cephalograms compared with 3D evaluation. Alveolar bone measurements over maxillary incisors were interfered by ANS in two dimensions.

The city growth and development with all the dynamics are currently going on quite rapidly demand, the provision of facilities and city infrastructure is getting better and more adequate. Urban infrastructure development, especially those related to waste management, is an urgent need in the context of efforts to prevent environmental pollutions. Several factors need to be considered to building infrastructure, one of which is the security factor. The safety factor is a major factor in the construction of the retaining wall. The purpose of this study is to investigate mechanical effects of soil retaining wall in the three types of designs of the landfills by 2D finite element analysis. The results could provide a reference for building to withstand the active lateral compressive forces of soil and water. The contribution of this study is sufficient for providing a functional strength of retaining walls. FEM (Finite Element Method) is a numerical method that is often used in analysing the compressive strength of retaining wall. In this study, 2D analysis is used to determine the compressive strength of the soil on the retaining wall of the landfill in Manokwari City. The retaining wall in this study is varied based on these three forms of the retaining wall. It is according to the literature and the three different finite element numbers based on the software. Ansys software is used to simulate the compressive strength of retaining walls against the ground. The results found were compared. The results obtained indicated that the geometry design 2 has a better safety value when compared to the others. This is reinforced by the results of the numerical calculations obtained, namely A2 = 29497.3 N/mm2, B2 = 42579.2 N/mm2, and C2 = 82138.8 N/mm2.

openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Estimates for 2D distributions of electron temperature, Te, electron density, ne, and atomic deuterium density, n0, in the JET divertor volume have been inferred from deuterium Balmer line intensity ratios obtained from tomographic reconstructions of divertor camera measurements. This enables also investigation of ionization, Sion, and recombination, Srec, rates. The analysis shows a decrease of Te to 0.5-1.0 eV throughout the outer divertor during detachment in low-confinement (L-mode) plasmas. Simultaneously, the high-ne region and the n0 distribution in the outer divertor are observed to elongate and shift from the outer strike point towards the X-point. The observations are in qualitative agreement and follow the same sequence with modelling predictions of EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations of a density scan. While the method was found to provide good representation of the evolution of volumetric recombination during detachment, in agreement with the simulations, the movement of the ionization front upstream couldnot be followed due to lack of spatial overlap between the ionization region and the necessary emission distributions. Consequently, the representation of the ionization conditions and the particle balance in the detached outer divertor are compromised.

Objectives: Gold weight implantation in the upper eyelid is a frequently performed treatment for paralytic lagophthalmos to prevent corneal exposure. A margin reflex distance of -1 and -2 (MRD1, MRD2), the palpebral fissure height (PFH), and the vertical lagophthalmos (LV) are 1-dimensional (1D) measurements used in follow-up. Because the exposure area is 2-dimensional (2D), this study was designed to investigate the results using both 1D and 2D analysis. Methods: Ten patients who underwent pretarsal suborbicularis oculi gold weight implantation were included in the study. Photographs were taken with a digital camera and the images were analyzed using ImageJ software (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The lagophthalmos area (LA) and ocular surface area (OSA) were measured in 2D in addition to the MRD1, MRD2, PFH, LV. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Associations between parameters were evaluated using Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients (7 male, 3 female) was 39.6±16.4 years (range: 14–60 years). The mean implant weight was 1.46 g (0.8–1.6 g). There were significant reductions in the MRD1, MRD2, PFH, OSA, LV, and LA values after surgery (p

Abstract Cilia are hair-like membrane protrusions that emanate from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are classified into motile and primary cilia. Motile cilia move fluid flow or propel cells, while also fulfill sensory functions. Primary cilia are immotile and act as a cellular antenna, translating environmental cues into cellular responses. Ciliary dysfunction leads to severe diseases, commonly termed ciliopathies. The molecular details underlying ciliopathies and ciliary function are, however, not well understood. Since cilia are small subcellular compartments, imaging-based approaches have been used to study them. However, tools to comprehensively analyze images are lacking. Automatic analysis approaches require commercial software and are limited to 2D analysis and only a few parameters. The widely used manual analysis approaches are time consuming, user-biased, and difficult to compare. Here, we present CiliaQ, a package of open-source, freely available, and easy-to-use ImageJ plugins. CiliaQ allows high-throughput analysis of 2D and 3D, static or time-lapse images from fluorescence microscopy of cilia in cell culture or tissues, and outputs a comprehensive list of parameters for ciliary morphology, length, bending, orientation, and fluorescence intensity, making it broadly applicable. We envision CiliaQ as a resource and platform for reproducible and comprehensive analysis of ciliary function in health and disease. Graphic abstract

Background Narrowing of the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) implies a rotator cuff tear. However, conventional AHD measurements using two-dimensional (2D) imaging or with the patient in the supine position might differ from that while standing during daily activity. This study aimed to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) actual distance between the acromion and humeral head in the standing position and compare the AHD values with those obtained using conventional measuring methods. Methods Computed tomography (CT) images of 166 shoulders from 83 healthy volunteers (31 male and 52 female; mean age 40.1 ± 5.8 years; age range, 30–49 years) were prospectively acquired in the supine and standing positions using conventional and upright CT scanners, respectively. The minimum distance between the acromion and humeral head on the 3D surface models was considered as the 3D AHD. We measured the 2D AHD on anteroposterior digitally reconstructed radiographs. The AHD values were compared between the supine and standing positions and between the 2D and 3D measurements. Results The mean values of 2D AHD were 8.8 ± 1.3 mm (range, 5.9–15.4 mm) in the standing position and 8.1 ± 1.2 mm (range, 5.3–14.3 mm) in the supine position. The mean values of 3D AHD were 7.3 ± 1.4 mm (range, 4.7–14.0 mm) in the standing position and 6.6 ± 1.2 mm (range, 4.4–13.7 mm) in the supine position. The values of 3D AHD were significantly lower than those of 2D AHDs in both the standing and supine positions (P < 0.001). The values of 2D and 3D AHDs were significantly lower in the supine position than in the standing position (P < 0.001). Conclusions This study evaluated the 3D AHD of normal shoulders in the standing position using an upright CT scanner. The present results indicated that assessments in the supine position can underestimate the value of the AHD compared with those made in the standing position and that assessments using 2D analysis can overestimate the value.

We sought to determine whether a measure combining changes in C-peptide and glucose could show efficacy 3 months after teplizumab treatment among multiple islet autoantibody+ dysglycemic individuals (n=44, age 19.2± 11.9 yrs on teplizumab and n=32, age 17.5± 11.1 yrs on placebo) in the recent TrialNet teplizumab prevention trial (teplizumab delayed T1D onset). In the 2D analysis assessing changes in glucose and C-peptide below (Figure), mean glucose and C-peptide from 30 to 120 minutes are plotted from baseline and 3-month OGTTs. For each OGTT, centroids (central point of OGTT shape) are connected by vectors, showing opposite directionality from baseline to 3 months between groups. Since AUC C-peptide/AUC glucose (AUC Ratio) correlates highly with centroid C-peptide/centroid glucose (r=0.99), to quantify the differences in directionality, we compared AUC Ratio (x1,000; adjusted for baseline) change from baseline to 3 months. The teplizumab group showed a positive change in AUC Ratio: 1.5±2.9 vs. a negative change in placebo: - 0.78±2.7; p=0.001). This difference was sustained after 6 months of treatment (p=0.004). In summary, a 2D analysis of glucose and C-peptide change provided visual and quantitative evidence of an early treatment effect. As a centroid correlate, the AUC Ratio can be a useful endpoint for performing shorter prevention trials. Disclosure E.K. Sims: None. M.V. Warnock: None. K.C. Herold: Consultant; Self; Provention Bio, Inc. J. Sosenko: None. Funding National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; JDRF

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an important additive manufacturing method for polymers and is increasingly used for industrial applications. To improve the quality of printed products a thorough understanding of the process is necessary. Simulations are a convenient way to assess the sintering in detail. In literature several numerical studies can be found on the sintering process of two particles. Both 2D and 3D geometries are used and sometimes the assumption of axisymmetry is made. If the effect of the laser beam in temperature-dependent sintering is taken into account, axisymmetry cannot be assumed anymore and full 3D simulations are required. However, these simulations are complex and computationally expensive. In this work, we assess if 2D simulations are representative for the 3D case of the temperature-dependent sintering process of two viscous particles. We find that 2D simulations are a good alternative for 3D simulations for the sintering problem of two particles, if the correct geometrical scaling factors are taken into account.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of image quality on the results of air void system parameters determination in air-entrained concretes. The focus was on technical aspects related to the preparation of the scanned image of the concrete surface, which was then subjected to 2D surface analysis. Image processing aimed at separating joined voids and removing various types of defects in aggregate and cement mortar. The specific surface of the voids was determined with the air void equivalent diameter or perimeter as the calculation basis. Applying the Schwartz&ndash, Saltykov method, the 3D distribution of the air voids was reconstructed based on 2D measurements. On this basis, the micro-air content A300 was determined. The results of the 2D method were compared with the results of determinations carried out using the linear traverse (1D) method according to EN 480-11. The tests confirm the need to correct the image prior to measurements. Comparative tests showed good agreement between the air void system parameters determined using the 2D analysis and the EN 480-11 chord length counting method.

Background To investigate and compare the gap (i.e. fit) and thickness of six aligner systems (Airnivol, ALL IN, Arc Angel, F22, Invisalign and Nuvola) using industrial computed tomography (CT). The null hypothesis was that there would be no detectable differences in either measurement between the aligners investigated. Materials and methods Passive aligners of each brand were fitted to one single resin cast prototyped from an STL file from a single patient. The samples obtained were examined under high-resolution micro-CT, and the resulting tomographic microphotographs and volumetric data were compared. 3D analysis investigated the gap volume, the mean gap width and the maximum gap width of each sample. A total of 204 linear 2D measurements were made on 18 microtomographic images to investigate the aligner gap and thickness among different systems. Investigated regions were the central incisor, canine and first molar. The resulting measurements were analysed by ANOVA and compared using Tukey’s post hoc analysis (P < 0.05). Results 3D analysis revealed that the F22 displayed lower gap volume and mean gap width, followed by Airnivol and Invisalign, whereas Airnivol the lowest maximum gap width. 2D analysis showed that F22 had the lowest mean gap and aligner thickness at all teeth investigated. Comparison of the 2D point values revealed statistically significant differences between brands in terms of both measurements (P < 0.05), with the exception of six points in the gap analysis and one in the thickness analysis. Conclusions There are differences between the six aligner systems examined in terms of 2D and 3D measurements of aligner thickness and gap.

Earthquakes pose critical danger for seismically deficient structures. This phenomenon becomes more pronounced in underdeveloped countries where such structures are common. 2D analysis of such stru...

This study proposes a method for predicting the impregnation time in the thickness direction of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM) with flow media using 2D impregnation analysis and machine learning to reduce the computation time. We first let the machine learn the relationship between the impregnation time and the state of the flow media using a VaRTM 3D analysis. To predict the impregnation time in the thickness direction with low computation cost, a 2D analysis of the flow media portion was performed, and the impregnation time was predicted based on the 2D results and pre-trained machine learning program. For the prediction of a flat plate model with injection points that were different from the training model, the impregnation time error was 6.31%. Further, when using the machine learning model for the flat plate model, the analysis time was reduced to approximately 0.74% of the time required for the 3D analysis.

Plasma assisted CO2 dissociation has recently been the topic of many studies. The production of chemical fuels from environmentally unfriendly CO2 through supersonic nozzles is one of the most prominent approaches under investigation. However, the experiments show that the theoretical conversion rates are far away from being achieved. In this study, two-dimensional fully coupled cases are investigated. This brings insights about how the CO2 dissociation can be improved; mainly by a correct design of nozzles. The proper shape of a nozzle is a fundamental aspect to be taken into account numerically and in experiments to avoid undesirable phenomena such as the occurrence of shocks. The proper design of the nozzle shape leads to a shock-free flow being uniform at the nozzle outlet. A high degree of cooling can be achieved in a shock-free nozzle. Moreover it is shown that there is no optimal value for Mach number provided that the nozzles are sized properly. If the sizing is done correctly, it is found that higher Mach numbers lead to higher degree of non-equilibrium and thereby to higher dissociation rate. The sizing of the nozzle to maximize the departure from equilibrium in the nozzle is the final key of an efficient CO2 dissociation. Finally, the results are compared with those of a semi-analytical method to conclude that if the nozzle is conceived in a proper way, simpler approaches can also give satisfactory results.

The seismic responses of continuous multi-span reinforced concrete (RC) bridges were predicted using inelastic time history analyses (ITHA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Some important issues in ITHA were studied in this research, including: the effects of using artificial and natural records on predictions of the mean seismic demands, effects of displacement directions on predictions of the mean seismic response, the use of 2D analysis with combination rules for prediction of the response obtained using 3D analysis, and prediction of the maximum radial displacement demands compared to the displacements obtained along the principal axes of the bridges. In addition, IDA was conducted and predictions were obtained at different damage states. These issues were investigated for the case of regular and irregular bridges using three different sets of natural and artificial records. The results indicated that the use of natural and artificial records typically resulted in similar predictions for the cases studied. The effect of displacement direction was important in predicting the mean seismic response. It was shown that 2D analyses with the combination rules resulted in good predictions of the radial displacement demands obtained from 3D analyses. The use of artificial records in IDA resulted in good prediction of the median collapse capacity.

Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (–6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.

The disposal of waste tyres in a landfill has been outlawed in Europe since 2000, with some exceptions being made for construction works. Since then, tyre-derived products have been widely used in road applications. One of these applications is in tyre bales, comprising 100–140 car vehicle tyres compressed into a lightweight block and secured by galvanised steel tie wires running around the length and depth of the bale. In the scope of the project reported here, the authors conducted comprehensive laboratory and field tests on applying tyre bales and shreds as a backfill to integral bridges. In this paper, a full-scale experiment is described in which the pressure of a tyre-baled backfill supplemented with medium sand filling and a tyre shreds buffer layer has been evaluated. The experiment was prepared and conducted by means of a special full-scale trial built to simulate real bridge abutment conditions. Test results clearly revealed the efficiency of the backfill composed of tyre bales, tyre shreds and medium sand filling in terms of pressure reduction on a bridge abutment in comparison with pressure distribution of homogeneous soil pressure. A finite element 2D analysis was also conducted to model the behaviour of a waste tyre/sand backfill. Since there was pretty good agreement between numerical and experimental results, the validated FE analysis might be reliably adopted in further design for a sustainable bridge solution. The first Polish application of the abutment backfill from waste tyres has been briefly described as well.

Pressure ulcers occur due to sustained mechanical loading. Deep tissue injury is a severe type of pressure ulcer, which is believed to originate in subcutaneous tissues adjacent to bony prominences. In previous experimental-numerical studies the relationship between internal tissue state and damage development was investigated using a 2D analysis. However, recent studies suggest that a local analysis is not sufficient. In the present study we developed a method to create animal-specific 3D finite element models of an indentation test on the tibialis anterior muscle of rats based on MRI data. A detailed description on how the animal specific models are created is given. Furthermore, two indenter geometries are compared and the influence of errors in determining the indenter orientation on the resulting internal strain distribution in a defined volume of tissue was investigated. We conclude that with a spherically-shaped indenter errors in estimating the indenter orientation do not unduly influence the results of the simulation.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia A crescente ocupação dos espaços urbanos faz com que a utilização do espaço subterrâneo seja necessária, obrigando à execução de escavações. Como tal, é indispensável a realização de estudos e análises de modo a que se perceba a influência dessas escavações nas infraestruturas e edifícios existentes. Nesta dissertação pretende-se realizar uma análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos por modelações numéricas 2D e 3D de uma contenção periférica suportada por ancoragens. Para tal, foi considerada uma escavação baseada numa secção da estação de metro da Encarnação, situada na linha vermelha do Metro de Lisboa. Para realizar a análise dessa escavação foi necessário recorrer ao programa de elementos finitos bidimensional RS2, e ao programa tridimensional RS3. Com base nestes dois softwares foi possível comparar as principais diferenças entre os dois modelos, nomeadamente a influência dos cantos numa escavação. Os modelos utilizados para simular o comportamento do solo foram o modelo Mohr-Coulomb e o modelo Duncan-Chang. O modelo Mohr-Coulomb é o mais utilizado na prática, dada a sua simplicidade. Por outro lado, o modelo Duncan-Chang é aquele que permite uma simulação mais realista do comportamento do solo. Conclui-se que o modelo 3D com paredes transversais apresenta menores deslocamentos que o modelo 2D. Os valores reduzidos dos deslocamentos devem-se à influência dos cantos da cortina, implicando que nessa zona seja mobilizado um elevado valor de momento fletor. O modelo Mohr-Coulomb apresenta valores mais reduzidos para os deslocamentos horizontais da cortina. No entanto, o deslocamento vertical do maciço junto à cortina apresenta valores mais elevados, quando comparado com o modelo Duncan-Chang. The increasing occupation of urban spaces makes the use of underground space necessary, forcing the execution of excavations. As such, it is essential to carry out studies and analyzes in order to understand the influence of these excavations on existing infrastructures and buildings. In this dissertation it is intended to perform an analysis of a peripheral containment supported by anchors. To do this, an excavation was carried out based on a section of the Encarnação metro station, located on the red line of the Lisbon Metro. To perform the analysis of this excavation it was necessary to use the two-dimensional finite element program RS2, and the RS3 three-dimensional program. Based on these two software it was possible to compare the main differences between the two models, namely the influence of the corners in an excavation. The models used to simulate soil behavior were the Mohr-Coulomb model and the DuncanChang model. The Mohr-Coulomb model is the most commonly used in practice given its simplicity. On the other hand, the Duncan-Chang model is one whose simulation of soil behavior is closer to actual behavior. It is concluded that the 3D model with transverse walls presents smaller displacements than the 2D model. The reduced values of the displacements are due to the influence of the corners of the retaining wall, implying that a high bending moment value is mobilized in this zone. The Mohr-Coulomb model presents lower values for the horizontal displacements of the curtain. However, the vertical displacement of the soil mass near the retaining wall presents higher values when compared to the Duncan-Chang model.

Análises de estabilidade de taludes, em mineração, são uma das atividades mais importantes do processo de obtenção de um bem mineral. Assegurar a estabilidade das escavações e a segurança do empreendimento são vitais para o processo de extração e, para tanto, a escolha da forma de análise (2D, quasi-tridimensional ou 3D) ou do método (equilíbrio limite ou análise numérica) mais propício para esse tipo de estudo é de suma importância. Muitas vezes o engenheiro responsável acaba baseando sua escolha na familiaridade com determinada metodologia ou na praticidade de determinado programa, em detrimento a fatores técnicos e de relevância para o estudo. Dessa forma, visando preencher tal lacuna existente atualmente e facilitar a escolha da melhor metodologia a ser utilizada, o presente estudo reúne os principais métodos conhecidos, suas vantagens e desvantagens e, assim, propõem uma metodologia para que essa escolha seja baseada em parâmetros técnicos relevantes. A metodologia proposta é, de certa forma, restritiva na escolha dos procedimentos que serão considerados, uma vez que, buscou-se utilizar métodos que tenham sua aplicabilidade comprovada, que possuam vantagens consideráveis sobre outros métodos e que sejam rigorosos, ou seja, satisfaçam todas as condições de equilíbrio (forças e momentos). Para corroborar com a metodologia proposta, quatro situações práticas diferentes foram apresentadas, demonstrando a aplicabilidade da metodologia. Analysis of slope stability in mining is one of the most important activities of the process of obtaining a mineral resources. Ensuring the excavation stability and the safety of the project are vital to the extraction process. The choice of the form of analysis (2D, quasi-threedimensional or 3D) or of the method (limit equilibrium or numerical analysis) more suitable for this type of study is of paramount importance since, the responsible engineer often end up basing the analysis on familiarity with a particular methodology or on the availability of a particular program, to the detriment of technical factors and relevance to the study. Thus, in order to fill this existing gap and facilitate the selection of the best methodology to be used, the present study brings together the main known methods, their advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, presents a methodology for such a choice to be based on relevant technical parameters. The proposed methodology is somewhat restrictive in the choice of procedures that will be considered, since it has been tried to use methods that have proven applicability, that have considerable advantages over other methods and that are rigorous, satisfying all equilibrium conditions (forces and moments). In order to corroborate the proposed methodology, four different practical situations were presented, demonstrating the applicability of the methodology.

The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that gleno-humeral deformity in children and adolescent with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy is three-dimensional (3D). The study also compared the metrological properties of typical two-dimensional gleno-humeral measures to the newly developed 3D measures. Thirteen individuals (age = 11.8 ± 3.3 years) with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy participated in this IRB-approved study. 3D axial magnetic resonance images were acquired for both shoulders. Glenoid and humeral models were created in order to quantify 3D glenoid version, humeral head migration, and glenoid concavity. Two-dimensional (2D) measures were acquired as recommended in the literature. All measures were completed by two observers in this observer-blind study. Compared to the non-involved side, the glenoid was more retroverted (7.91°, p = 0.003) and inferiorly oriented (7.28°, p = 0.009). The humeral head was migrated more posteriorly (5.54 mm, p = 0.007), inferiorly (-3.96 mm, p = 0.013), and medially (-3.63 mm,p = 0.002). Eleven of the 13 glenoids were concave, based on the 3D glenoid models. The concurrent validity between three- and 2D measures were highly dependent of the parameter measured, the slice level used for the 2D analysis, and the presence/absence of pathology (0.63 3°) was larger than that for the 3D measure of version (

Background and purpose — 2D analysis of metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty (HA) has been conducted in several large series on conventional radiographs with the use of Ein Bild Roentegen Analyse (EBRA) software, but there have been no comparisons with 3D analysis in the literature. The main aim of this study was to quantify the agreement in measurements of cup version of large-diameter MoM hips obtained by EBRA and by 3D computed tomography (3D-CT). The secondary aim was to quantify the agreement for cup inclination. Lastly, we wanted to determine the inter- and intra-observer reliability of both methods.Patients and methods — 87 MoM hips in 81 patients were analyzed for cup inclination and version in 2D on conventional radiographs using EBRA software. The results were compared with 3D measurements using CT.Results — Cup version was underestimated by EBRA when compared to 3D-CT, by 6° on average with the pelvis supine and by 8° on average with the pelvis orientated to the anterior pelvic plane (APP). Fo...

The number of air voids, their size and disposition in cement paste,are important characteristics, which substantially affect the system of air voids that protects concrete from freezing and thawing cycles. The standard spacing factor L is based on the simplified Powers model, which assumes that all bubbles have the same diameter and are distributed in cube corners. A better solution is provided by Philleo, which determines the percentage content of protected paste ( S* ). The authors’ approach consists in determining the PPV factor , which is based on the concept of Philleo, and takes into account not onlythe actual structure of air voids, butalso of aggregate grains, which is often disregarded in analyses. In this article the results of analyzing the air void structure in air-entrained concrete on the basis on 2D image analysis are presented. Implementation of this research was possible thanks to the use of a special procedure of concrete samples preparation.Such an approach allows the separation of 4 phases of concrete: aggregate, cement paste, rings of the paste protected by air voids and air. The PPV results obtained from image analysis were compared with standard spacing factor L and with Philleo factor ( S* ).The authors are of the opinion that the 2D analysis proposed in the study will make it possible to describe more accurately the air-void system in air-entrained concrete.

Human gait quantification assists in physical therapy, sport science and medical diagnostics. Most gait capture systems use direct measurement techniques to acquire specific motion information, but at high cost for hardware and the subject's natural motion is hindered due to the presence of cables or other components. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces an alternative by using passive marker based optical gait analysis system developed at RAMAN Lab at Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur. The co-ordinates of markers were obtained by using a simple arrangement consisting of a camera, 5 reflective passive markers and a personal computer. From the analyses, kinematic gait parameters i.e. joint angles and walking speed can be obtained. The main benefits are that it doesn’t consume excessive time and complexity required for marker placement, the need for a controlled environment to acquire high quality data, the high cost for the markers, and also the effect of the markers on the subject's movement is reduced. The prototype of the system provides decent quantitative kinematics gait parameters i.e. joint angles. The quantitative data specified by this system can help Healthcare professionals for better understanding of Indian patient's gait pathology, treatment and rehabilitation

International audience; This paper presents a half-analytical elastic solution convenient for parametric studies of 2D cracked pavements. The pavement structure is reduced to three elastic and homogeneous equivalent layers resting on a soil. In a similar way than the Pasternak's modelling for concrete pavements, the soil is modelled by one layer, named shear layer, connected to Winkler's springs in order to ensure the transfer of shear stresses between the pavement structure and the springs. The whole four-layer system is modelled using a specific model developed for the analysis of delamination in composite materials. It reduces the problem by one dimension and gives access to regular interface stresses between layers at the edge of vertical cracks allowing the initial debonding analysis. In 2D plane strain conditions, a system of twelve-second order differential equations is written analytically. This system is solved numerically by the finite difference method (Newmark) computed in the free Scilab software. The calculus tool allows analysis of the impact of material characteristics changing, loads and locations of cracks in pavements on the distribution of mechanical fields. The approach with fracture mechanic concepts is well suited for practical use and for some subsequent numerical developments in 3D.

International audience; Background: Survival in pulmonary hypertension (PH) relates to right ventricular (RV) function. However, the RV unique anatomy and structure limit 2D analysis and its regional 3D function has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to assess the implications of global and regional 3D RV deformation on clinical condition and survival in adults with PH and healthy controls.Methods and Results: We collected a prospective longitudinal cohort of 104 consecutive PH patients and 34 healthy controls between September 2014 and December 2015. Acquired 3D transthoracic RV echocardiographic sequences were analysed by semi- automatic software (TomTec 4D RV-Function 2.0). Output meshes were post-processed to extract regional motion and deformation. Global and regional statistics provided deformation patterns for each subgroup of subjects.RV lateral and inferior regions showed the highest deformation. In PH patients, RV global and regional motion and deformation (both circumferential, longitudinal and area strain) were affected in all segments (p-18% was the most powerful RV function parameter, identifying patients with a 48%-increased risk of death (AUC 0.83 [0.74-0.90], p

Image-based sequencing of RNA molecules directly in tissue samples provides a unique way of relating spatially varying gene expression to tissue morphology. Despite the fact that tissue samples are typically cut in micrometer thin sections, modern molecular detection methods result in signals so densely packed that optical “slicing” by imaging at multiple focal planes becomes necessary to image all signals. Chromatic aberration, signal crosstalk and low signal to noise ratio further complicates the analysis of multiple sequences in parallel. Here a previous 2D analysis approach for image-based gene decoding was used to show how signal count as well as signal precision is increased when analyzing the data in 3D instead. We corrected the extracted signal measurements for signal crosstalk, and improved the results of both 2D and 3D analysis. We applied our methodologies on a tissue sample imaged in six fluorescent channels during five cycles and seven focal planes, resulting in 210 images. Our methods are able to detect more than 5000 signals representing 140 different expressed genes analyzed and decoded in parallel. TissueMaps

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-11-12T17:35:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1980-65742017000300302.pdf: 2310197 bytes, checksum: cd35e61bf71c8b722b1f9089608ff79c (MD5) AbstractAims The behavior of laboratory animals has been studied through displacement, with different objectives by researchers.Methods Although different methods have already been used in the tracking of laboratory animals, manual tracking mode videogrammetry for 2D analysis of displacement has not been observed in animal studies. The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy and reliability of determining the displacement of Wistar rats by means of videogrammetry software Dvideo. The accuracy (between the known distance and distance traced) was determined by 3 different evaluators twice consecutive, by videoing a course of 10 meters in the enriched environment together with further analysis of the displacement of the midpoint marked on an apparatus. To calculate reliability (accuracy of the measurement system) and reproducibility (precision of the evaluators) to obtain the ratio of precision to tolerance (P/T), eight animals were filmed for 10 minutes in the enriched environment and analysis of distance covered by one of the animals by three different reviewers thrice consecutive.Results The results obtained in the course of 10 meters of the known distance demonstrated accuracy of 0.10 m, precision of 0.05 m, and bias of 0.07 m. In the reliability test during the 10 minutes of displacement (m) of animal, the ratio of precision to tolerance (P/T) = 0.1 m was found between three different evaluators, demonstrating adequate capacity of the measure.Conclusion The manual tracking mode of the Dvideo presented high reliability and it can be employed for the displacement analysis of studies with rat experimental models. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Universidade de São Paulo Centro Universitário Católico Salesiano Auxilium Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Universidade Estadual Paulista

a b s t r a c t Microstructural characterization of metallic materials is of paramount importance in the qualification and quantification of their desired final properties. Metallic materials have often been characterized by means of optical and electronic microscopy. Results from these techniques are in most of the cases based on 2D analysis. Stereological methods are then employed to obtain 3D information. However, such methods are based on assumptions and approximations of the real material structure. Therefore, it is essential to know the limitations of these methods. A further complication arises when one wishes to compare real materials with computer simulation results and stereological analytical techniques. In this paper, methods normally applied to real microstructure are applied to microstructures simulated by cellular automata (CA) simulation. Experimental results from microstructural characterization of polycrystalline pure iron were used as the starting point for the simulation. Consequently, we could apply analytical formulae of stereology to experimental data from pure iron and to computer generated microstructures from cellular automata simulation. Comparison of analytical formulae, experimental results and computer simulation provided useful insights on limits of applicability and on the meaning of the stereological analysis.

In this paper, 2D simple analyses were performed in order to predict the large torsional oscillations in a suspension bridge based on Makenna and Tuama model(2001). The existing model(Makenna and Tuama, 2001) has shown unrealistic results as the wind speed increases and frequency decreases. Furthermore, resonance could not be simulated by the existing model. Therefore, in this study, new model was proposed with a consideration of the torsional resistance. The vertical and rotational behaviors of the deck in the suspension bridge were analyzed. Analysis results showed that at first vertical oscillations were observed and it was gradually transformed to the rotation oscillations. With the consideration of the torsional resistance, it was shown that vertical behavior were stabilized as time passed. However, the rotational behavior was not stabilized and was kept until the end of analysis. Beat periods decreased while the wind speed increased. The resonance of the rotational mode was dependent to the rotational resistance. Obtained results could be applied for the design of the suspension bridge under the wind load.

A combined ground-improvement method has recently been adopted for embankments on soft soil that involves the use of both deep mixed (DM) columns and prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) to increase the bearing capacity and accelerate the consolidation of the soft soil. A well-instrumented embankment was constructed in a field using this ground-improvement method to verify its performance. Three- (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) finite-element analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of an embankment constructed over soft soil improved by the DM columns and PVDs. In the 2D analysis, a plane-strain conversion method was used to simulate the 3D condition. The finite-element software ABAQUS was used for these analyses. The computed settlements, excess pore-water pressure, load transfer from the surrounding soil to the columns, and lateral displacements in both analyses are compared with the field data, and good agreement was found between the computed and measured data. The field and numerica...

The most frequently executed type of tackle in rugby is the shoulder tackle. A shoulder tackle occurs when the tackler uses either shoulder as the first point of contact with the ball carrier. The aim of this study was to compare the velocity of the ball-carrier and tackler engaged in shoulder tackles, and determine whether factors such as the number of passes from the previous phase, match period, quality of attack, match location and position of tackler had an effect on the mean and approaching velocities of the ball-carrier and tackler. The velocity of the ball-carrier and tackler during shoulder tackles (n=12) were determined using a 2D analysis tool. The tackles were also coded according to pass number, match period, quality of defence and attack, match status, defensive shape and movement, position of tackler and ball-carrier. The ball-carrier's velocity (4.10±1.85m.s-1) when entering contact was significantly higher than the tackler's velocity (5.19±3.22 m.s–1)(p

A Multi-Site Damage (MSD) crack growth simulation is presented, carried out by means of Dual Boundary Element Method (DBEM), in a two-dimensional analysis of a cracked butt-joint made of aluminium 2024 T3. An equivalent crack length is proposed for an approximated 2D analysis of a 3D problem where the crack front assumes a part elliptical shape due to secondary bending effects. The assumptions made to perform such simplified bidimensional analyses are validated by comparing numerical results with experimental data, the latter obtained from a fatigue tested riveted butt-joint.

A simple model of surrounding gate short-channel nanowire MOSFET current-voltage characteristic has been proposed. This model belongs to the class of drift-diffusion ones; it has been inspired by the corresponding long-channel models and should be considered as their naturally constructed extension. The accuracy of the developed model has been verified by comparison with available simulation results as well as with previous models calculations.

This paper deals with the characteristic analysis of small power brushless DC (BLDC) motor considering the rotor magnet overhang flux. In the driving characteristics analysis using 2D FEA (Finite Element Analysis), the rotor magnet overhang effect can't be considered and it should be neglected. To consider rotor magnet overhang effect, 3D FEA should be required. But 3D FEA requires very long calculation time even though the high specification computer is used. In this paper, the 3D electromagnetic model of BLDC motor is approximated as the 2D electromagnetic model considering overhang effect. In this paper, the concept of overhang coefficient is applied, and the coefficient according to load torque variance is deduced.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility and agreement of tumor necrosis quantification performed by two-dimensional and volumetric methods in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) radioembolization. Materials and Methods Twenty-nine consecutive patients (21 men, 8 women; mean age 66.6 years; age range, 44–90 years) with HCC treated with 90 Y radioembolization that underwent liver multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) were included. Two independent radiologists evaluated the necrosis proportion of the lesions with two-dimensional (2D) measurements according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines, and with a volumetric method using a voxel-by-voxel analysis. Interobserver reproducibility for each method was assessed by using within-subject coefficients of variation (WSCV), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients (LCC). Agreement between both methods was assessed by using the Bland-Altman plot and the paired t -test. Results The volumetric method was more reproducible (WSCV = 27.8%; ICC = 0.914; LCC = 0.909) than the 2D (WSCV = 43.8%; ICC = 0.723; LCC = 0.841). There was a significant difference in the mean calculated necrosis proportions based on 2D and volumetric methods ( P = .0129). Conclusion Voxel-by-voxel quantification of HCC necrosis is a more reproducible method than 2D analysis.